福建兴化湾溶解无机氮、溶解无机磷时空变化及营养状态评价

根据2007年3月至12月福建省兴化湾海域的水质监测结果,重点分析了该海域溶解无机氮(DIN)、溶解无机磷(DIP)的分布特征及其影响因素,并采用有机污染指数和富营养化指数对兴化湾海域的富营化水平进行了评价。结果表明:兴化湾海域富营养化主要污染物是DIN、DIP,其含量主要受径流排放和海洋浮游植物生长等因素的影响。春夏季节浮游植物生长繁殖旺盛,但雨水增多,最终导致了DIP、DIN含量的升高。秋季水温下降,浮游植物生长繁殖逐渐减弱,DIP、DIN的含量也逐渐升高。兴化湾富营养化水平加重,2007年的富营养化指数是2000年的5.7倍,主要体现在DIN、DIP等指标的升高。     

Uncertainties in Data and Spurious Correlations Related to the Redfield Ratio

Spurious correlations is a fundamental problem in situations where the y‐variable is a function of x, such as ratios u/x versus x or u, or products, such as u × x versus x or u, or expressions such as (u–x) versus x. The theory of spurious correlations was developed more than 100 years ago and yet there are numerous papers in aquatic ecology presenting results as if they were mechanistically meaningful when they, in fact, are clearly spurious. This is specifically so in contexts related to some of the most important issues in aquatic ecology namely the question of “limiting” nutrient and the Redfield ratio, defined as either TN/TP or DIN/DIP (TN = total‐N, TP = total‐P, DIN = dissolved inorganic N, DIP dissolved inorganic P). We have demonstrated by systematic tests using randomly generated data that the patterns in spurious relationships can be identical to patterns in empirical data that have been interpretated in mechanistic terms. We have collected empirical data from the Baltic Sea, Kattegat and Skagerack and tested those data to see if spurious relationships exist. The r² ‐values vary from 0.90 (TN/TP versus TP), 0.67 (DIN/DIP versus DIN), 0.40 (DIN/DIP versus DIP) to 0.014 (TN/TP versus TN). Very little mechanistic understanding about “limiting nutrient” and/or the role of TN/TP or DIN/DIP‐ratios can be deduced from these – and similar results – because they are spurious. We have also shown that the ratios TN/TP and DIN/DIP have significantly higher coefficients of variations (CV) than TN, TP, DIN and DIP individually. This explains why these ratios generally are poor predictors in contexts of nutrient limitation and in modeling of primary production. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Degrading seagrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Posidonia oceanica</Emphasis>) ecosystems: a source of dissolved matter in the Mediterranean

Diurnal variation of dissolved oxygen (DO), organic and inorganic carbon (DOC, DIC), nitrogen (DON, DIN), and phosphorus (DOP, DIP) flux across the sediment–water interface was assessed in fish farm impacted and pristine seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) meadows in the Aegean Sea (Greece). DIC consumption decreased by 52% and DO production decreased by 60% in the light, suggesting reduced photosynthetic performance of the plant community under the fish cages probably due to organic matter loading. In light there was 4 and 15 times higher release of dissolved inorganic and organic matter, respectively, compared to dark incubations under the cages, indicating that fish farming impact is more intense during daytime. DO was taken up, while DIC was released in the dark in both stations, representing a direct measure of mineralization. Dissolved inorganic matter flux (as the sum of DIN and DIP fluxes) was positively related to DIC flux, rendering mineralization as the main driver of nutrient flux under the cages. On average, the impacted meadow released DIN and DIP both in light and dark, while efflux of dissolved organic matter (as the sum of DOC, DON, and DOP fluxes) increased by 132% in the light and by 21% in the dark, implying that the degrading seagrass meadow is a source of dissolved matter to the surrounding water. Shoot density and leaf production were negatively correlated with both diel DIN and DIP fluxes, showing that meadow regression is accompanied by DIN and DIP release from the sediment. Hence, nutrient efflux can adequately illustrate meadow deterioration and, therefore, can be used as indicator of P. oceanica community health.     

