益生菌抗衰老作用机制研究进展

衰老会引起机体诸多不良的生理变化并增加对疾病的易感性,明确引发衰老的机制对于寻找其干预措施至关重要。研究发现,自由基氧化应激、炎症性衰老、免疫衰老、肠道菌群失调是引发衰老的相关机制。益生菌被报道具有潜在的延缓衰老作用,比较分析了常用益生菌抗衰老评价模型,并从衰老引发机制出发,重点综述了益生菌对肠道菌群的调节机制和抗衰老相关信号通路的影响,旨为进一步研究益生菌抗衰老作用提供新思路。     

灵芝抗氧化清除自由基作用的研究

文中综述了灵芝的抗氧化清除自由基作用。灵芝对各种因素引起的脑、心脏、胰腺、肝脏、胃肠道、肾脏和其他重要脏器的脂质过氧化损伤具有明显的保护作用。灵芝可显著减少脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的含量,增强抗氧化酶如超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)以及其他抗氧化酶的活性。稹灵芝对体外培养的巨噬细胞(小鼠)、胰岛细胞(小鼠)、大脑皮层细胞(大鼠)、嗜铬细胞瘤细胞(大鼠)、血管内皮细胞(大鼠、人)和皮肤角质细胞(人)的氧化损伤具有明显保护作用。灵芝在体内外对不同动物模型和细胞模型的抗氧化清除自由基作用可能与其免疫调节、抗肿瘤、降血压、降血糖、保肝、心血管保护和抗衰老作用的机制有关。     

主要抗衰老药物的研究进展

衰老是导致有效生理功能下降的生物学过程。人体的衰老会导致重要器官系统的功能障碍,从而引起年龄相关疾病如神经退行性疾病、心血管疾病和免疫调节疾病的发作,严重影响人们的生活质量。随着社会的发展和科学水平的提高,旨在延长寿命、改善健康状态的抗衰老研究逐渐受到重视。这篇综述总结了目前发现的一些具有抗衰老潜力的药物,如雷帕霉素、白藜芦醇、姜黄素等。本文通过总结探讨了抗衰老药物的作用机制,旨在为抗衰老机制的探索以及发现新的具有抗衰老功效的药物提供参考。     

核酸营养的抗衰老作用研究进展

食物核苷酸是一种条件型必需营养素,它的吸收和代谢对许多类型的细胞有着重要的意义,在某些情况下摄入核酸对生长发育、免疫系统的形成和正常功能维持等是有必要的,它能通过抗氧化、减少DNA损伤,促进细胞的更新代谢,影响内分泌-免疫网络,减轻与老化有关的脑形态病理变化与记忆的损伤等机制延缓衰老。核酸是抗衰老的重要物质之一,随增龄而愈重要,加强核酸营养对抗衰老有着重要的作用。     

人参皂苷Rg1拮抗D-半乳糖致睾丸间质细胞雄激素分泌障碍的机制研究

该文重点探讨人参皂苷Rg1拮抗D-半乳糖(D-gal)致小鼠睾丸间质细胞分泌雄激素障碍的机制。采用D-gal构建小鼠衰老模型,体内注射Rg1干预衰老过程,观察睾丸组织细胞衰老的病理学改变;体外构建D-gal致睾丸间质细胞(TM3细胞株)衰老模型,在培养体系加入Rg1拮抗D-gal的致衰老作用。衰老相关半乳糖苷酶(SA-β-Gal)染色观察小鼠睾丸组织细胞和体外培养TM3细胞的衰老情况;ELISA法检测TM3细胞分泌睾酮水平和细胞氧化应激损伤水平;荧光探针DCFH-DA检测细胞活性氧(ROS)水平;Western blot检测TM3细胞合成睾酮的关键酶和Nrf2/ARE抗氧化通路相关蛋白表达;qRT-PCR法检测相关炎症因子及睾酮合成关键酶基因的mRNA表达。结果显示,注射Rg1拮抗D-gal致小鼠衰老过程,衰老的睾丸间质细胞数量明显减少。Rg1体外拮抗D-gal致TM3细胞衰老作用后,细胞分泌睾酮水平无显著降低;IL-1、IL-6、IL-8等炎症因子的基因表达受到抑制;细胞内GSH-Px和CAT表达活性提高同时细胞产生丙二醛(MDA)与活性氧(ROS)能力受到抑制;StAR、3β-HSD及P450scc等睾酮合成关键酶基因及蛋白表达上调;Nrf2、HO-1等抗氧化蛋白表达上调,Keap1蛋白表达下调。研究提示,Rg1可能通过激活Nrf2/ARE抗氧化信号通路,拮抗D-gal对睾丸间质细胞的氧化应激损伤,进而调控睾丸雄激素的分泌功能。     

