藕莲种质资源形态与农艺性状的遗传变异分析

藕莲是莲（Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.ssp.nucifera）的3种类型之一,在我国作为水生蔬菜栽培的历史愈两千年。对国家种质资源圃中来自17个省和直辖市的68份藕莲资源的19个形态和农艺性状进行了观察,并对其遗传变异进行了分析。结果发现整藕重与主藕重、主藕长和第三节粗成极显著正相关。通径分析结果表明主藕重对整藕重的正向效应最高（0.982）。主成分分析结果显示前4个成分占总变异的77.33%。结果还显示对整藕重负效应最高的是主藕重/整藕重（-0.296）。聚类分析发现所有藕莲资源可分为5组。     

莲子食用价值研究进展

莲（Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.）为莲科莲属多年生水生双子叶被子植物,在世界上具有广泛的分布。莲的用途广泛,其各个组织器官都可以食用或药用。莲的种子即莲子是一种广受欢迎的食物,既可鲜食也可加工成各种莲子产品后食用。莲子中含有丰富的淀粉、蛋白质、多糖、氨基酸、矿质元素、酚类、生物碱等成分,既能食用,也具有保健价值。前人对莲子的生长发育及营养价值已经开展了较多的研究,在此基础上,该文主要针对莲子的营养成分、保健功效和加工工艺进行综述,并对莲子的开发应用前景和限制因素进行总结和展望。     

莲藕的化学成分与生物活性研究进展

对莲藕(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn)不同组织(莲藕、荷花、荷叶、莲梗、莲子、莲心、莲蓬)的有效化学成分(类黄酮、酚类、生物碱、三萜、多糖、SOD、膳食纤维、挥发油)作了简要的综述,并对其主要的生物活性进行了归纳,以期对莲藕资源的综合利用提供理论依据。     

秀色深埋七尺长

正荷藕为莲科(Nelumbonaceae)莲属(Nelumbo Adans)植物中国莲(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn)的根状茎,其花称莲花、荷花、芙蕖、芙蓉、菡萏等。莲是一种古老的被子植物,化石记录的分布表明,在苏格兰侏罗纪的地层中,曾发现莲的花粉化石。后来在白垩纪晚期和第三纪古新世,莲在欧亚大陆和北美也广泛分布。现在莲属植物在世界上共有2种,即中国莲和美国黄莲。美国黄莲主要分布在西半球,中国莲分布在东半球。中国为中国莲的世界分布中心,距今7 000多年前的"河姆渡     

孑遗和长寿命植物——莲

<正>莲(也称荷花)隶属莲科(Nelumbonaceae)莲属(Nelumbo),是被子植物家庭中起源较早的类群之一。最早化石出现在早白垩纪,第三纪时广布于北半球的众多湿地,共有5个化石属(Nelumbites、Paleonelumbo、Nelumbago、Exnelumbites和Nelumbo),约30个化石种。经过第四纪冰期后,仅现存一个莲属(Nelumbo),莲(N.nucifera Gaertn.)和美洲黄莲(N.lutea Willd.)2个种。莲分布于亚洲和澳大利亚北部,美洲黄莲分布于北美洲,二者被太平     

莲胚芽叶绿素合成对光照的依赖性

被子植物的叶绿素合成需要光照,但是莲（Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.)胚芽却一直被猜测具有在黑暗中合成叶绿素的能力,因为莲胚芽变绿是在四重覆盖物（子叶、种皮、果皮和莲蓬）包被下几乎不大可能秀光的环境中发生的,本实验从正反两个方面否定了这种可能性;首先对处于发育早期的莲蓬进行遮光处理。结果发现莲胚芽虽然可以继续发育,但是它的叶绿素合成却受到严重抑制。积累了大量合成叶绿素的前体,并且这些前体主要与依赖光的原叶绿素酸酯氧还酶（LPOR）结合在一起;其次不依赖光的原叶绿素酸酯氧还酶（DPOR）的编码基因在物种间高度保守,但是用PCR的方法在功基因组中却扩增不同源序列,表明莲胚芽不大可能具有在黑暗中合成叶绿素所必需的酶。两方面实验结果表明,莲胚芽的叶绿素合成只能通过依赖光的途径进行。     

