Biomass Pyrolysis in an Argon/Hydrogen Plasma Reactor

This paper presents the experimental results of biomass pyrolysis in a laboratory argon/hydrogen plasma reactor. The samples tested were wood and rice husk. The gaseous product was found to contain mainly H₂, CO, C₂H₂ and CH₄. The conversion of carbon and oxygen from the biomass feed to gaseous product can reach up to 79 % and 72 %, respectively. The results indicate that plasma pyrolysis of biomass may be a useful way for gaseous fuel production.     

Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass Residues in a Twin-screw Mixing Reactor

Fast pyrolysis is being increasingly applied in commercial plants worldwide. They run exclusively on woody biomass, which has favorable properties for conversion with fast pyrolysis. In order to increase the synergies of food production and the energetic and/or material use of biomass, it is desirable to utilize residues from agricultural production, e.g., straw. The presented method is suitable for converting such a material on an industrial scale. The main features are presented and an example of mass balances from the conversion of several biomass residues is given. After conversion, fractionated condensation is applied in order to retrieve two condensates — an organic-rich and an aqueous-rich one. This design prevents the production of fast pyrolysis bio-oil that exhibits phase separation. A two phase bio-oil is to be expected because of the typically high ash content of straw biomass, which promotes the production of water of reaction during conversion.Both fractionated condensation and the use of biomass with high ash content demand a careful approach for establishing balances. Not all kind of balances are both meaningful and comparable to other results from the literature. Different balancing methods are presented, and the information that can be derived from them is discussed.     

海洋生物质的热解特性与动力学研究

以定生浒苔、漂浮浒苔、石莼、大叶藻、海带、龙须菜和裙带菜7种海洋生物质为研究对象,以1种草类生物质玉米秸秆、1种木质类生物质锯末为对照,用热重分析法对其热解过程及其动力学规律进行了研究。利用TG-DTG-DTA曲线分析了它们的基本热解特性。结果表明,整个热解过程主要为干燥失水、剧烈失重和缓慢失重3个阶段,海洋生物质的Tmax明显低于2类陆生生物质,而且大叶藻的热解稳定性相对较高,而漂浮浒苔的热解稳定性较低,燃烧特性较好。同时,用Coats-Redfern法求得相应的活化能E和频率因子A,发现3类生物质的热解反应机理函数不同。     

Formation and Degradation Pathways of Intermediate Products Formed during the Hydropyrolysis of Glucose as a Model Substance for Wet Biomass in a Tubular Reactor

In this study, glucose as a model substance for cellulose is pyrolyzed in supercritical water. The experiments are conducted in a continuously operated tubular reactor. From the usage of model substances, key information on the degradation pathway of biomass in supercritical water can be obtained. With this knowledge, it is tried to optimize a new method for gasification of wet biomass considering high yields of hydrogen and methane and also the suppressing of tar and char formation. The gaseous products mainly contain hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane and a small amount of carbon monoxide. The effect of experimental conditions, such as pressure, temperature and reaction time, on the degradation of glucose is investigated in the experiments. The qualitative and quantitative composition of the gas and liquid phases formed are determined. The results show that only the amount of phenols increases with increasing temperature in the liquid phase. No complete gasification of glucose is achieved in the studied temperature range between 400 °C and 500 °C. The addition of alkali salts leads to a higher gas generation and to a decrease in carbon monoxide concentration via water‐gas‐shift reaction. A lower furfural concentration is obtained in the presence of KHCO₃. Furthermore, this study shows that there is a wide conformity between the results of real and model biomass. A simplified scheme for glucose degradation is also presented with the help of the results found.     

Production and Analysis of Fast Pyrolysis Oils from Proteinaceous Biomass

Fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is a facile method for producing high yields of liquid fuel intermediates. However, because most fast pyrolysis oils are highly oxygenated, acidic, and unstable, identification of feedstocks that produce higher quality pyrolysis liquids is desirable. Therefore, the effect of feedstock protein content was studied by performing fast pyrolysis experiments on biomass with varying protein content. The feedstocks ranged from low-protein content, ??5% up to feedstocks with >40 wt.% protein content. Protein content was not a major factor in the yield of pyrolysis oil or the distribution of biomass carbon into the pyrolysis products. However, elevated levels of protein did cause a deoxygenation effect in the pyrolysis process with more of the oxygen rejected from the biomass as water. The deoxygenation caused the pyrolysis oil from the higher protein containing biomass to have higher energy content. Furthermore, the concentration of basic nitrogen groups caused the pyrolysis oil from the higher protein biomass to shift to a more neutral pH and lower total acid number than has been measured typically for lignocelluloic biomass pyrolysis oils. Some of the pyrolysis oils, particularly those from the mustard seed family presscakes exhibited better thermal stability than low-protein pyrolysis oils.     