SIRT6:一个新的哺乳动物抗衰老因子

Sir2是一个在低等动物中被广泛研究的抗衰老蛋白因子。最新研究发现,哺乳动物Sir2的同源蛋白家族Sirtuin(SIRT)中的SIRT6在抗衰老过程中也发挥着重要作用,它的功能缺失将导致碱基切除修复(BER)受阻,而出现细胞对氧化损伤的敏感性增加、皮肤变薄等衰老症状,使人们对哺乳动物的衰老机制有了初步的认识。     

阿里红黄酮对衰老模型小鼠的抗衰老作用

目的：研究阿里红黄酮对衰老模型小鼠的抗衰老作用。方法：将小鼠随机分为6组（n=12）：正常对照组,衰老模型组,阳性对照组,低、中、高剂量阿里红黄酮组。除正常对照组外,其余各组均采用D-半乳糖颈背部皮下注射建立亚急性衰老小鼠模型,用不同剂量的阿里红黄酮（100、200和400 mg/（kg·d））灌服小鼠6周后,计算衰老模型小鼠脑指数及脾脏指数、胸腺指数,测定其脑组织丙二醛（MDA）含量及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性、肝组织过氧化氢酶（CAT）及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性。结果：阿里红黄酮3个剂量组可不同程度的升高衰老模型小鼠的脑指数、脾脏指数、胸腺指数、脑组织中的GSH-Px活性及肝组织中的CAT、SOD活性,降低其脑组织中的MDA含量。结论：阿里红黄酮可能通过提高机体的抗氧化能力而达到抗衰老作用。     

衰老的表观遗传调控机制北大核心CSCD

表观遗传通过调控基因表达影响众多生命过程。大量的证据表明,表观遗传在衰老调控中也发挥重要的作用。本文介绍表观遗传的3种主要机制对衰老的调控作用,及其对衰老的2个主要特征的影响。同时,介绍热量限制介导的抗衰老作用的表观遗传的调控机制,和3种重要的抗衰老活性小分子及其如何通过表观遗传相关机制发挥抗衰老作用。本文结果为进一步研究表观遗传在衰老调控中的作用,以及发展抗衰老干预措施提供了理论依据和重要的参考资料。     

人参皂苷抗衰老机制的研究进展

人参皂苷的抗衰老作用被认为是人参皂苷的重要作用之一。人参皂苷主要通过四种途径实现其抗衰老功能:通过提高机体内SOD、CAT、GSH2Px活性,诱导SOD、CAT基因表达,减少LPO、MDA含量等实现其抗衰老作用;通过促进神经递质释放、增加神经递质传递者(Ach)含量、促进NBM神经元TrkB mRNA表达、阻止神经原产生过量硝酸盐等实现其抗衰老功能;通过免疫系统在细胞和分子水平上的适度调节延缓衰老;人参皂苷亦能通过影响细胞周期调控因子、衰老基因表达,延长端粒长度、增强端粒酶活性等来实现其抗衰老功能。人参皂苷抗衰老的更完善和更深入的分子作用机制研究将成为未来研究的重点之一。     

5'-磷酸腺苷对小鼠脾细胞氧化应激损伤的保护作用

目的研究5'-磷酸腺苷(5'-AMP)体外抗氧化和对体外氧化损伤脾细胞的损伤修复能力。方法用化学比色法测定5'-AMP体外清除二苯代苦味酰基自由基(DPPH自由基)的能力;建立过氧化氢(H2O2)氧化损伤体外培养小鼠脾细胞模型,用MTT法检测5'-AMP修复受损伤脾细胞的作用,并分析其对细胞抗氧化体系及抗氧化能力的影响。结果5'-AMP具有剂量依赖性的体外抗氧化和清除活性氧能力,添加0·5mmol/L、1mmol/L、5mmol/L和10mmol/L5'-AMP均能显著修复H2O2诱导的脾细胞氧化损伤(P<0·05),总抗氧化能力和抗氧化酶类活力(P<0·01),5'-AMP添加量大于1mmol/L时,可显著降低丙二醛(MDA)含量(P<0·01)。其细胞培养液的氧自由基(ROS)水平逐渐降低,5'-AMP添加量为10mmol/L时,ROS水平接近对照组水平。结论5'-磷酸腺苷能显著修复氧化损伤,具有显著的抗氧化作用。     

Safety and Stability of Two Potentially Probiotic Lactobacillus Strains After In Vitro Gastrointestinal Transit

