基于稳定同位素比率及营养差异的双孢蘑菇不同栽培基质的溯源分析

双孢蘑菇是世界消费量最大的食用菌之一,不同于欧美国家的麦草栽培配方,我国双孢蘑菇栽培材料主要是以水稻秸秆为主.为了降低农业秸秆废弃物的焚烧和我国双孢蘑菇产业的持续发展,需因地制宜地开发和利用各地特色农业废弃物资源作为双孢蘑菇栽培的基质.为鉴别不同材料栽培的双孢蘑菇子实体的营养和产量差异,本研究以8种不同基质配方栽培的双...     

双孢蘑菇菇脚氨基酸含量的测定及营养评价

测定了双孢蘑菇菇脚中蛋白质和氨基酸的含量,应用模糊识别法和氨基酸比值系数法,以鸡蛋蛋白为标准蛋白,以WHO/FAO的必需氨基酸参考模式为评价标准,对双孢蘑菇菇脚的蛋白质营养价值进行了全面评价,并与双孢蘑菇子实体的蛋白质进行比较.结果表明:双孢蘑菇菇脚蛋白质中总氨基酸含量为73.16％,氨基酸种类齐全,必需氨基酸含量占氨...     

双孢蘑菇及大肥菇的种内及种间多态性RAPD分析

应用ＲＡＰＤ方法分析双孢蘑菇及大肥菇的种内及种间多态性,进一步证实由于双孢蘑菇的双孢蘑菇的遗传保守性,多数孢子为自体可育的异核孢子,从而导致种内相似性很高;而依赖天然杂交具四孢特性的大肥菇种内相似程度较低,研究还分析评价了蘑菇属中的两个不同种之间的亲缘关系,为种间杂交选材提供了理论依据。     

双孢蘑菇及大肥菇的种内及种间多态性RAPD分析*

应用RAPD方法分析双孢蘑菇（Agaricusbisporus）及大肥菇（Agaricusbitorquis）的种内及种间多态性,进一步证实由于双孢蘑菇的遗传保守性,多数孢子为自体可育的异核孢子,从而导致种内相似性很高;而依赖天然杂交具四孢特性的大肥菇种内相似程度较低。研究还分析评价了蘑菇属中的这两个不同种之间的亲缘关系,为种间杂交选材提供了理论依据。     

双孢蘑菇及大肥菇的种内及种间多态性RAPD分析

应用RAPD方法分析双孢蘑菇（Agaricusbisporus）及大肥菇（Agaricusbitorquis）的种内及种间多态性,进一步证实由于双孢蘑菇的遗传保守性,多数孢子为自体可育的异核孢子,从而导致种内相似性很高;而依赖天然杂交具四孢特性的大肥菇种内相似程度较低。研究还分析评价了蘑菇属中的这两个不同种之间的亲缘关系,为种间杂交选材提供了理论依据。     

双孢蘑菇水提物抗氧化活性研究

采用秀丽线虫为模型及DPPH清除试验对双孢蘑菇新鲜和干子实体的水提物进行抗氧化活性比较。试验结果显示,双孢蘑菇干菇水提物抗氧化活性最强,其次是鲜菇水提物,鲜菇常温浸提物抗氧化活性最低。干菇水提物浓度为0.5 mg/m L时,秀丽线虫的最大寿命为7 d,平均寿命为3.84 d,均显著高于对照组。鲜菇浸提物对DPPH自由基清除能力最高,达69.19%,其次是干菇水提物和鲜菇水提物,清除率分别为54.66%和51.82%。双孢蘑菇水提物中多酚的含量与清除DPPH自由基的能力存在良好相关性,鲜菇浸提物含总多酚最高,为3.98%。本研究的研究结果为明确双孢蘑菇开发利用方向提供有用的参考价值。     

福建跗线螨属一新种：蜱螨亚纲：跗线螨科

本文记述采自福建双孢蘑菇Agaricus bisporus上跗线螨属一新种,主要寄生在蘑菇培养料内,常集中为害菌种块菌丝,直接影响出菇;其次寄生在蘑菇栽培种內,吸食蘑菇菌丝,造成菌丝不能萌发。     