不同生境型子莲组培苗的快繁研究

子莲(Nelumbo nucifen Gaertn)取自湖北、湖南、福建等地的9个品种(太空莲3号、花牌莲、湖北莲、湖南莲、建吉莲、赣莲、杂363、杂6236、杂8216),以刚采收的新鲜成熟莲子与采收后经20 d储存的莲子为材料.     

珍稀濒危植物野生莲的适生分布区预测

基于野生莲（Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.）136个分布点的数据和14个环境因子参数,运用规则集遗传算法（GARP）和最大熵（MaxEnt）两个生态位模型对他们在我国的适生分布区进行预测。结果显示：根据GARP和MaxEnt模型计算得到的ROC曲线下面积的AUC均值分别为0.861和0.964,其中MaxEnt模型的AUC值更大,预测结果更精准。MaxEnt模型预测结果表明,莲的最适分布区主要集中在四川、湖北、湖南等地的大部分地区,江西北部,以及黑龙江、辽宁、浙江、广东等地的小部分地区。刀切法（Jackknife）检测结果表明,影响莲适生分布区的主要环境因子包括：水汽压、海拔、年平均气温、多年平均降水量、最热季节平均温度、最冷季节平均温度、最干月降水量、最冷月最低温和最热月最高温等。适生区环境因子的统计分析结果显示,野生莲最适宜生长在海拔1~2216 m、年降水量丰富（1202.50 mm）、年均温约为16.19℃、最热月温度范围在24.60℃~35.10℃、最冷月均温不低于-0.53℃的地区。研究结果可为有效保护中国野生莲资源提供有利依据。     

古代莲

1952年,北京植物园科技人员采取了多种技术措施,终于将上述古莲子“唤醒”——育苗获得成功。培育出的古代莲(Nelumbo nucifera cv.‘Chinese Antiquc Lotus’)的形态与现代莲品种“粉川台”基本相似,唯叶片稍小。花单瓣,深粉红色。花期6月上旬至8月中旬。     

莲子长寿机制的研究进展

莲（Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.）为莲科、莲属多年水生宿根草本植物。莲子生命力极强,在自然条件下的泥碳层中能存活千年,甚至在极端高温、高湿条件下仍能保持较高的萌发活力。随着莲基因组测序与基因注释的完善,莲子长寿机制的相关研究取得了一定进展。本文对莲子的结构形态、保护系统和基因组特性方面的研究进展进行了综述,阐明莲子的长寿机制,对后续研究方向进行了展望。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Characterization of SSEA-1 glycolipids from the brain of a patient with fucosidosis

Neutral glycolipids from the brain of a patient with Fucosidosis were analyzed and two complex glycolipids containing five and eight sugars were isolated from the cortical grey matter. These two glycolipids reacted with antibodies recognizing the SSEA-1 [Le^x(X)] carbohydrate determinant. SSEA-1 glycolipids are normally expressed in human embryonic brain but are found in only small amounts in postnatal human brain. The accumulation of the two SSEA-1 glycolipids in Fucosidosis brain thus represents a defect which affects the normal developmentally regulated decrease in postnatal, expression of these glycolipids, and may be a contributing factor in the abnormal brain development associated with the disease. Chemical characterization of the two isolated glycolipids by gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analyses has identified the two glycolipids as lacto-N-fucopentaosylceramide (III) and difucosyl-neolactonorhexaosylceramide.Abbreviations DCl direct chemical ionization - FAB tastatiom bombardment - GC gas chromatography - GSLs glycosphingolipids - MS mass spectrometry - SSEA-1 stage specific embryonic antigen-1 - TLC thin layer chromatographys     

