Nrf2信号通路在复发性外阴阴道念珠菌病发病机制中的作用CSCD

复发性外阴阴道念珠菌病是一种由念珠菌机会感染引起的皮肤黏膜疾病,其发病机制复杂,而念珠菌的侵袭与宿主诱发因素是复发性外阴阴道念珠菌病的主要致病因素。其中,念珠菌可通过多种方式攻击宿主细胞和逃避宿主免疫系统而导致机体损伤。Nrf2信号通路是细胞抗氧化的主要调控机构,同时也是一种重要的免疫调节机构。一方面,Nrf2通路可下调NF-κB通路和促进Th17、Treg、Th1细胞的活化,启动宿主适应性免疫;同时,Nrf2通路可激活树突状细胞介导机体固有免疫。另一方面,Nrf2通路还可通过抗氧化应激损伤来阻止阴道炎的发展。该文对Nrf2通路在复发性念珠菌性阴道炎发病机制中的抗氧化应激和免疫调节作用进行综述,旨在研究Nrf2信号通路与复发性外阴阴道念珠菌病发病机制间的关系,从而指导临床治疗复发性外阴阴道念珠菌病。     

Nrf2信号通路在复发性外阴阴道念珠菌病发病机制中的作用

复发性外阴阴道念珠菌病是一种由念珠菌机会感染引起的皮肤黏膜疾病,其发病机制复杂,而念珠菌的侵袭与宿主诱发因素是复发性外阴阴道念珠菌病的主要致病因素。其中,念珠菌可通过多种方式攻击宿主细胞和逃避宿主免疫系统而导致机体损伤。Nrf2信号通路是细胞抗氧化的主要调控机构,同时也是一种重要的免疫调节机构。一方面,Nrf2通路可下调NF-κB通路和促进Th17、Treg、Th1细胞的活化,启动宿主适应性免疫;同时,Nrf2通路可激活树突状细胞介导机体固有免疫。另一方面,Nrf2通路还可通过抗氧化应激损伤来阻止阴道炎的发展。该文对Nrf2通路在复发性念珠菌性阴道炎发病机制中的抗氧化应激和免疫调节作用进行综述,旨在研究Nrf2信号通路与复发性外阴阴道念珠菌病发病机制间的关系,从而指导临床治疗复发性外阴阴道念珠菌病。     

白念珠菌致病相关的水解酶

白念珠菌是一种重要的人类致病性真菌,其致病机制与多种因素有关.水解酶是白念珠菌最重要的毒力因子之一,在其入侵宿主过程中起关键作用.白念珠菌水解酶包括分泌型天冬氨酸蛋白酶、磷脂酶和脂肪酶,介导白念珠菌的表型转换、对宿主组织的黏附及对宿主免疫系统的干预,使其能够入侵宿主组织和逃避宿主的免疫防御机制.该文我们综述了白念珠菌水解酶的生物学属性和致病机制的研究进展.     

白念珠菌能量代谢与致病性

白念珠菌是人类正常菌群,也是致死性真菌感染最重要的病原体之一。目前,白念珠菌致病的决定性机制仍未明确,其对宿主的致病性主要取决于菌体的毒力因子、菌体与宿主相互作用两方面。能量代谢是白念珠菌生长繁殖的基础,也是影响其致病性的重要因素。深入研究白念珠菌能量代谢特征,探索其在致病过程中的作用,或可为发现新的药物靶点奠定基础。白念珠菌是人类正常菌群,也是致死性真菌感染最重要的病原体之一。目前,白念珠菌致病的决定性机制仍未明确,其对宿主的致病性主要取决于菌体的毒力因子、菌体与宿主相互作用两方面。能量代谢是白念珠菌生长繁殖的基础,也是影响其致病性的重要因素。深入研究白念珠菌能量代谢特征,探索其在致病过程中的作用,或可为发现新的药物靶点奠定基础。     