双孢蘑菇子实体发育不同阶段蛋白质组分析

为探讨双孢蘑菇子实体发育不同阶段的蛋白质表达变化,对双孢蘑菇As2796菌株子实体原基期、幼菇期、采收期、开伞期的蛋白质组进行了二维液相色谱串联质谱（iTRAQ-MS/MS）分析,共获得不同肽段5 869个,鉴定到1 059个蛋白质,其中1 007个具有相对定量信息。与双孢蘑菇原基期相比,幼菇期、采收期和开伞期分别有差异蛋白质242、200、240个,分别占鉴定蛋白质总数的24.0%,19.9%和23.8%。对这些蛋白质及不同阶段之间的差异蛋白质进行了系列生物信息学分析,对8个上、下调表达具有连续性的差异蛋白质相关基因进行了荧光定量PCR验证,其中3个蛋白质（错配碱基识别蛋白、细胞色素C1及某推定的未知蛋白质）基因的转录与蛋白质的表达具有较为一致的趋势。这些结果为后续双孢蘑菇子实体发育相关基因的功能研究奠定了良好的基础。     

不同覆土基质微生物结构特征研究及其对双孢蘑菇产量的影响

覆土是影响双孢蘑菇产量、质量和出菇整齐度的重要因子,利用现代分子生态学的方法快速、准确地对不同覆土基质微生物结构特征进行检测,以进一步了解微生物群落与双孢蘑菇相互作用关系。测定了不同覆土的理化特性,应用PCR技术对不同覆土材料提取总DNA,扩增细菌16S rDNA和真菌28S rDNA,运用变性梯度凝胶电泳技术对PCR产物进行分析,研究双孢蘑菇不同覆土基质微生物结构特征。结果表明：不同处理的覆土材料微生物群落的基因具有多样性,其中细菌群落基因多样性存在差异,使用纯泥炭与粉碎稻草处理差异最大,相似性仅为62%;通过真菌28S rDNA变性梯度凝胶电泳结果显示,粉碎稻草处理多样性指数最高,达3.576,但随着泥炭比例的提高,覆土处理中真菌群落的多样性相对减少;栽培试验发现,双孢蘑菇子实体形成量、总产量可能与覆土中的真菌群落多样性呈负相关。     

有害疣孢霉菌与双孢蘑菇的互作关系

通过菌丝对峙、双重培养,以及对发病双孢蘑菇子实体的显微观察,探讨有害疣孢霉菌Mycogone perniciosa（MP0012）与双孢蘑菇Agaricus bisporus（As2796）之间的互作关系。结果表明,在菌丝对峙生长阶段有害疣孢霉菌菌丝不侵入双孢蘑菇菌丝体内,两者可交叉生长,对双孢蘑菇生长影响不显著;对峙与双重培养均显示有害疣孢霉菌菌丝会产生对双孢蘑菇菌丝生长的抑制作用的挥发性物质,造成双孢蘑菇菌丝扭结断裂。同时试验证实了双孢蘑菇菌丝会促进有害疣孢霉菌厚垣孢子的产生和萌发、菌丝生长和发育。侵染实验结果表明,有害疣孢霉菌可直接侵染双孢蘑菇子实体,引起双孢蘑菇子实体病害;对罹病子实体显微观察结果发现,发病前期双孢蘑菇子实体表面长出绒毛状病原菌丝,菌柄中空,菌褶褐变腐烂并长出病原菌丝;发病中期双孢蘑菇子实体内菌丝组织会出现萎缩裂解现象,在近有害疣孢霉菌菌丝一侧的双孢蘑菇子实体菌丝细胞壁被降解;发病后期双孢蘑菇子实体菌丝组织基本消失。由此初步判断有害疣孢霉菌对双孢蘑菇的寄生类型偏向于死体营养型。     

赤子爱胜蚓在不同猪粪和农作物秸杆混合物中生长繁殖状况

本文研究了赤子爱胜蚓在长春市城郊不同组合的粮食猪粪、饲料猪粪和玉米、水稻秸杆混合物中生长繁殖状况,结果发现赤子爱胜蚓的质量在0 ～30 d大幅度增加,30 ～ 60 d增加减缓,60～ 90 d呈负增长趋势.赤子爱胜蚓产茧量在试验期间的总趋势是递增的.猪粪种类、秸杆种类和两者的混合比例差异对赤子爱胜蚓的质量变化产生重要影响.粮食猪粪和玉米秸杆混合物的质量比例大致在1∶1时特别适宜赤子爱胜蚓生长和繁殖.赤子爱胜蚓在饲料猪粪和玉米秸杆混合物中的日增重倍数和日产茧量多于饲料猪粪和水稻秸杆混合物.本试验结论可为城郊猪粪和作物秸杆的大规模资源化利用提供参考.     

