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1.
Effects Produced on Tomato Plants, Lycopersicum esculentum, by Seed or Root Treatment with Gibberellic Acid and Indol-3yl-Acetic Acid 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
BROWN MARGARET E.; JACKSON R. M.; BURLINGHAM SUSAN K. 《Journal of experimental botany》1968,19(3):544-552
Growth in lengths of tomato stems and leaves was acceleratedby 5.0 µg gibberellic acid (GA2) applied to the seed,or by 5.0, 0.5, and 0.05 µg given to the roots. Treatmentwith 5.0 µg also decreased bud number and lengthened thetime between bud appearance and fruit formation on the firsttruss by 18 days. Smaller amounts applied to roots shortenedthis time by 14 days. Indol-3yl-acetic acid at 0.5 µghad no effect, nor was simultaneous application of GA3 and IAAto the roots more effective than GA3, alone. Single applicationsof very small amounts of GA3 to seeds or seedling roots thusproved capable of changing growth-rates of stems, leaves, andtrusses.The effects of treating tomatoes with GA2 and with culturesof Azotobacter chroococcum, which contain small amounts of GA3,and IAA, are compared. 相似文献
2.
Gibberellins GA1, GA4, GA8, GA9, GA19, GA20, GA29, GA44, GA81,indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) were identifiedin cambial region tissues of Eucalyptus globulus by comparingmass spectra and Kovats retention indices with those of authenticstandards. Using stable isotope labelled internal standardsGA19, GA20 and GA44 were quantified at levels of 27 ng(g fr wt)-1, other GAs were present at levels < 1 ng (g frwt)-1. Levels of IAA and ABA ranged from 4171, 140 ng(g fr wt)-1 and 86305 ng (g fr wt)-1 respectively. Thepresence of brassinosteroid-like substances was also indicatedbased on activity in the rice seedling leaf inclination assay. (Received April 28, 1995; Accepted June 20, 1995) 相似文献
3.
Kwak Sang-Soo; Kamiya Yuji; Sakurai Akira; Takahashi Nobutaka; Graebe Jan E. 《Plant & cell physiology》1988,29(6):935-943
Gibberellin 3/ß-hydroxylase,a 2-oxoglutarate-dependentdioxygenase that catalyzes the hydroxylation of GA20 to GA1,was purified 313-fold from immature seeds of Phaseolus vulgarisL. The mol wt of the enzyme was estimated to be 42,000 by gelfiltration HPLC and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.The enzyme exhibited maximum activity at pH 7.7. The Km valuesfor [2,3-3H]GA20 and [2,3-3H]GA, were 0.29µu and 0.33µm, respectively. The enzyme requires 2-oxoglutarate asa cosubstrate; the Km value for 2-oxoglutarate was 250µMusing [3H]- GA20 as a substrate. Fe2+ and ascorbate significantlyactivated the enzyme at all purification steps, while catalaseand BSA activated the purified enzyme only. The enzyme was inhibitedby divalent cations Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+.3ß-Hydroxylation of [3H]- GA20 was also inhibitedby non-radioactive GA5, GA9,GA15, GA20 and GA44. The possiblesite of 3ß-hydroxylation in gibberellin biosynthesisis discussed in terms of the substrate specificity of partiallypurified gibberellin 3ß-hydroxylase. (Received February 29, 1988; Accepted June 3, 1988) 相似文献
4.
Kwak Sang-Soo; Kamiya Yuji; Takahashi Masahiro; Sakurai Akira; Takahashi Nobutaka 《Plant & cell physiology》1988,29(4):707-711
The metabolism of [14C]GA20 during seed maturation of Phaseolusvulgaris was studied using cell-free systems from embryos rangingin age from 10 DAF (day after flowering) to 24 DAF. Enzyme preparationsfrom very immature seeds actively converted GA20 to GA1, GA5and GA6. The ratio of incubation products suggested the biosyntheticpathway of GA20GA5GA6. Fluctuation in the levelsof endogenous C19-GAs, namely GA1, GA4, GA5, GA6, GA8, GA9 andGA20 was analyzed by GC-SIM using internal standards to compareenzyme activity with the levels of endogenous GAs. AlthoughGA1, GA4 and GA6 showed maximum levels on 20 DAF, enzyme activitydecreased during seed maturation and showed weak activity on20 DAF.
1Graduate student of the University of Tokyo, Department ofAgricultural Chemistry, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan.
3Present address: Pesticides Research Laboratory, TakarazukaResearch Center, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Takarazuka, Hyogo655, Japan. (Received December 17, 1987; Accepted March 30, 1988) 相似文献
5.
