棉铃虫c-Jun氨基末端激酶基因的克隆、表达谱及对UV-A胁迫的响应

【目的】本研究旨在克隆棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase, JNK)基因,并对其进行序列和表达模式分析,探讨该基因在棉铃虫生长发育及响应UV胁迫方面的作用。【方法】利用RT-PCR与RACE技术克隆棉铃虫JNK基因,并利用生物信息学方法对其编码的氨基酸序列进行分析;采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测其在棉铃虫不同发育阶段(卵、1-6龄幼虫、蛹、雌雄成虫)、成虫不同组织(去除触角和复眼的头、胸、腹、触角、复眼、足、翅、中肠、卵巢)中及雌成虫在UV-A照射不同时间(0, 30, 60, 90, 120和150 min)下的相对表达量变化。【结果】克隆获得一个棉铃虫JNK基因并命名为HaJNK(GenBank登录号:MH719009),其cDNA序列全长为2 431 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)长1 191 bp,编码396个氨基酸,编码蛋白质的相对分子量为45.01 kD,等电点为6.35,无跨膜结构,无信号肽。系统进化分析显示,棉铃虫HaJNK与其他昆虫JNK具有很高的同源性。发育阶段表达分析表明,HaJNK在棉铃虫卵期表达量最高;组织特异性分析显示该基因在成虫复眼、胸部及卵巢部位特异性表达。UV-A照射能诱导棉铃虫雌成虫体内HaJNK的表达,随着照射时间的延长,其表达量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在照射60 min时表达量达到峰值。【结论】HaJNK在棉铃虫不同龄期、成虫不同组织和UV-A照射不同时间的雌成虫中差异表达,提示其在响应UV-A胁迫的分子机制中具有重要意义。     

棉铃虫生物钟基因HeDbt的克隆和表达模式分析

【目的】克隆并分析棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera生物钟基因Double-time (Dbt),明确该基因的昼夜表达模式,探讨其表达水平的影响因子,为研究夜蛾科昆虫复眼中生物钟基因的作用机制奠定基础,为理解外周组织中生物钟基因功能提供参考。【方法】采用RT-PCR和RACE技术从2日龄棉铃虫雌成虫复眼中克隆生物钟基因Dbt,并利用在线网站和软件进行生物信息学分析。采用qPCR技术检测棉铃虫雌、雄成虫不同组织(头、脑、复眼、触角、胸、腹、足和翅)中Dbt的表达水平;检测光周期14L∶10D和持续黑暗(DD)下雌、雄成虫头和复眼中Dbt的昼夜表达模式;在暗期用棉铃虫敏感波段光(UV、蓝光和绿光)照射2日龄成虫6 h,检测复眼中Dbt表达水平的变化;在暗期进行雌、雄成虫交配,检测交配结束及3 h后复眼中Dbt表达水平的变化。【结果】成功克隆到棉铃虫生物钟基因Dbt的cDNA序列,命名为HeDbt(GenBank登录号: KM233159),开放阅读框长1 026 bp,编码314个氨基酸组成的多肽。HeDbt理论推测分子量为39.79 kD,等电点(pI)为9.55,不具有跨膜拓扑结构,包含典型的昆虫DBT蛋白保守区域,其与甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua和柞蚕Antheraea pernyi DBT的同源性较高, 氨基酸序列一致性分别为99%和97%。qPCR结果表明,HeDbt在成虫各组织中均有表达,在头、脑和复眼中表达水平较低,在胸和腹中表达水平较高;在14L∶10D和DD下,头和复眼中HeDbt未呈现明显的昼夜表达节律。暗期光照和交配后,复眼中HeDbt的表达均显著下调,但雌、雄成虫间HeDbt表达水平整体相似。【结论】成功克隆得到棉铃虫生物钟基因HeDbt,其在棉铃虫成虫头和复眼中表达水平较低,且不具有昼夜规律性,但复眼中Dbt的表达受到光照和交配的影响。本研究为进一步探索夜蛾外周组织生物钟基因功能奠定了基础。     