大鹏湾生态因子灰关联分析

研究大鹏湾夜光藻、反曲原甲藻、浮游动物种群增殖与浮游动物和海水理化因子之间的关系,采用的方法是根据它们的种群增殖态势与浮游动物和理化因子的比较,依据空间理论的数学基础,按照规范性、偶对称性、整体性和接近性这四条原则,确定参考数列（母序列：夜光藻和反曲原甲藻、浮游动物）和若干比较数列（子序列：浮游动物和海水理化因子）之间的关联度．给出各因子对母序列影响的排列次序．其结果是,对大鹏湾生态环境起主要影响的因子有浮游动物、锰、铁和溶解氧     

胶州湾湿地海域水体和表层沉积物环境质量评价

基于2009年对胶州湾湿地48个站点的调查数据,采用内梅罗(Nemerow)指数、富营养指数(EI)和Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对胶州湾湿地水体和表层沉积物环境质量现状进行了评价.结果表明:对参与评价的pH值、溶解氧、无机氮、活性磷酸盐、CODMn、石油类、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、As、六六六、滴滴涕、大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群等16项指标而言,各调查月份大沽河感潮河段水质处于中污染-重污染水平,潮间带区域水质处于轻污染-中污染水平,浅海区域水质处于轻污染水平.胶州湾湿地不同区域富营养化程度差异明显,其中大沽河感潮河段水体EI值在58.13 ～327.89,富营养化程度严重;潮间带区域水体EI值在1.34 ～19.96,富营养化程度较为严重;浅海区域水体EI值在0.65 ～ 2.10,富营养化程度较轻.胶州湾湿地海域表层沉积物质量基本处于轻污染水平,其中大沽河感潮河段处于轻污染水平,潮间带区域处于轻污染-中污染水平,浅海区域处于较清洁-轻污染水平.胶州湾湿地海域表层沉积物中重金属单项污染参数(Cfi)和污染程度指数(Cd)较低,污染程度处于低级水平,Cu、Zn是表层沉积物中的主要污染因子;重金属潜在的生态危害系数(Eir)和潜在生态危害指数(RI)较小,污染程度属于低生态危害范畴.     

Global patterns of dissolved N, P and Si in large rivers

The concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved nitrate-N, Total-N (TN), dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved silicate-Si (DSi) and their ratios in the world's largest rivers are examined using a global data base that includes 37% of the earth's watershed area and half its population. These data were compared to water quality in 42 subbasins of the relatively well-monitored Mississippi River basin (MRB) and of 82 small watersheds of the United States. The average total nitrogen concentration varies over three orders of magnitude among both world river watersheds and the MRB, and is primarily dependent on variations in dissolved nitrate concentration, rather than particulate or dissolved organic matter or ammonium. There is also a direct relationship between the DIN:DIP ratio and nitrate concentration. When nitrate-N exceeds 100 g-at l^–1, the DIN:DIP ratio is generally above the Redfield ratio (16:1), which implies phosphorus limitation of phytoplankton growth. Compared to nitrate, the among river variation in the DSi concentration is relatively small so that the DSi loading (mass/area/time) is largely controlled by runoff volume. The well-documented influence of human activities on dissolved inorganic nitrogen loading thus exceeds the influences arising from the great variability in soil types, climate and geography among these watersheds. The DSi:nitrate-N ratio is controlled primarily by nitrogen loading and is shown to be inversely correlated with an index of landscape development – the City Lights nighttime imagery. Increased nitrogen loading is thus driving the world's largest rivers towards a higher DIN:DIP ratio and a lower DSi:DIN ratio. About 7.3 and 21 % of the world's population lives in watersheds with a DSi:nitrate-N ratio near a 1:1 and 2:1 ratio, respectively. The empirical evidence is that this percentage will increase with further economic development. When the DSi:nitrate-N atomic ratio is near 1:1, aquatic food webs leading from diatoms (which require silicate) to fish may be compromised and the frequency or size of harmful or noxious algal blooms may increase. Used together, the DSi:nitrate-N ratio and nitrate-N concentration are useful and robust comparative indicators of eutrophication in large rivers. Finally, we estimate the riverine loading to the ocean for nitrate-N, TN, DIP, TP and DSi to be 16.2, 21, 2.6, 3.7 to 5.6, and 194 Tg yr^–1, respectively.     