Analysis of extracts from 6300 (1.2 grams fresh weight) Phaseolus coccineus suspensors by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry has demonstrated the presence of five C19-gibberellins, GA1, GA4, GA5, GA6, GA8, and one C20-GA, GA44. The major GAs present were GA1 and GA8. Data are discussed in relation to previous results obtained in P. coccineus seed as well as in the embryo-suspensor system. 相似文献
6.
Nakamura Teruko; Mitsuoka Kazumi; Sugano Mami; Tomita Kaori; Murayama Tadako 《Plant & cell physiology》1985,26(7):1433-1437
In Gibberella fujikuroi and Penicillium notatum, IAA, 2,4-Dand GA3 promoted conidial germination and the elongation ofyoung hyphae. The promotive effects of IAA and GA3 were additive.In both fungi, the concentrations of endogenous auxin and gibberellinin the culture media were 1010 to 61012M. (Received April 27, 1985; Accepted August 12, 1985) 相似文献
7.
Nakayama Ishizue; Miyazawa Takeshige; Kobayashi Masatomo; Kamiya Yuji; Abe Hiroshi; Sakurai Akira 《Plant & cell physiology》1990,31(2):195-200
The effects of a novel plant growth regulator (PGR) prohexadionecalcium (BX-112; calcium 3,5-dioxo-4-propionylcyclohexanecarboxylate)on shoot elongation caused by exogenously applied GA1, GA3,GA4) GA19 and GA20 were investigated in rice (Oryza sativa L.cv. Nihonbare and cv. Tan-ginbozu) seedling test. Dependingon the dose, BX-112 reduced shoot elongation in both cultivarscaused by GA19 and GA20, but not by GA1. When a high dose ofBX-112 (e.g. 250 ng/plant and over) was applied with GA1, orGA4, shoot elongation was even promoted. This promotive effect,however, was not observed with GA3. These results suggest thatBX-112 inhibits gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis in the rice plantat the 3ß- and 2ß-hydroxylation of GAs,namely steps of activation and inactivation, respectively. (Received September 6, 1989; Accepted November 27, 1989) 相似文献
8.
Activity curves are determined for gibberellins A1 to A0 bythe Avena first-leaf bioassay method. Gibberellins A1, A4 andA5 can be detected at 10-11 or 10-10 g/ml and give optimum activityof approximately 230 per cent elongation (water controls = 100per cent). Gibberellins A2A3, and A9 can be detected at 10-3g/mland give optimum activity of approximately 200 per cent. GibberellinsA6 and A7 can be detected at 10-5g/ml; GA7 gives optimum activityof around 190 per cent. All the gibberellins except GA8 canbe detected by this bioassay method after chromatography inn-butanol: 1.5 N ammonia (3: 1) and benzene: acetic acid: water(4: 2: 1) when applied to the paper at concentrations from O.Ito µg. The sensitivity of the method is compared withthat of other gibberellin bioassay methods. 相似文献
9.
Nakayama Ishizue; Kamiya Yuji; Kobayashi Masatomo; Abe Hiroshi; Sakurai Akira 《Plant & cell physiology》1990,31(8):1183-1190
Inhibition of the biosynthesis of gibberellins by prohexadione,3,5-dioxo-4-propionylcyclo-hexanecarboxylic acid, was studiedwith cell-free systems derived from immature seeds of Cucur-bitamaxima, Phaseolus vulgaris and Pisum sativum. Prohexadione,at a concentration of 104 M, inhibited C-7 oxidationof GA12-aldehyde, C-20 oxidation of GA15, conversion of C20-gib-berellinsto C19-gibberellins, 3ß-hydroxylation, 2,3-dehydrogenationof GA20, 2,3-epoxidation of GA5 and 2ß-hydroxylationof GA9 and GA20. The 3ß-hydroxylase activity appearedto be more sensitive to prohexadione than were the C-20 oxygenaseand the 2ß-hydroxylase activities. The conversionof mevalonic acid to GA12-aldehyde and the 13-hydroxylationof GA12 were not affected by prohexadione at a concentrationof 3 ? 104 M. All of the steps inhibited by prohexadioneare oxidation steps catalyzed by soluble enzymes that require2-oxoglutarate, Fe2+ and oxygen, and all of them occur distalto the synthesis of GA12-aldehyde in the biosynthesis of gibberellins. (Received April 4, 1990; Accepted September 14, 1990) 相似文献
10.
By combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry the gibberellin present in suspensors of heart-shaped embryos of Phaseolus coccineus has been identified as Gibberellin A1 (GA1). The amount of GA1 in 2000 suspensors (452 mg), as estimated by gas chromatography. was 4g. The presence of GA1 in suspensors of P. coccineus is discussed in relation to our present knowledge of the occurrence of many gibberellins in developing seeds and immature fruits of the same species.Abbreviations FID
flame ionization detector
- GA
gibberellin
- GC
gas chromatography
- MS
mass spectrometry
- PGC
preparative gas chromatography
- Stage A
heart-shaped embryo
- Stage B
cotytedonary embryo
- TMS
trimethylsilyl 相似文献
11.
Interaction of a Brassinosteroid with IAA and GA3 in the Elongation of Cucumber Hypocotyl Sections 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
A synthetic brassinosteroid, 22,23(S,S)-homobrassinolide (hBR),was examined for its interaction with IAA and GA3 in the elongationof hypocotyl sections of light-grown cucumber (Cucumis salivusL. cv. Aonagajibai) seedlings. hBR alone was less active thanIAA. Its optimal concentration was around 10 µM and thelowest effective concentration between 10 and 100 µM,which is more than 100 times higher than that of brassinolide.hBR was more active in sections from younger seedlings. Itsgrowth-promoting effect was negated or greatly reduced by inhibitorsof auxin-induced elongation such as p-chlorophenoxyisobutyricacid and kinetin. hBR acted synergistically with IAA and 2,4-Dbut not with GA3 showing only an additive effect. Sequentialtreatment of sections with hBR and then with IAA also resultedin synergistic enhancement of auxininduced elongation, but whenthe order of treatment was reversed, hBR was inactive. The synergisticeffect was obtained with 1 h pretreatment with hBR and couldbe reduced by subsequent washing with water. There was no sequentialinteraction between hBR and GA3. The synergistic pretreatmenteffects of hBR and GA3 were simply additive to each other. Amembrane-bound ATPase inhibitor, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, inhibitedthe hBR-induced elongation, but did not affect GA3-induced elongation.The findings led to the conclusion that brassinosteroids enhanceauxin action and possess growth-promoting activity which isindependent of that of gibberellin. (Received November 9, 1984; Accepted February 18, 1985) 相似文献
12.
To find whether cytoplasmic streaming in Acetabularia is controlledby Ca2+, a tonoplast-permeabilized cell model was prepared usinga vacuolar perfusion technique. The cytoplasmic streaming remainedalmost normal after perfusion with EGTA medium (10 mM EGTA,40 mM PIPES, 5mM MgCl2 and 800 mM sorbitol, pH 6.9), but stoppedwithin 10 min when saponin medium (EGTA medium plus 50 µg/mlsaponin, 50 µg/ml hexokinase and 5 mM glucose) was perfused.This model system was reactivated with a solution containing0.5 mM ATP and different concentrations of Ca2+ (reactivationmedium). With the reactivation medium at pCa 65, theresumed streaming lasted for about 10 min before the cytoplasmaggregated. At pCa 43, the streaming was observed onlyfor a few minutes because the cytoplasm aggregated quickly.At pCa 7, no reactivated movement was observed. Reactivationwas not induced in an ATP- or Mg2+-deficient medium even inthe presence of an adequate concentration of Ca2+, and was inhibitedby 50 µg/ml cytochalasin B or 1 mM N-ethylmaleimide. We concluded from these observations that the cytoplasmic streamingin Acetabularia is very likely to be driven by the actomyosinsystem in the presence of Mg-ATP and Ca2+ at pCa 65. (Received October 31, 1984; Accepted April 1, 1985) 相似文献
13.
Effects of Gibberellins on Seed Germination of Phytochrome-Deficient Mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Yang Young-Yell; Nagatani Akira; Zhao Yu-Ju; Kang Bong-Joong; Kendrick Richard E.; Kamiya Yuji 《Plant & cell physiology》1995,36(7):1205-1211
Experiments were carried out to explore the involvement of gibberellins(GAs) in the light-induced germination of Arabidopsis thaliana(L.) Heynh, using wild type (WT) and phytochrome-deficient mutants(phyA, phyB and phyAphyB deficient in phytochrome A, B and Aplus B, respectively). Seed germination of WT and phytochrome-deficientmutants was inhibited by uniconazole (an inhibitor of an earlystep in biosynthesis of GA, the oxidation of ent-kaurene) andprohexadione (an inhibitor of late steps, namely, 2rß-and 3rß-hydroxylation). This inhibition was overcomeby simultaneous application of 10-5 M GA4. The relative activityof GAs for promoting germination of uniconazole-treated seedswas GA4>GA1=GA9>GA20. The wild type and the phyA and phyBmutants had an increased response to a red light pulse in thepresence of GA1, GA4, GA9, GA20 and GA24 but there were no significantdifferences in activity of each GA between the mutants. Therefore,neither phytochrome A nor hytochrome B appears to regulate GAbiosynthesis from GA12 to GA4 during seed germination, sincethe conversion of GA12 to GA9 is regulated by one enzyme (GA20-oxidase). However, GA responsiveness appears to be regulatedby phytochromes other than phytochromes A and B, since the phyAphyBdouble mutant retains the photoreversible increased responseto GAs after a red light pulse. (Received February 13, 1995; Accepted July 11, 1995) 相似文献
14.