白念珠菌致病性研究进展

白念珠菌是一种重要的条件致病菌,多在体表及黏膜宿主共栖生存,可引起皮肤黏膜及内脏的广泛感染。白念珠菌是单细胞假菌丝酵母菌,形态上具有双相性,即菌丝相和孢子相。其中菌丝相更易黏附和入侵宿主组织,是该菌在体内的主要致病形式。白念珠菌的致病机制与多种因素如黏附、芽管、水解酶、生物膜、群体感应等有关。该文综述了白念珠菌致病机制的研究新进展。     

白念珠菌对宿主的黏附机制

白念珠菌对宿主的黏附是白念珠菌感染过程的关键的第一步,因此阐明白念珠菌对宿主的黏附机制对探索新的方法预防和治疗白念珠菌感染至关重要。近年来,研究者们从白念珠菌的表面结构、黏附素以及黏附相关基因等方面对白念珠菌与宿主的黏附机制进行了大量研究。该文就白念珠菌对宿主的黏附机制进行综述。     

白念珠菌侵袭宿主毒力因子研究进展

白念珠菌是一种寄生于人类黏膜表面的条件致病菌,是导致免疫功能低下人群侵袭性真菌感染的主要病原菌。白念珠菌形成侵袭性感染的过程主要分为黏附、侵袭、播散、形成感染灶等步骤,其中黏附和侵袭过程最为关键。黏附是白念珠菌入侵宿主的前提,该过程主要依赖于细胞壁表面的黏附素。侵袭阶段主要与菌丝形成、细胞壁表面毒力蛋白表达和蛋白水解酶分泌增加有关。形成菌丝是白念珠菌侵袭宿主的关键因素,主要由细胞内cAMP/PKA和MAPK等信号通路调控;侵袭素主要位于白念珠菌细胞壁表面,可以协助其穿刺宿主上皮细胞、诱导内吞作用;白念珠菌还可分泌多种蛋白水解酶,它能够破坏宿主组织细胞,协助白念珠菌形成感染灶。该文主要对白念珠菌黏附和侵袭宿主过程中关键的毒力因子进行综述,为理解白念珠菌致病机制以及选择潜在的药物靶点提供参考。     

外阴阴道念珠菌病的发生机制及免疫研究进展CSCD

外阴阴道念珠菌病(vulvovaginal candidiasis,VVC)是一种广泛发生的阴道感染性疾病,致病菌以白念珠菌为主。本文主要对白念珠菌的致病机制、宿主对白念珠菌的免疫应答以及VVC免疫治疗的最新进展进行综述。     

全国首届真菌感染与宿主免疫研讨会征文通知

由中国微生物学会真菌专业委员会与《中国真菌学杂志》共同举办的全国首届真菌感染与宿主免疫研讨会将于2014年10月17～19日在江苏省常州市召开,会议的目的是通过研讨各种致病真菌与宿主的相互作用,例如：念珠菌与皮肤黏膜的粘附机制、隐球菌与血脑屏障的相互作用及曲霉和其他致病真菌感染人体机制,进一步揭示各种致病真菌感染的发病机制,促进我国在真菌病发病机制方面的研究,     

白念珠菌White-Gray-Opaque表型转换系统的研究进展

白念珠菌是人类常见的条件致病菌,而表型转换是其重要的生物学特性,各个表型在宿主适应、感染、毒力及不同生活阶段发挥着不同作用。White-Gray-Opaque表型转换是白念珠菌的一种新型转换系统,该文从White-Gray-Opaque表型特点、影响表型转换的调控因素、表型与宿主的相互作用等方面综述近年来白念珠菌在该表型系统中的研究进展,希望通过理解其形态调节的机制以寻找感染治疗的新策略。     

Immune abnormalities associated with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis

Twenty six patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMCC) have been studied. Four immunological patterns emerged.Five patients failed to produce migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in vitro although their lymphocytes were normally activated to DNA synthesis after challenge with candida antigen. Four of these patients were unable to mount delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reactions to candida antigen (CAg), purified protein derivative (PPD), or dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). The lack of DH in these patients is thought to reflect their inability to produce MIF.Another group of nine patients with absent DH to candida also failed to produce MIF after challenge with candida antigen. Their lymphocytes were, however, not activated in vitro by this antigen probably due to a factor present in their serum, which specifically inhibited candida induced transformation of lymphocytes from healthy individuals.Two patients were able to produce MIF in vitro but they were unable, nevertheless, to mount DH reactions. Furthermore, they did not show delayed inflammatory response to intradermal injections of a MIF preparation. It is postulated that these patients have defective macrophage function.In 10 patients no significant abnormalities in cellular or humoral immunity were revealed.It is concluded that chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis is a syndrome associated with several distinct immunological abnormalities. The pathogenesis of the syndrome is discussed and it is emphasized that chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis is a model which can be used for advancing our knowledge of the immune system.     

Transfer factor induced delayed hypersensitivity in X-linked combined immunodeficiency

A 5-month-old male with an X-linked combined immunodeficiency was treated with transfer factor. Consequently, lymphocyte stimulation to phytohemagglutinin and Candida as well as delayed hypersensitivity to candida and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene developed and persisted for 4 weeks. When cellular immunity diminished, the patient succumbed to Pneumocystis carinii and cytomegalovirus infections. Because of the transfer of cellular immunity in this case, further trials of transfer factor are indicated when histocompatible bone marrow is not available for patients with combined immunodeficiency.     

Relationship between systemic inflammation and delayed-type hypersensitivity response to Candida antigen in older adults

Research has shown that aging is associated with increased systemic inflammation as well as a reduction in the strength of immune responses. However, little evidence exists linking the decrease in cell-mediated immunity in older adults with other health parameters. We sought to examine the relationship between cell-mediated immunity as measured in vivo by the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to candida antigen and demographic and physiological variables in older (65-80 y.o.) adults. Candida antigen response was not related to gender or obesity, or to a number of other physiological variables including fitness and body composition. However, positive responders had significantly lower serum C-reactive protein levels (CRP, p<0.05) vs. non-responders. Furthermore, subjects with CRP<4.75 mg?L(-1) had greater odds of developing a positive response compared to those with CRP>4.75 mg?L(-1). Therefore, positive responses to candida antigen in older adults appears to be related to lower levels of systemic inflammation.     

Natural Regulatory T Cells in Malaria: Host or Parasite Allies?

Plasmodium falciparum malaria causes 500 million clinical cases with approximately one million deaths each year. After many years of exposure, individuals living in endemic areas develop a form of clinical immunity to disease known as premunition, which is characterised by low parasite burdens rather than sterilising immunity. The reason why malaria parasites persist under a state of premunition is unknown but it has been suggested that suppression of protective immunity might be a mechanism leading to parasite persistence. Although acquired immunity limits the clinical impact of infection and provides protection against parasite replication, experimental evidence indicates that cell-mediated immune responses also result in detrimental inflammation and contribute to the aetiology of severe disease. Thus, an appropriate regulatory balance between protective immune responses and immune-mediated pathology is required for a favourable outcome of infection. As natural regulatory T (T_reg) cells are identified as an immunosuppressive lineage able to modulate the magnitude of effector responses, several studies have investigated whether this cell population plays a role in balancing protective immunity and pathogenesis during malaria. The main findings to date are summarised in this review and the implication for the induction of pathogenesis and immunity to malaria is discussed.     

WRR4 encodes a TIR-NB-LRR protein that confers broad-spectrum white rust resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana to four physiological races of Albugo candida