Fast pyrolysis of palm kernel cake in a closed-tubular reactor: product compositions and kinetic model

In this study, fast pyrolysis of palm kernel cake (PKC) was carried out in a closed-tubular reactor over a temperature range of 550 to 750 °C with various retention times. The pyrolyzing gas products mainly included CO, CO₂, and light hydrocarbons; it is noted that no hydrogen was detected in the product. In order to investigate the reaction pathway, the kinetic lump model of Liden was applied to verify and calculate all rate constants. The results obtained at different temperatures indicated that the rate constant increased with pyrolysis temperature. Furthermore, the experimental results were in good agreement with the proposed mechanism.     

Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of Arundo donax using thermogravimetric analysis

The increase of the price of fossil means, as well as their programmed disappearing, contributed to increase among appliances based on biomass and energy crops. The thermal behavior of Arundo donax by thermogravimetric analysis was studied under inert atmosphere at heating rates ranging from 5 to 20 °C min⁻¹ from room temperature to 750 °C. Gaseous emissions as CO₂, CO and volatile organic compounds (VOC) were measured and global kinetic parameters were determined during pyrolysis with the study of the influence of the heating rate. The thermal process describes two main phases. The first phase named active zone, characterizes the degradation of hemicellulose and cellulose polymers. It started at low temperature (200 °C) comparatively to wood samples and was finished at 350 °C. The pyrolysis of the lignin polymer occurred during the second phase from 350 to 750 °C, named passive zone. Carbon oxides are emitted during the active zone whereas VOC are mainly formed during the passive zone. Mass losses, mass loss rates and emission factors were strongly affected by the variation of the heating rate in the active zone. It was found that the global pyrolysis of A. donax can be satisfactorily described using global independent reactions model for hemicellulose and cellulose in the active zone. The activation energy for hemicellulose was not affected by a variation of the heating rate with a value close to 110 kJ mol⁻¹ and presented a reaction order close to 0.5. An increase of the heating rate decreased the activation energy of the cellulose. However, a first reaction order was observed for cellulose decomposition. The experimental results and kinetic parameters may provide useful data for the design of pyrolytic processing system using A. donax as feedstock.     

Optimizing Biomass Feedstock Blends with Respect to Cost,Supply, and Quality for Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed Fast Pyrolysis Applications

Biomass cost, supply, and quality are critical parameters to consider when choosing feedstocks and locations for biorefineries. Biomass cost is dependent upon feedstock type, location, quantities available, logistics costs, and the quality specifications required by the biorefinery. Biomass quality depends upon feedstock type, growth conditions, weather, harvesting methods, storage conditions, and any preprocessing methods used to improve quality. Biomass quantity depends on location as well as growth conditions, weather, harvesting methods, and storage conditions. This study examines the interdependencies of these parameters and how they affect the biomass blends required by biomass depots and/or biorefineries to achieve the lowest cost feedstock with sufficient quality at the quantities needed for biorefinery operation. Four biomass depots were proposed in South Carolina to each produce 200,000 t of feedstock per year. These depots supply a centrally located 800,000 t biorefinery that converts the feedstocks to bio-oil using either catalyzed or uncatalyzed fast pyrolysis. The four depots utilize biomass based upon availability, but the feedstock or feedstock blend still met the minimum quality requirements for the biorefinery. Costs were minimized by using waste biomass resources such as construction and demolition waste, logging residues, and forest residuals. As necessary, preprocessing methods such as air classification and acid leaching were used to upgrade biomass quality. For both uncatalyzed and catalyzed fast pyrolysis, all four depots could produce biomass blends that met quality and quantity specifications at a cost lower than using a single feedstock.     