According to FAO and WHO, probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Most probiotic bacteria used today belong to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium and are of animal or human origin. The fundamental characteristic routinely evaluated in potential probiotics strains is their limited viability loss during gastrointestinal transit (GIT), but to date, no studies reported whether probiotics, besides viability, still also maintain their beneficial properties intact. To study this aspect, we considered two strains, Lactobacillus rhamnosus DTA 79 and L. paracasei DTA 83, previously characterised for the presence of some probiotic properties, isolated from faeces of 7- to 21-day-old babies. Here, we examined some additional properties, namely antibiotic resistance, resistance to lysozyme, presence of haemolytic activity and inhibition of pathogen biofilm formation. We then tested the effect of in vitro GIT on all these features and our results show evidence that this procedure had in some cases limited and in others no significant effects on them. Additionally, we examined the gastrointestinal resistance of the strains after skim milk fermentation and successive storage of the product for 20 and 40 days at refrigeration temperature, to see whether prolonged storage could weaken cell resistance to GIT. Our results demonstrate that a protracted refrigeration period before in vitro GIT did not affect or influenced very weakly this essential probiotic property.

     

Screening of species-specific lactic acid bacteria for veal calves multi-strain probiotic adjuncts

The selection of promising specific species of lactic acid bacteria with potential probiotic characteristics is of particular interest in producing multi species-specific probiotic adjuncts in veal calves rearing. The aim of the present work was to select and evaluate in?vitro the functional activity of lactic acid bacteria, Bifidobacterium longum and Bacillus coagulans strains isolated from veal calves in order to assess their potential use as multi species-specific probiotics for veal calves. For this purpose, bacterial strains isolated from faeces collected from 40 healthy 50-day-calves, were identified by RiboPrinter and 16s rRNA gene sequence. The most frequent strains belonged to the species B. longum, Streptococcus bovis, Lactobacillus animalis and Streptococcus macedonicus. Among these, 7 strains were chosen for testing their probiotic characteristics in?vitro. Three strains, namely L. animalis SB310, Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei SB137 and B. coagulans SB117 showed varying individual but promising capabilities to survive in the gastrointestinal tract, to adhere, to produce antimicrobial compounds. These three selected species-specific bacteria demonstrated in?vitro, both singularly and mixed, the functional properties needed for their use as potential probiotics in veal calves.     

A potential role of probiotics in colorectal cancer prevention: review of possible mechanisms of action

A number of investigations, mainly using in vitro and animal models, have demonstrated a wide range of possible mechanisms, by which probiotics may play a role in colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention. In this context, the most well studied probiotics are certain strains from the genera of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. The reported anti-CRC mechanisms of probiotics encompass intraluminal, systemic, and direct effects on intestinal mucosa. Intraluminal effects detailed in this review include competitive exclusion of pathogenic intestinal flora, alteration of intestinal microflora enzyme activity, reduction of carcinogenic secondary bile acids, binding of carcinogens and mutagens, and increasing short chain fatty acids production. Reduction of DNA damage and suppression of aberrant crypt foci formation have been well demonstrated as direct anti-CRC effects of probiotics on intestinal mucosa. Existing evidence clearly support a multifaceted immunomodulatory role of probiotics in CRC, particularly its ability to modulate intestinal inflammation, a well known risk factor for CRC. The effectiveness of probiotics in CRC prevention is dependent on the strain of the microorganism, while viability may not be a prerequisite for certain probiotic anticancer mechanisms, as indicated by several studies. Emerging data suggest synbiotic as a more effective approach than either prebiotics or probiotics alone. More in vivo especially human studies are warranted to further elucidate and confirm the potential role of probiotics (viable and non-viable), prebiotics and synbiotics in CRC chemoprevention.     

AP液抗衰老作用的实验研究

Ｄ－半乳糖皮下注射致Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠亚急性衰老模型,观察ＡＰ液对大鼠衰老指标的影响。实验结果显示,ＡＰ液能明显增加胸腺重／体重的比值,提高血清ＳＯＤ活性和降低血清ＬＰＯ活性。ＡＰ液抗衰老组血清ＳＯＤ活性比衰老模型组增加２５．２９％,血清ＬＰＯ活性下降６．２４％,提示ＡＰ液可能具有抗衰老作用。     

Molecular and probiotic characterization of bacteriocin-producing Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from nonfermented animal foods