甘蓝夜蛾几丁质酶基因cDNA序列的克隆与序列分析

昆虫几丁质酶在害虫生物防治中具有很大的发展潜力。以甘蓝夜蛾Mamestra brassicae L.预蛹期幼虫整个虫体为材料提取总RNA,利用RT-PCR和cDNA末端快速扩增技术(RACE),扩增得到其几丁质酶的cDNA序列。该序列含有2826个碱基,包括1个1689个碱基的开放阅读框,预测编码1个含562个氨基酸的多肽,分子量约为62.6kDa,等电点为5.30。推导得到的氨基酸序列含有2个N-位糖基化位点,22个O-位糖基化位点,氨基酸序列与其他昆虫,尤其是鳞翅目昆虫的几丁质酶高度同源。获得的甘蓝夜蛾几丁质酶基因cDNA序列已经登录GenBank并获得登录号FJ436415。     

梨小食心虫普通气味受体基因GmolOR20的克隆及表达分析

【目的】通过克隆梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta触角中的普通气味受体(odorant receptor, OR)OR20基因,明确其在不同发育期及成虫不同组织中的表达特征,为进一步研究其功能提供理论依据。【方法】根据梨小食心虫雌虫触角转录组数据,利用RT-PCR克隆梨小食心虫OR20基因的完整开放阅读框;采用qRT-PCR检测该基因在不同发育期(卵、1-5龄幼虫、蛹和雌雄成虫)、成虫不同组织(触角、去除触角的头、胸、腹、足、翅)以及不同日龄(1, 3, 5和7日龄)成虫触角中的表达量。【结果】克隆获得梨小食心虫GmolOR20基因cDNA序列(GenBank登录号:MH898864)。该基因完整开放阅读框为1 284 bp,编码427个氨基酸,预测蛋白分子量为49.83 kD,理论等电点为8.57,具有7个跨膜结构域。序列比对和系统进化树结果表明,梨小食心虫GmolOR20与苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella CpomOR15和豆荚小卷蛾Cydia nigricana CnigOR15亲缘关系较近,氨基酸序列一致性分别为87%和84%。发育表达模式结果显示,GmolOR20在不同发育时期均有表达,雌雄成虫中的表达量显著高于其他发育期的表达量(P<0.05),但雌、雄虫间的表达量差异不显著。组织表达模式结果表明,GmolOR20主要在成虫触角中高丰度表达,且雌虫触角中的表达量极显著高于雄虫触角中的表达量(P<0.01);GmolOR20在不同日龄成虫的触角中均有表达,且在1和3日龄成虫触角中的表达水平显著高于其他日龄(P<0.05)。【结论】根据GmolOR20基因的表达谱分析结果,推测GmolOR20可能参与梨小食心虫对植物挥发物和性信息素的识别。     

小地老虎几丁质酶基因的克隆与序列分析

利用昆虫几丁质酶对几丁质的调控作用破坏几丁质新陈代谢的平衡来防治害虫, 在生物防治策略中具有很大的发展潜力。从处于预蛹期的小地老虎Agrotls ipsilon (Hufnagel)体中肠内提取总的RNA, 经反转录, 利用cDNA末端快速扩增技术（RACE）获得了几丁质酶基因的cDNA序列。该基因序列已经登录GenBank并获得登录号为EU035316。该序列长度为2 823个碱基, 含有一个1 674个碱基的开放读码框。开放读码框编码558个氨基酸残基, 预测的分子量为62.5 kDa, 等电点5.12。推导得到的氨基酸序列含有2个N-位糖基化位点,20个O-位糖基化位点, 含有2个几丁质酶所具有的保守序列：N-端的催化区和C-端的几丁质结合区。氨基酸序列与其他昆虫, 特别是鳞翅目昆虫的几丁质酶高度同源。     

棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂嗅觉受体基因 CchlOrco 的克隆及组织表达谱分析