玉米秸秆处理方式对冬季黑土农田蜱螨目和弹尾目群落结构的影响

为探讨3种不同的玉米秸秆处理方式对冬季黑土农田蜱螨目和弹尾目群落结构的影响,于2018年冬季分别对机收秸秆还田（MH）、人工收获秸秆移出（AH）、人工收获秸秆未移出（NR）3种不同的玉米秸秆处理方式下,土壤中蜱螨目和弹尾目的群落结构进行调查。共捕获蜱螨目和弹尾目1713只22种,MH、AH和NR分别捕获739只16种、401只17种、573只16种。MH中蜱螨目和弹尾目的个体数量最高,AH的物种数最高,NR具有最高的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀性指数和Simpson优势度指数。3种不同的玉米秸秆处理方式对蜱螨目和弹尾目个体数、物种数和群落多样性指数均无显著影响,CCA分析结果表明,不同的土壤因子对蜱螨目和弹尾目的个体数和物种数影响不同,优势种和常见种的分布与土壤全磷、含水量和全氮显著相关。研究结果表明,蜱螨目是冬季研究区内的优势类群,NR更有利于提高蜱螨目和弹尾目群落结构的多样性,对蜱螨目和弹尾目的群落结构和多样性有一定的保护作用,本研究为冬季黑土农田土壤动物多样性研究与保护提供理论依据。     

Use of ablated stalks to assess field rates of parasitism of Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) by Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

We evaluated a technique that used ablated sections of corn stalks infested with larvae of Diatraea saccharalis F. to assess parasitism by Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) in a corn field. Stalkborer larvae were retrieved successfully from the artificially infested, ablated stalks for at least 96 h after deployment in the field. Levels of parasitism in ablated stalks attached to corn plants were comparable to levels of parasitism measured using whole plants that were artificially infested. Olfactometer comparisons showed preference by female C. flavipes for both whole plants and ablated stalks containing larval D. saccharalis, over uninfested stalks and plants. This technique provides a means to estimate parasitism of stalkborer larvae by C. flavipes without destructive sampling of agronomic plants.     

Combustion characteristics of different parts of corn straw and NO formation in a fixed bed

Experiments with five samples of corn straw were carried out on a one-dimensional bench combustion test rig. The bed temperature distribution and the mass loss of fuel and gas components such as O2, CO, CO2 and NO were measured in the bed. The combustion of corn straw occurred in two stages, ignition front propagation and char oxidation. The average burning rate increased with an increase in the primary air flow until a critical point was reached, beyond which a further increase in the primary air flow resulted in a decreased burning rate. The mean concentration of NO reached a minimum value and then increased with increased primary air flow. The time taken for the drying front to reach the bottom of the bed was 800 s, 700 s, and 500 s; the temperatures in the high bed temperature zones were 900-935 degrees C, 800-850 degrees C and 700-743 degrees C; and the maximum concentrations of NO were 725 ppmv, 1287 ppmv, and 2730 ppmv, for whole corn stalks, hollow corn stalks and flaked corn stalks, respectively. The maximum concentrations of CO and NO were quite different between samples. There was only one peak in the distribution of NO concentration for sample B, but there were two peaks for whole corn stalks and sample A.     

Performance of transgenic corn hybrids in Missouri for insect control and yield

The efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis-transformed corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids compared with comparable nontransformed corn hybrids for controlling first- and second-generation European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), and second-generation southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, was determined. Yield comparisons were obtained from the same plots of corn hybrids. Both generations of European and the second-generation of southwestern corn borer were effectively controlled, but the Bt hybrids varied in degree of control. Hybrids from Ciba Seeds, DEKALB, and Mycogen had more European corn borer tunneling than those from Novartis or Cargill, and this was generally ascribed to different transgenic events. The Bt-transformed hybrids had virtually no leaf-feeding damage and less tunneling than the non-Bt corn hybrids. Some Bt corn hybrids had no tunneling, whereas other Bt hybrids had a small amount of tunneling. All of the non-Bt hybrids had significant leaf-feeding damage and stalk tunneling from both insects. Only three live European corn borer larvae (stunted) were found in the Bt corn hybrids while splitting stalks to assess tunnel length. When insect damage was significant, and in some evaluations where damage was not significant, differences in yields among hybrids were observed. No significant insect population differences were observed for five genera of beneficial insects for Bt versus non-Bt corn hybrids. Corn hybrids that have been transformed with the Bt gene provide an effective means of control for corn borers and efforts to reduce the likelihood of development of borer resistance are warranted.     