The C:N:P ratio of phytoplankton determines the relative amounts of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus released during aerobic decomposition

Three phytoplankton assemblages, with different C:N:P ratios of 314:55:1, 103:17:1, and 57:5.5:1 (by weight), were prepared by growing lake phytoplankton in artificial media with different N:P supply ratios and then decomposed under aerobic conditions for three months.There was no net release of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) from the phytoplankton assemblage with the highest C:N:P ratio, in contrast with an abundant liberation of DIP from that with the lowest C:N:P ratio. On the other hand, there was an abundant release of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) from the phytoplankton assemblage with the highest C:N:P ratio, in contrast with little or virtually no release of DIN from those with lower C:N:P ratios. Thus, it was concluded that the C:N:P ratio of phytoplankton is an important parameter to determine the relative amounts of DIP and DIN released, when they are decomposed under aerobic conditions.Contribution from Otsu Hydrobiological Station, Kyoto University, No. 316 (Foreign Language Series).Contribution from Otsu Hydrobiological Station, Kyoto University, No. 316 (Foreign Language Series).     

厦门附近海域浮游甲藻类的分布

本文报道了厦门附近海域浮游甲藻类49种,并对其生态特性以及与海洋环境因素的关系进行了详细研究与讨论。分析的204号样品,系1980年9月至1981年8月,逐月采自厦门海域的浔江区(Ⅰ区),西港区(Ⅱ区)和九龙江口区(Ⅱ区)。     

PULSES OF PHOSPHATE PROMOTE DOMINANCE OF THE TOXIC CYANOPHYTE CYLINDROSPERMOPSIS RACIBORSKII IN A SUBTROPICAL WATER RESERVOIR1

The role of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) in promoting dominance of the toxic nitrogen (N)‐fixing cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Wo?osz.) Seenayya et Subba Raju was examined in a subtropical water reservoir, Lake Samsonvale (=North Pine reservoir). A novel in situ bioassay approach, using dialysis tubing rather than bottles or bags, was used to determine the change in C. raciborskii dominance with daily additions of DIP. A statistically significant increase in dominance of C. raciborskii was observed when DIP was added at two concentrations (0.32 μM and 16 μM) in a daily pulse over a 4 d period in three separate experiments in the summer of 2006/2007. There was an increase in both C. raciborskii cell concentrations and biovolume in two DIP treatments, but not in the ammoniacal N + DIP treatment. In addition, overall phytoplankton cell concentrations increased with DIP addition, indicating that Lake Samsonvale was DIP limited at the time of experiments. Given the bioassay response, it is likely that dominance of C. raciborskii could increase in Lake Samsonvale with periodic injections of DIP such as inflow events.     

东海近海海域营养盐分布特征及其与赤潮发生关系的初步研究

根据2002年4月25日～5月2日的调查数据,分析了东海近海海域营养盐(NO3--N,PO4^3-P,SiO3^2-Si,NH4-N等)的分布特征,并初步探讨了营养盐分布与赤潮发生的关系．结果表明,调查海区营养盐浓度较高,与国家一类海水水质相比,无机氮和无机磷的超标率分别为46％和60％,长江口及杭州湾附近海域富营养化程度比较严重．调查海域由于受沿岸长江等河流输入的影响。营养盐浓度自近岸向外海快速递减,等值线几乎与海岸线平行．根据调查结束后赤潮发生的特点和区域,表明营养盐浓度的增加,尤其是DIN和PO4^3-P的增加,与赤潮的发生有一定关系。但本次赤潮并不是发生在营养盐浓度最高的海区,因此,富营养化并不是诱发本次赤潮发生的唯一环境因素．