【目的】昆虫的嗅觉受体（olfactory receptors, ORs）一般以气味分子特异的ORs与共受体（ co-Receptor, Orco）通过形成异质二聚体在嗅觉感受中发挥关键作用,其中Orco由于具有序列的保守性而受到广泛的重视。本研究旨在克隆棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂 Campoletis chlorideae 的Orco基因,并对其组织表达谱进行分析。【方法】利用RT-PCR技术和转录组分析技术克隆棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂的Orco基因,并对其编码的氨基酸序列进行生物信息学分析;利用Real-time PCR技术对该基因在该蜂成虫不同组织中的表达量进行分析。【结果】获得了棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂 Orco 的全长cDNA序列,命名为 CchlOrco（GenBank登录号：KP255444）。序列分析表明, 该基因开放阅读框全长1 437 bp,编码478个氨基酸,预测该氨基酸序列具有7个跨膜区。CchlOrco 主要在成虫触角中表达,且在雄蜂触角中的表达量最高,是雌蜂触角中表达量的8.0倍,而在其他组织中表达量极低。【结论】本研究克隆了棉铃虫齿唇姬蜂 CchlOrco 序列全长,明确了其在成虫不同组织中的表达水平,为进一步研究该基因及其他嗅觉受体基因功能奠定了基础。     

Odorant-Binding Protein from Culex tarsalis,the Most Competent Vector of West Nile Virus in California

We have identified and cloned an odorantbinding protein from the female mosquito, Culex tarsalis (CtarOBP). As expected for an olfactory protein, CtarOBP was detected by gel electrophoresis analysis in antennae but not in control tissues (legs). The isolated protein was identified by in-gel digestion and subsequent analysis of internal fragments by tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS). Based on the amino acid sequences of two peptides generated by enzymatic digestion, degenerate primers were designed for cDNA cloning. The complete cDNA (cloned by RACE) encoded a protein with a signal peptide (24 residues) and a mature protein of 125 amino acid residues. The calculated molecular mass and isoelectric point of the mature protein were 14,515 Da and pl 5.5, respectively. CtarOBP showed the hallmark of odorant-binding proteins, 6 cysteine residues, and high sequence homology (61–96%) to previously characterized mosquito OBPs.     

马铃薯甲虫气味结合蛋白的序列和基因表达谱分析

【目的】昆虫气味结合蛋白(OBPs)在昆虫嗅觉行为中发挥着重要作用。马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata是马铃薯上一种最主要的毁灭性害虫。为阐明该虫嗅觉识别分子机制,本研究对马铃薯甲虫26个OBP基因序列特征及组织表达谱进行研究。【方法】基于马铃薯甲虫触角转录组测序数据,利用生物信息学方法及qRT-PCR技术,分别对马铃薯甲虫26个LdecOBPs (LdecOBP1-LdecOBP26)的系统进化及基因的组织表达谱进行分析。【结果】除LdecOBP26基因外,其余25个LdecOBPs基因序列均具有完整的开放阅读框,编码120~255个氨基酸残基,预测的蛋白分子量为13.66~29.38 kD,等电点为4.12~8.42,它们属于两个亚家族,其中13个为Classical-C OBPs, 12个为Minus-C OBPs。除LdecOBP3和LdecOBP26外,其他24个LdecOBPs的N端均由16~23个氨基酸组成的信号肽序列。不同的OBPs亚家族均具有各自典型保守的Cys残基。LdecOBPs之间高度分化,氨基酸序列一致性在3.20%~41.91%。系统进化树分析表明,LdecOBPs与沙葱萤叶甲Galeruca daurica的GdauOBPs亲缘关系最近。基因表达谱分析显示,26个LdecOBPs基因在马铃薯甲虫的不同组织中表达,其中有12个LdecOBPs基因(LdecOBP2, LdecOBP4, LdecOBP6, LdecOBP9, LdecOBP10, LdecOBP12, LdecOBP13, LdecOBP16, LdecOBP20-22和LdecOBP24)在触角中高表达,2个LdecOBPs基因(LdecOBP5和LdecOBP17)在足中高表达,其他12个LdecOBPs基因(LdecOBP1, LdecOBP3, LdecOBP7, LdecOBP8, LdecOBP11, LdecOBP14, LdecOBP15, LdecOBP18, LdecOBP19, LdecOBP23, LdecOBP25和LdecOBP26)在触角、头(去除触角)、胸、腹、足和翅这些组织中均表达。【结论】本研究结果为进一步研究马铃薯甲虫嗅觉识别分子机制奠定了基础。     