BIOMINERALIZATION OF THE STALKS OF ANTHOPHYSA VEGETANS (CHRYSOPHYCEAE)1

Mineralized stalks of the chryophyte Anthophysa ve-getans (O. F. Müller) Stein were examined by electron microscopy, and the composition of the stalks was determined by energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis. Colonies grown in water from a local lake (Dowdy Lake) had mineralized stalks that were colorless and composed mainly of spherules of calcium phosphate up to 0.7 μm in diameter. The addition of 0.1 mM MnCl₂ to the culture medium resulted in deeply orange-brown stalks mineralized primarily with minute granules of a manganese compound. The addition of 0.1 mM FeCl₃ to the culture media resulted in light yellow stalks mineralized mainly with small granules of an iron compound. The addition of 0.1 mM MgCl₂ or KCl resulted in stalks that were similar in appearance and composition to the colonies grown in culture medium alone. These results show that the composition of the mineralized stalks of A. vegetans is dependent on the elements present in the culture medium. This is also the first time that calcium phosphate has been reported as a mineralization product in the chrysophytes.     

Kinetic study of corn straw pyrolysis: comparison of two different three-pseudocomponent models

With heating rates of 20, 50 and 100 K min(-1), the thermal decomposition of corn straw samples (corn stalks skins, corn stalks cores, corn bracts and corn leaves) were studied using thermogravimetric analysis. The maximum pyrolysis rates increased with the heating rate increasing and the temperature at the peak pyrolysis rate also increased. Assuming the addition of three independent parallel reactions, corresponding to three pseudocomponents linked to the hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, two different three-pseudocomponent models were used to simulate the corn straw pyrolysis. Model parameters of pyrolysis were given. It was found that the three-pseudocomponent model with n-order kinetics was more accurate than the model with first-order kinetics at most cases. It showed that the model with n-order kinetics was more accurate to describe the pyrolysis of the hemicellulose.     

Zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin associated with stalk rot in corn.

The mycotoxins zearalenone (2.8 micrograms/g), deoxynivalenol (1.5 microgram/g), and T-2 toxin (110 ng/g) have been found in the pith of corn stalks standing in the field. Such contaminated stalks may contribute to mycotoxicoses of farm animals.     

Zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin associated with stalk rot in corn.

The mycotoxins zearalenone (2.8 micrograms/g), deoxynivalenol (1.5 microgram/g), and T-2 toxin (110 ng/g) have been found in the pith of corn stalks standing in the field. Such contaminated stalks may contribute to mycotoxicoses of farm animals.     

Insect-damaged corn stalks decompose at rates similar to Bt-protected, non-damaged corn stalks

The relative decomposability of corn (Zea mays L.) residues from insect (Bt)-protected hybrids and conventional hybrids cultivated under insect pressure was investigated in two studies. Above-ground biomass, residue macromolecular composition, and stalk physical strength were also measured. In the first decomposition study, chopped residues (stalks and leaves) were used from a corn rootworm-protected (Cry3Bb1) hybrid and its non-Bt near isoline that were grown in replicated plots infested with corn rootworms (Diabrotica spp.). In the second study, residue (intact stalk sections) was used from three European corn borer (ECB, Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner)-resistant (Cry1Ab) hybrids representing different seed manufacturer/maturity date series, their non-Bt near isolines, two Cry3Bb1-protected isolines, and three additional conventional hybrids, all cultivated in replicated plots under conditions of elevated ECB pressure. In both studies, insect-resistant residues decomposed at rates similar to their non-protected near isolines. No evidence was found that insect-protected hybrids produced more above-ground biomass or had distinct residue composition. While some measures of mechanical stalk strength indicated that ECB-damaged stalks were not as stiff as protected stalks, these physical differences did not translate into differences in residue decomposition. We conclude that while individual hybrids may vary in their production of biomass, residue composition or residue decomposability, these characteristics do not systematically vary with the presence of the Bt gene conferring insect resistance, even under conditions of insect pressure.