植物种质资源库的设计与建设要求

我国植物种质资源保存越来越受到重视,不少单位正在筹备建设植物种质资源库。由于植物种质资源库具有较强的专业特点,且至今还没有种质资源库的设计与建设规范,致使一些新建种质资源库需经几次改造和调试后才能投入使用。本文就有关植物种质资源库特点、设计原则和技术指标要求以及建设经验作一概述,以供参考。     

Pyrolysis of safflower (Charthamus tinctorius L.) seed press cake: part 1. The effects of pyrolysis parameters on the product yields

Safflower (Charthamus tinctorius L.) seed press cake was pyrolysed in a fixed-bed reactor. The effects of pyrolysis temperature, heating rate and sweep gas flow rates on the yields of the products were investigated. Pyrolysis runs were performed using pyrolysis temperatures between 400 and 600 °C with heating rates of 10, 30 and 50 °C min⁻¹. The obtained bio-char, gas and bio-oil yields ranged between 25 and 34 wt%, 19 and 25 wt%, and 28 and 36 wt%, respectively, at different pyrolysis conditions. The highest liquid yield was obtained at 500 °C pyrolysis temperature with a heating rate of 50 °C min⁻¹ under the sweep gas of N₂ with a flow rate of 100 cm³ min⁻¹. Employing the higher heating rate of 50 °C min⁻¹ results in maximum bio-oil yield, probably due to the decrease in mass transfer limitations. According to the results obtained under the conditions of this study, the effects of pyrolysis temperature and sweep gas flow rate are more significant than the effect of heating rate on the yields.     

两种萝芙木生物量分配与估测模型研究

采用样本全收获法测量催吐萝芙木（Rauvolfia vomitoria）和萝芙木（Rauvolfia verticillata）的生物量,比较它们的生长特性及生物量分配,同时以基径（d）和株高（h）的组合d^2h为变量与各器官以及单株总生物量进行估测模型的建立。结果表明,两个种生物量间差异非常大,前者明显高于后者。在各自生物量构成中,茎所占的比例最高,为60％左右;而主要药用部位根只占27％左右。所建立的模型中除萝芙木叶以外,其余的判定系数R^2都较高,模型具有一定的适用性,所建立的估测模型可应用于这两个萝芙木种的幼龄植株生物量估测。     

一个快速测定悬浮培养植物细胞生物量的方法的建立

以悬浮培养的玫瑰茄（Hibiscus sabdariffa)细胞为材料,分别探讨了胞外过氧化物酶活力与培养细胞生物量、胞外蛋白浓度与培养细胞生物量之间的相关关系。结果表明,胞外过氧化物酶与培养细胞生物量之间相关性较差,而胞外蛋白浓度与培养细胞生物量之间却具有高度相关性,因此通过胞外蛋白浓度的测量,可以对培养细胞的生物量作出快速的推算。     

关于“植物病原菌物”的教学探讨

为了提高植物病理学中"植物病原菌物"教学单元的教学效果,作者梳理了菌物的涵义和演变历史,以及不同教材中相关内容的编排特点。提出了要针对不同授课对象、教学计划和教学目的选择合适的教材,并针对性地进行课堂教学设计的观点。即,植物保护专业的课程设计可以结合生物系统分类学进展对"真菌"和"菌物"的概念进行梳理,而植物生产类非植物保护专业的植物病理学相关课程则直接讲解植物病原菌物的概念。通过差异化教学设计,提高教学效果,满足不同专业的学生学习需求。     

香港桃金娘灌木群落植物生物量和净第一性生产量

本文研究香港桃金娘灌木林植物生物量和净第一性生产量。结果表明：（１）桃金娘茎的直径与高度与各组分的生物量有明显的相关关系。（２）桃金娘叶子占地上部活植物生物量的２０．２％,花和果如果以它的峰值计算,其占地上部活植物生物量的９．６％,茎和枝占７０．４％。（３）地上部和地下部活植物生物量分别为１５５３ｇｍ－２和１４０８ｇｍ－２,其中桃金娘分别占８５％和８２％。（４）桃金娘叶子生物量在研究期间的波动较大,但没有以年为周期的季节变化。花和果的变化则较有规律,花蕾通常于３或４月开始形成,到７月底达到峰值,然后开始下降。（５）桃金娘的净生产量为８２０ｇｍ－２ａ－１,其中,花和果占１５．２％,茎和枝占１８．８％,根和叶分别占２１．３％和４３．７％。灌木林的净第一性生产量为１０１０ｇｍ－２ａ－１。（６）由于未考虑草食和根系的枯死损失,本研究所得的净第一性生产量（尤其是根的生产量）可能偏低。     

植物遗传资源核心种质的构建及应用

本文解释了植物遗传资源核心种质的概念及特征;介绍了构建核心种质的一般程序,包括资料的收集与整理、分组方法、抽样方法、确定样品规模、核心种质的管理与利用;比较了多种评价方法;总结了近20年的研究工作,分析了核心种质的研究现状和在实践中的应用状况,预测了核心种质的应用前景。     