异色瓢虫过氧化氢酶(Catalase)的基因克隆及序列分析

【目的】克隆异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis保护酶系中过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)的全长cDNA序列,并分析该基因的基本特性。【方法】采用同源克隆和锚定PCR技术,从异色瓢虫中克隆到HaraxCAT基因的cDNA全序列(GenBank登录号KC991026),并采用生物信息学的相关方法进行了分析。【结果】HaraxCAT的cDNA序列全长1 781 bp,其包含110 bp的3′非编码区域和45 bp的5′非编码区域,可读框长1 626 bp,编码541个氨基酸。预测该基因编码蛋白的分子量为61.55 ku,理论等电点为8.33,包含3个糖基化位点,无信号肽序列和跨膜结构。并且该基因包含了一个长达18个氨基酸的潜在的活性位点序列FDRERIPERVVHAKGAGA和血红素配体信号序列RIFSYGDTH。同源比对不同昆虫的CAT蛋白序列,发现昆虫CAT非常保守,HaraxCAT与其他昆虫的同源性高达65%及以上,与赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum同源性最高,达75.25%;系统发育分析表明其与鞘翅目赤拟谷盗和白星金花龟Protaetia brevitarsis亲缘关系最近。【结论】获得异色瓢虫catalase基因的cDNA全长序列,证实昆虫CAT蛋白非常保守。     

Cloning, sequence, and developmental expression of a type 5, tartrate-resistant, acid phosphatase of rat bone.

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) is a characteristic constituent of osteoclasts and some mononuclear preosteoclasts and, therefore, used as a histochemical and biochemical marker for osteoclasts and bone resorption. We now report the isolation of a 1397-base pair (bp) full-length TRAP/tartrate-resistant acid ATPase (TrATPase) cDNA clone from a neonatal rat calvaria lambda gt11 cDNA library. The cDNA clone consists of a 92-bp untranslated 5'-flank, an open reading frame of 981 bp and a 324-bp untranslated 3'-poly(A)-containing region. The deduced protein sequence of 327 amino acids contains a putative cleavable signal sequence of 21 amino acids. The mature polypeptide of 306 amino acids has a calculated Mr of 34,350 Da and a pI of 9.18, and it contains two potential N-glycosylation sites and the lysosomal targeting sequence DKRFQ. At the protein level, the sequence displays 89-94% homology to TRAP enzymes from human placenta, beef spleen, and uteroferrin and identity to the N terminus of purified rat bone TRAP/TrATPase. An N-terminal amino acid segment is strikingly homologous to the corresponding region in lysosomal and prostatic acid phosphatases. The cDNA recognized a 1.5-kilobase mRNA in long bones and calvaria, and in vitro translation using, as template, mRNA transcribed from the full-length insert yielded an immunoprecipitated product of 34 kDa. In neonatal rats, TRAP/TrATPase mRNA was highly expressed in skeletal tissues, with much lower (less than 10%) levels detected in spleen, thymus, liver, skin, brain, kidney, brain, lung, and heart. In situ hybridization demonstrated specific labeling of osteoclasts at endostal surfaces and bone trabeculae of long bones. Thus, despite the apparent similarity of this osteoclastic TRAP/TrATPase with type 5, tartrate-resistant and purple, acid phosphatases expressed in other mammalian tissues, this gene appears to be preferentially expressed at skeletal sites.     

大熊猫辅酶Q-细胞色素C氧化还原酶的辅酶Q连接蛋白基因cDNA的克隆及序列比较

大熊猫（Ailuropoda melanoleuca）是世界上极其宝贵的自然历史遗产,具有重要的学术研究价值,其生存和保护现状为世人所关注。而从分子水平上对大熊猫开展研究逐渐成为国内外研究的重点。目前,对大熊猫基因的研究多集中于线粒体（Zhang and Ryder,1994）和部分基因的克隆与分析（周荣家等,1998）,而涉及众多功能基因及其生物学功能探索相对较少,     

Identification of a cyclic nucleotide- and voltage-activated ion channel from insect antennae.