Aims:  The characterization of four novel bacteriocin-producing enterococcal strains, isolated from nonfermented animal foods, was carried out with a view to evaluate their potential application as probiotics in raw and processed foodstuffs.
Methods and Results:  16S rRNA sequencing and random amplification of polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) analysis allowed the identification and intra-specific grouping of Enterococcus faecium strains, which inhibited the growth of four relevant food-borne pathogenic and spoilage species. Enterococcus faecium strains exhibited remarkable probiotic profiles, being able to survive to pH 3·0 and to the presence of bile salts, pancreatin and pepsin. Enterococcus faecium strains evaluated did not exhibit bile salt hydrolase or haemolytic activity, but showed good adhesion properties, also exhibiting sensitivity to clinically relevant antimicrobial agents.
Conclusions:  In our study, DNA sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and RAPD-PCR analysis were equally discriminatory for typing E. faecium strains. This study also confirmed the potential tolerance and survival of E. faecium strains isolated from nonfermented animal foods to the gastrointestinal tract.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  This study represents the first report on potential probiotic E. faecium strains isolated from nonfermented meat and fish. Their moderate heat resistance opens the way to their potential use as probiotics in minimally processed foods subjected to moderate heat processing.     

Towards understanding molecular modes of probiotic action

The possibility that certain microorganisms might be beneficial to human health is highlighted by the numerous consumer products containing probiotic bacteria. Probiotics are typically administered in food that, following entry into the gastro-intestinal tract, results in measurable health-promoting effects. Although there is a growing list of health benefits provided by the consumption of probiotics, their precise mechanisms of action remain largely unknown. Recent molecular- and genomics-based studies are starting to provide insight into the ways probiotic bacteria sense and adapt to the gastro-intestinal tract environment. Complementary approaches using host cell in vitro systems together with animal models and human volunteers are revealing specific intestinal cell responses to probiotics. These studies should ultimately disclose the molecular mechanisms and pinpoint the bacterial and host effector molecules and pathways by which probiotics are able to modulate human health.     

Adherence capacities of oral lactobacilli for potential probiotic purposes

The most abundantly used probiotic strains come from the genus Lactobacillus and only a few studies have investigated their role in oral health. Even if a positive correlation has been established between the saliva Lactobacillus count and dental caries, this genus is generally recognized as safe (GRAS). Moreover, lactobacilli could in some cases play a beneficial role by inhibiting the growth of some oral pathogenic bacteria. This activity could justify their use as probiotic. To establish the potential health benefit of probiotic candidates, appropriate in?vitro tests are required, particularly on their adhesive capacity. The aim of this work was to investigate the adhesive properties and surface characteristics of 70 oral lactobacilli that could be used as probiotics for oral health. For this, three methods were used: biofilm formation on a glass surface and on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs and the microbial adhesion to solvent method. The results of the biofilm formed on glass surface showed 13 strains with an adhesion score equal to or higher than 3. 57/70 (81%) of the tested lactobacilli did not form any biofilm on glass surfaces. All of the 13 strains formed biofilms on HA discs. Among these 13 strains, 10/13 (77%) showed low surface hydrophobicity (0-35%) and 3/13 (23%) showed medium hydrophobicity (36-70%). Some of the selected strains showed potentially useful adhesive capacity. This work paves the way for the selection of probiotics that could be used for oral health purposes with the aim to reduce carious risk.     

Adhesion of inactivated probiotic strains to intestinal mucus

It has been suggested that probiotics should be viable in order to elicit beneficial health effects. Inactivation of probiotics has been suggested to interfere with the binding to the mucosa and thereby with the immune modulating activity of probiotics. The effect of different inactivation methods on the mucus adhesion of nine probiotic strains was studied. Inactivation by heat or gamma-irradiation generally decreased the adhesive abilities. However, heat treatment increased the adhesion of Propionibacterium freudenreichii and gamma-irradiation enhanced the adhesion of Lactobacillus casei Shirota. Inactivation by u.v. was not observed to modulate the adhesion of the tested strains and it was concluded to be the most appropriate method for studying non-viable probiotics and preparing control products.     

Immunomodulatory effects of probiotics in the intestinal tract

The intestinal microbiota is the largest source of microbial stimulation that exerts both harmful and beneficial effects on human health. The interaction between probiotic and enterocytes is the initiating event in immunomodulation and merits particular attention. The effects of probiotic is strain dependent and for each new probiotic strain, profiles of cytokines secreted by lymphocytes, enterocytes or dendritic cells that come in contact with the strain should be systematically established. To evaluate the effects of probiotics on the immune system, models that mimic the mucosa, and thus the physiological reality, should be preferred whenever it is possible. Then, the in vitro observed effects should be backed up by properly conducted randomized double bind clinical studies. More detailed studies are needed to determine the precise action mode of probiotics on both mucosal and systemic immunity.