Pyrolysis of precambrian kerogens: Constraints and capabilities

Summary Precambrian kerogens are currently considered to be the primary candidates for the search of biochemical fossils. Degradation of kerogens by relatively mild pyrolysis techniques, such as under high vacuum, can liberate indicative structural moieties which were incorporated in, and perhaps shielded by, these solid and highly condensed, basically aromatic substances. It is necessary to observe analytical constraints (sample size and shape, temperature, pressure, time, etc.) in order to prevent an overabundant yield of secondary pyrolyzates (inter- and intramolecular rearrangements) which can prevent kerogen characterization. Potential biochemical fossils have been found in Precambrian kerogens. Demonstratable syngenetic biochemical fossils are expected after kerogen diagenesis and catagenesis is understood in sufficient detail, and when pyrolysis is augmented by multiple, improved analytical techniques.Dedicated to the Memory of H.C. Urey (1893–1981)     

The preparation of high-grade bio-oils through the controlled, low temperature microwave activation of wheat straw

The low temperature microwave activation of biomass has been investigated as a novel, energy efficient route to bio-oils. The properties of the bio-oil produced were considered in terms of fuel suitability. Water content, elemental composition and calorific value have all been found to be comparable to and in many cases better than conventional pyrolysis oils. Compositional analysis shows further differences with conventional pyrolysis oils including simpler chemical mixtures, which have potential as fuel and chemical intermediates. The use of simple additives, e.g. HCl, H₂SO₄ and NH₃, affects the process product distribution, along with changes in the chemical composition of the oils. Clearly the use of our low temperature technology gives significant advantages in terms of preparing a product that is much closer to that which is required for transport fuel applications.     

影响农杆菌转化效率的植物因子H2A1基因的克隆、序列分析及其植物表达载体的构建

拟南芥组蛋白H2A1是影响农杆菌T-DNA整合到宿主基因组的关键因素之一。与其它H2A组蛋白一样,它含有1个保守的H2A结构域。本研究利用PCP技术从拟南芥中成功扩增到H2A1基因组序列的全长。产物纯化后克隆到pBI121(Kmr),从而构建了H2A1的植物表达载体pBI121-H2A1。PCR和DNA测序证实载体构建成功。最后用电击法将该重组质粒导入根癌农杆菌LBA4404菌株中形成工程菌。此表达载体的构建为进一步研究H2A1的功能和提高外源基因在植物中稳定表达水平奠定了基础。     

Preparation of carbon black from rice husk by hydrolysis, carbonization and pyrolysis

Carbon black is a form of amorphous carbon that is produced by incomplete combustion of petroleum- or some plant-derived materials and has a number of industrial uses. A process consisting of hydrolysis, carbonization and pyrolysis of rice husk was developed. Under optimal hydrolysis conditions (72 wt.% sulfuric acid, 50 °C, 10 min), a hydrolysis ratio of 52.72% was achieved. After carbonization of the hydrolysis solution by water bath, the solid carbon was further pyrolyzed. As the pyrolysis temperature was increased from 400 to 800 °C, the carbon content increased from 83.41% to 94.66%, the number of O-H, C-H, CO, and CC surface functional groups decreased, and based on Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) results, the specific surface area and pore volume of carbon black increased from 389 to 1034 m²/g and from 0.258 to 0.487 cm³/g, respectively. X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy analyses of samples pyrolyzed at 400-800 °C showed a localized graphitic structure. It is possible that the hydrolysis/carbonization/pyrolysis process developed in this study could also be applicable to the preparation of carbon black from other types of biomass.     

In-situ upgrading of biomass pyrolysis vapors: catalyst screening on a fixed bed reactor

In-situ catalytic upgrading of biomass fast pyrolysis vapors was performed in a fixed bed bench-scale reactor at 500 °C, for catalyst screening purposes. The catalytic materials tested include a commercial equilibrium FCC catalyst (E-cat), various commercial ZSM-5 formulations, magnesium oxide and alumina materials with varying specific surface areas, nickel monoxide, zirconia/titania, tetragonal zirconia, titania and silica alumina. The bio-oil was characterized measuring its water content, the carbon-hydrogen-oxygen (by difference) content and the chemical composition of its organic fraction. Each catalytic material displayed different catalytic effects. High surface area alumina catalysts displayed the highest selectivity towards hydrocarbons, yielding however low organic liquid products. Zirconia/titania exhibited good selectivity towards desired compounds, yielding higher organic liquid product than the alumina catalysts. The ZSM-5 formulation with the highest surface area displayed the most balanced performance having a moderate selectivity towards hydrocarbons, reducing undesirable compounds and producing organic liquid products at acceptable yields.