1H and13C-NMR analysis of four pentasaccharides from urine of blood-group A and B,Leb adults. Confirmation of the structure of two new oligosaccharides: Fuc(α1–2)[GalNAc(α1–3)]Gal(β1–3)[Fuc(α1–4)]Glc and Fuc(α1–2)[Gal(α1–3)]Gal(β1–3)[Fuc(α1–4)]Glc

The major pentasaccharides Fuc(1-2)[GalNAc(1-3)]Gal(1-4)[Fuc(1-3)]Glc and Fuc(1-2) [Gal(1-3)]Gal(1-4)[Fuc(1-3)]Glc, which are normally present in the urine of bloodgroup A Le^b and B Le^b healthy subjects, were each found to be contaminated by a minor component when analysed by¹H-NMR. The determination of these structures, Fuc(1-2) [GalNAc(1-3)]Gal(1-3)[Fuc(1-4)]Glc and Fuc(1-2) [Gal(1-3)]Gal(1-3)[Fuc(1-4)]Glc, was based on the results of methylation analysis and¹H/¹³C-NMR spectroscopy.Abbreviations HPLC high performance liquid chromatography - GLC gas liquid chromatography - NMR nuclear magnetic resonance - COSY correlation spectroscopy - Gal d-galactopyranose - GalNAc 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galactopyranose - Glc d-glucopyranose - Fuc l-fucopyranose - LNDFH I lacto-N-difucohexaose I (Le^b determinant     

“HAIRY CANOLA” – Arabidopsis GL3 Induces a Dense Covering of Trichomes on Brassica napus Seedlings

Transformation with the Arabidopsis bHLH gene 35S:GLABRA3 (GL3) produced novel B. napus plants with an extremely dense coverage of trichomes on seedling tissues (stems and young leaves). In contrast, trichomes were strongly induced in seedling stems and moderately induced in leaves of a hairy, purple phenotype transformed with a 2.2 kb allele of the maize anthocyanin regulator LEAF COLOUR (Lc), but only weakly induced by BOOSTER (B-Peru), the maize Lc 2.4 kb allele, or the Arabidopsis trichome MYB gene GLABRA1 (GL1). B. napus plants containing only the GL3 transgene had a greater proportion of trichomes on the adaxial leaf surface, whereas all other plant types had a greater proportion on the abaxial surface. Progeny of crosses between GL3⁺ and GL1⁺ plants resulted in trichome densities intermediate between a single-insertion GL3⁺ plant and a double-insertion GL3⁺ plant. None of the transformations stimulated trichomes on Brassica cotyledons or on non-seedling tissues. A small portion of bHLH gene-induced trichomes had a swollen terminal structure. The results suggest that trichome development in B. napus may be regulated differently from Arabidopsis. They also imply that insertion of GL3 into Brassica species under a tissue-specific promoter has strong potential for developing insect-resistant crop plants. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

Identification of novel oocyte and granulosa cell markers

Here we present novel gene expression patterns in the ovary as part of an ongoing assessment of published micro-array data from mouse oocytes and embryos. We present the expression patterns of 13 genes that had been determined by micro-array to be expressed in the mature egg, but not during subsequent preimplantation development. In-situ hybridization of sectioned ovaries revealed that these genes were expressed in one of two distinct patterns: (1) oocyte-specific or (2) expressed in both the oocyte and surrounding granulosa cells. Despite the fact that micro-array data demonstrated expression in the egg, several of these genes are expressed at low levels in the oocyte, but strongly expressed in granulosa cells. Eleven of these genes have no reported function or expression during oogenesis, indicating that this approach is a necessary step towards functional annotation of the genome. Also of note is that while some of these gene products have been well characterized in other tissues and cell types, others are relatively unstudied in the literature. Our results provide novel gene expression information that may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of follicular recruitment, oocyte maturation and ovulation and will direct further experimentation into the role these genes play during oogenesis.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.