White blister rust in the Brassicaceae is emerging as a superb model for exploring how plant biodiversity has channeled speciation of biotrophic parasites. The causal agents of white rust across a wide breadth of cruciferous hosts currently are named as variants of a single oomycete species, Albugo candida. The most notable examples include a major group of physiological races that each are economically destructive in a different vegetable or oilseed crop of Brassica juncea (A. candida race 2), B. rapa (race 7), or B. oleracea (race 9); or parasitic on wild crucifers such as Capsella bursa-pastoris (race 4). Arabidopsis thaliana is innately immune to these races of A. candida under natural conditions; however, it commonly hosts its own molecularly distinct subspecies of A. candida (A. candida subsp. arabidopsis). In the laboratory, we have identified several accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana (e.g.,. Ws-3) that can permit varying degrees of rust development following inoculation with A. candida races 2, 4, and 7, whereas race 9 is universally incompatible in Arabidopsis thaliana and nonrusting resistance is the most prevalent outcome of interactions with the other races. Subtle variation in resistance phenotypes is evident, observed initially with an isolate of A. candida race 4, indicating additional genetic variation. Therefore, we used the race 4 isolate for map-based cloning of the first of many expected white rust resistance (WRR) genes. This gene was designated WRR4 and encodes a cytoplasmic toll-interleukin receptor-like nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein that confers a dominant, broad-spectrum white rust resistance in the Arabidopsis thaliana accession Columbia to representative isolates of A. candida races 2, 4, 7, and 9, as verified by transgenic expression of the Columbia allele in Ws-3. The WRR4 protein requires functional expression of the lipase-like protein EDS1 but not the paralogous protein PAD4, and confers full immunity that masks an underlying nonhypersensitive incompatibility in Columbia to A. candida race 4. This residual incompatibility is independent of functional EDS1.     

病毒siRNA介导的RNA干扰途径与机制

RNA干扰(RNAi)是真核生物体内重要的基因表达调控方式之一.RNAi的一种原始的作用是帮助生物体抵抗病毒,早期的研究表明无脊椎动物可以利用RNAi抵抗病毒,但是哺乳动物是否存在这一机制一直存在争议.最新的研究发现了哺乳动物RNAi抗病毒的强有力的证据,并且研究人员认为,这是一种之前被忽视的、全新的免疫途径.值得注意...     

Impaired Cellular Immunity in Kwashiorkor with Improvement after Therapy

Children with kwashiorkor showed a high incidence of deranged cellular immunity as evidenced by impairment of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to candida and diphtheria toxoid antigens and of lymphocyte transformation after phytohaemagglutinin stimulation. This may contribute to their susceptibility to infection. A correlation was shown between the degree of impairment of tests of cellular immunity and the severity of the kwashiorkor. Once recovery was initiated the skin tests gave the expected positive results and the lymphocyte transformation index improved. Protein deprivation may result in impaired deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis and in atrophy of both the thymus and the lymphoid tissue.     

干旱胁迫对坡柳等抗旱树种幼苗膜脂过氧化及保护酶活性的影响

以金沙江干热河谷主要树种坡柳、银合欢、山毛豆实生幼苗为材料,通过盆栽苗自然干旱胁迫,同时以浇水处理为对照,研究了干旱胁迫对坡柳、银合欢、山毛豆3个树种丙二醛含量、膜相对透性及保护酶活性的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫下3个树种幼苗的细胞膜透性、MDA及SOD, POD酶活性都发生了变化,只是变化的幅度和进程不同。干旱胁迫对银合欢膜系统损伤生成的主要降解产物不是MDA;山毛豆清除活性氧毒害作用主要不是通过SOD和POD的作用;通过叶片相对保水力测定及膜透性、MDA相对含量、酶活性变化情况的分析,3个树种中坡柳耐旱性最强,其次为银合欢,山毛豆居后。     

乳杆菌对外阴道白假丝酵母菌病治疗的分子机制

目的通过应用乳杆菌代谢产物提取物治疗外阴道白假丝酵母菌的效果,探讨乳杆菌治疗白假丝酵母菌病的可能分子机制。方法选择符合外阴道白假丝酵母菌病患者57例,随机分为2组,组应用乳杆菌代谢产物提取物治疗7d(试验组);另一组采用常规治疗(对照组),观察治疗前后阴道pH的变化,白假丝酵母菌、乳杆菌的变化及临床治疗效果的变化。结果采用乳杆菌代谢产物提取物治疗后阴道pH值恢复正常,白假丝酵母菌降低,乳杆菌变化不明显,临床治疗效果明显。结论乳杆菌治疗白假丝酵母菌病的分子机制可能是乳杆菌持续产生的乙酸、9-十六碳烯酸、十六烷酸、9,12-十八碳二烯酸和9-十八碳烯酸作用的结果。