From an antennal cDNA library of Heliothis virescens a clone has been isolated encoding a polypeptide of 678 amino acids. Data base comparisons and primary structure analysis of the deduced protein sequence (HvCNG) indicated significant homology to cyclic nucleotide and voltage-activated ion channels including six putative membrane spanning domains, a putative cyclic nucleotide binding site, a pore region and a voltage-sensor motif. Heterologous expression of the cloned cDNA in Sf9 cells resulted in a polypeptide of the predicted molecular mass. Patch clamp analysis allowed to record the activity of the identified HvCNG channels; they were activated by cAMP but also by hyperpolarization. The channel displayed in potassium solution a conductance of 30 pS; the ion selectivity was calculated as PK/PNa approximately 3. Northern blot analysis revealed that the channel is highly expressed in the antennae; weaker signal were detected in heads and legs. In situ hybridization of tissue sections through the antennae showed a spatial distribution of reactive cells; they are located beneath sensillar hairs. Thus, a novel channel type has been identified which may play an important role in antennal cells.     

异色瓢虫海藻糖合成酶基因的克隆及低温诱导表达分析

海藻糖是昆虫的血糖, 在昆虫体内主要通过海藻糖合成酶（trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, TPS）催化合成。本研究通过同源克隆和cDNA末端快速扩增（rapid-amplification of cDNA ends, RACE） 技术, 从异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis中克隆得到了TPS基因的cDNA全长序列, 命名为HaTPS（GenBank登录号： FJ501960）, 全长2 949 bp, 包含3′非翻译区为505 bp, 5′非翻译区为26 bp, 开放阅读框长2 418 bp, 共编码805个氨基酸。软件分析显示该基因编码蛋白的分子量为90.58 kD, 等电点为7.01, 包含两个糖基化位点, 无信号肽和跨膜结构。同源比对分析发现, 昆虫中TPS基因高度保守, 包含两个保守的结构域。同时, 采用实时荧光定量PCR技术对异色瓢虫HaTPS在不同发育阶段、 低温诱导条件下的表达量进行了研究。结果表明： HaTPS在预蛹期的表达量最高; 在短时低温诱导条件下, HaTPS的表达量随着温度的降低而显著升高, 在降温和升温处理条件下, HaTPS的表达量呈现先升高后下降的表达趋势。结果表明, TPS基因在昆虫抗逆中起到了重要的调节作用。昆虫经过低温诱导, 其TPS基因的调控能力得到提升。     

Identification and Characterization of an Antennae-Specific Aldehyde Oxidase from the Navel Orangeworm

Antennae-specific odorant-degrading enzymes (ODEs) are postulated to inactivate odorant molecules after they convey their signal. Different classes of insect ODEs are specific to esters, alcohols, and aldehydes – the major functional groups of female-produced, hydrophobic sex pheromones from moth species. Esterases that rapidly inactive acetate and other esters have been well-studied, but less is known about aldehyde oxidases (AOXs). Here we report cloning of an aldehyde oxidase, AtraAOX2, from the antennae of the navel orangeworm (NOW), Amyelois transitella, and the first activity characterization of a recombinant insect AOX. AtraAOX2 gene spans 3,813 bp and encodes a protein with 1,270 amino acid residues. AtraAOX2 cDNA was expressed in baculovirus-infected insect Sf21 cells as a ≈280 kDa homodimer with 140 kDa subunits. Recombinant AtraAOX2 degraded Z11Z13–16Ald and plant volatile aldehydes as substrates. However, as expected for aldehyde oxidases, recombinant AtraAOX2 did not show specificity for Z11Z13–16Ald, the main constituent of the sex pheromone, but showed high activity for plant volatile aldehydes. Our data suggest AtraAOX2 might be involved in degradation of a diversity of aldehydes including sex pheromones, plant-derived semiochemicals, and chemical cues for oviposition sites. Additionally, AtraAOX2 could protect the insect''s olfactory system from xenobiotics, including pesticides that might reach the sensillar lymph surrounding the olfactory receptor neurons.