Hara Takayuki; Nagatani Akira; Yamaguchi Isomaro; Murofushi Noboru; Takahashi Nobutaka; Furuya Masaki 《Plant & cell physiology》1988,29(6):913-918
In the fern Lygodium japonicum, the effect of the exogenousapplication of two gibberellin methyl esters, gibberellin A4methyl ester (GA4Me) and gibberellin A20 methyl ester (GA20Me)on spore germination in the dark and uptake of GA4Me and GA20Meby spores was investigated. Tritiated GA4Me and GA20Me wereprepared and used as radioactive tracers. The activity of GA4Mewas more than 100-fold that of GA20Me for the induction of sporegermination. When treated for 24 h, the activity for inducingspore germination remained after removal of the gibberellinmethyl esters from the medium. The amount of GA4Me taken upby spores was more than three times that of GA20Me throughoutthe 24 h time course of treatment. The uptake of both gibberellinmethyl esters was proportional to the external concentrationfor the range of concentrations between 109 M and 106M. When treated with the tritiated gibberellin methyl estersat 106 M and 107 M for 24 h, most of the gibberellinmethyl esters taken up by the spores were not metabolized. Althoughthe uptake of the two gibberellin methyl esters differed by3- to 5- fold, their abilities to induce spore germination differedby more than 100-fold. Therefore, the difference in the activityof the two gibberellin methyl esters regarding the inductionof spore germination could not be explained solely by the differencein their uptake. (Received January 11, 1988; Accepted May 26, 1988) 相似文献
15.
Abscisic acid (ABA) applied to the decapitated second internodeof runner bean plants enhanced outgrowth of lateral buds onlywhen internode stumps were no longer elongating. Applied toelongating internodes of slightly younger plants, ABA causesinhibition of bud outgrowth. Together with 104 M indol-3-ylacetic acid (IAA), ABA stimulated internode elongation and interactedadditively in the inhibition of bud outgrowth. A mixture of105 M ABA and 106 M gibberellic acid (GA3 ) causedsimilar effects on internode growth as IAA + ABA, but was mutuallyantagonistic in effect on growth of the lateral buds. Abscisic acid, apical dominance, gibberellic acid, indol-3yl acetic acid, Phaseolus coccineus, bean 相似文献
16.
Soh Chang-Ho; Kamiya Yuji; Yoshida Shigeo; Yamane Hisakazu; Takahashi Nobutaka 《Plant & cell physiology》1994,35(7):1037-1042
Oryzains, cysteine proteinases of rice seeds, are induced byGA3 in germinating rice seeds [Abe et al. (1987) Agric. Biol.Chem. 51: 1509]. The effects of GA1, GA3, GA4, GA9, and GA20on the production of oryzain and -amylase were investigatedin embryoless half- and whole-seeds of rice (cv. Nipponbare).When gibberellins (GAs) were incubated with embryoless half-seeds,GA1, GA3 and GA4 induced oryzain and -amylase, but GA9, andGA20 did not. GA9 and GAM induced oryzain and -amylase productionin whole seeds, but this production was inhibited by the simultaneousapplication of prohexadione, an inhibitor of 2ß- and3ß-hydroxylation of GAs. Prohexadione did not inhibitthe activities of oryzain and -amylase induced by GA1. Theseresults suggest that GAs possessing the 3ß-hydroxylgroup induce activities of oryzain and -amylase in rice seedsand that GA9 and GA20 have activity only after they are convertedmetabolically to active GAs, probably GA4 and GA1, respectively.GA1, was more active than GA4 in both half seeds and wholeseeds incubation. Oryzain and -amylase activities induced byGA4 were significantly inhibited in the presence of 104M prohexadione. This suggests that the conversion of GA1, toGA4 (13-hydroxylation) might be inhibited at a high dose ofprohexadione in whole seeds.
4Present address: Institute of Food Development, Kyung Hee University,Suwon 449-701, Korea 相似文献
17.
THE RATIO OF CALCAREOUS AND ORGANIC SHELL COMPONENTS OF FRESHWATER SPHAERIID CLAMS IN RELATION TO WATER HARDNESS AND TROPHIC CONDITIONS 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
BURKY ALBERT J.; BENJAMIN MICHELE A.; CATALANO DENNIS M.; HORNBACH DANIEL J. 《Journal of Molluscan Studies》1979,45(3):312-321
Shells from 14 populations of sphaeriid clams including Sphaeriumstriatinum, S. simile, Pisidium walkeri, Musculim partumeiumand M. iransversum were analyzed for organic carbon (µgCmg1 shell), nitrogen (µg,N mg1 shell) andCaCOs (%CaCO3 of total clam dry weight). Habitat waters wereassessed for total hardness (expressed as ppm CaCo3), ppm Ca,ppm Mg, conductivity (µmho) and suspended organic Carbon(µgCl1). For all populations, shell organic C andN are positively correlated and there is an inverse relationshipbetween the amounts of shell CaCO3 and shell organic carbon.Trophic considerations give the best correlation with shelltype at the generic level of consideration since species ofMusculium are found at the opposite end of the trophic scale(eutrophic) from all other populations studied. For S. striatinum,the most extensively studied species, the amount of shell CaCO3is inversely related to water hardness. The selection of shellsin the Sphaeriidae is discussed in relation to structural-functionalneeds and habitat conditions
1 Present Address: Department of Biology, Syracuse University,Syracuse, New York 13210, U.S.A.
2 Present Address: Department of Zoology, Miami University,Oxford, Ohio 45056, U.S.A. (Received 5 December 1978; 相似文献
18.
Flower formation and growth of the short day plant Pharbitisnil, strain "Violet", were inhibited when the growth retardantAncymidol was applied prior to an inductive dark period viacotyledons or roots. Inhibition of flower formation by Ancymidolcould be completely reversed by an application of gibberellinA3 (GA3) to the plumule before the inductive dark period. Adose of 0.01 µg GA3/plant was almost sufficient to restoreflowering, but about a hundred times more GA3 was required torestore the internode length to that of control. Ancimidol greatlyreduced the endogenous gibberellin content. (Received July 18, 1980; ) 相似文献
19.
Flower formation and growth of the short day plant Pharbitisnil, strain "Violet", were inhibited when the growth retardantAncymidol was applied prior to an inductive dark period viacotyledons or roots. Inhibition of flower formation by Ancymidolcould be completely reversed by an application of gibberellinA3 (GA3) to the plumule before the inductive dark period. Adose of 0.01 µg GA3/plant was almost sufficient to restoreflowering, but about a hundred times more GA3 was required torestore the internode length to that of control. Ancimidol greatlyreduced the endogenous gibberellin content. (Received July 18, 1980; ) 相似文献
20.
Yamaguchi Isomaro; Nakazawa Hideyuki; Nakagawa Ryusuke; Suzuki Yoshihito; Kurogochi Shin; Murofushi Noboru; Takahashi Nobutaka; Weiler Elmar W. 《Plant & cell physiology》1990,31(8):1063-1069
Radioimmunoassays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays formethyl esters of gibberellins A1, A3, A4, and A7 were establishedusing an antiserum specific for GA1-Me. The antiserum was characterizedby high titer and specificity for such C19-GAs with 3ß-hydroxylgroup as GA1, GA3, GA4 and GA7. Combination of this antiserumand HPLC enabled us to identify and quantify GA, and GA4 fromthe pollen of Zea mays with a high degree of reliability. Similarly,identification and quantification of GA9 and GA20 were alsomade possible by use of an antiserum specific for GA20-Me. Combineduse of immunoassays and GC/MS enabled us to identify nine GAsfrom the pollen and four from the anthers of Zea mays. The identificationof non-13-hydroxylated GAs, such as GA4 and GA9, in additionto 13-hydroxylated GAs from the pollen and the anthers suggeststhat the early-non-hydroxylation pathway, as well as the early-13-hydrox-ylationpathway, operates in the male reproductive organs of Zea mays,and that the organ-specific biosynthesis and/or localizationof GAs in Zea mays is similar to that in Oryza saliva. (Received May 7, 1990; Accepted August 20, 1990) 相似文献