云南孟加拉种眼镜蛇蛇毒因子在灵长类动物内应用的免疫原性研究

眼镜蛇蛇毒因子（CVF）能特异性清除机体循环中的补体C3,从而可能在防治补体介导的损伤或疾病中发挥重要的治疗作用。云南孟加拉种眼镜蛇蛇毒因子（Y-CVF）较文献报道的其他各种CVF具有更高的活性和较少的用药量。为探讨Y-CVF静脉使用是否诱导灵长类动物体内产生特异性中和抗体和异种天然抗体,给2只正常食蟹猴每两周静脉注射一次治疗剂量（0.05 mg/kg）的Y-CVF,共4次,检测注射前后不同时间点血清内补体C3水平、总补体活性（CH50）、抗Y-CVF抗体和抗猪内皮细胞异种抗体的变化。结果显示,前2次注射Y-CVF后均有良好的清除补体效果,第3次注射Y-CVF后补体仅被部分灭活,第4次注射Y-CVF后则基本无效。免疫印迹和酶联免疫吸附试验均证实特异性抗Y-CVF抗体产生,且其滴度随着Y-CVF注射次数增加而递增。多次注射Y-CVF后,并没有在血清内检测到明显的抗猪内皮细胞抗体的变化。因此,多次静脉注射Y-CVF能诱导灵长类动物产生特异性抗体,从而导致Y-CVF失效,但未发现抗α-Gal异种天然抗体明显增加     

中华眼镜蛇蛇毒因子(CVF)对补体系统的作用及与人补作C_3和其他蛇毒抗原性关系

中华眼镜蛇蛇毒经DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B。HPLC等多次柱层析分离出有抗补体及溶血活性的眼镜蛇蛇毒因子(Cobra venom factor,CVF),纯化后的CVF在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱上呈单一区带,分子量为225000—230000,等电点为6.20。用二硫苏糖醇还原经SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳得三类亚基,其分子量总和为237,000。 体外抗补体及溶血试验表明,CVF的作用是通过补体旁路途经使总补体活力下降。双向免疫电泳鉴定,发现CVF与人血清作用后,其中补体成分C_3分子的抗原性发生改变,则表明CVF的作用是通过激活补体成分C_3而发挥的。给豚鼠腹腔注射CVF(0.15ug/g体重)后,其血清总补体水平下降到正常值的3％以下,7天后回升,13天后恢复到正常水平。 单相免疫电泳表明,CVF与人补体C_3抗血清间无任何交叉免疫反应,但人血清与CVF抗血清间有微弱的免疫沉淀反应。另外,CVF的氨基酸组成与人补体C_3也较为相似。鉴定还表明眼镜蛇科中四种蛇毒与CVF抗血清有强烈的免疫沉淀反应,蝰蛇毒及海蛇毒也有免疫沉淀反应,但只有眼镜蛇毒具有抗补体活性。     

中华眼镜蛇蛇毒因子(CVF)对补体系统的作用及与人补体C[3]和其他蛇毒抗原性关系

中华眼镜蛇蛇毒经DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B、HPLC等多次柱层析分离出有抗补体及溶血活性的眼镜蛇蛇毒因子（Cobra venon factor,CVF)，纯化后的CVF在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱上呈单一区带，分子量为225000—230000，等电点为6.20。用二硫苏糖醇还原经SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳得三类亚基，其分子量总和为237000。体外抗补体及溶血试验表明，CVF的作用是通过补体旁路途经使总补体活力下降。双向免疫电沪鉴定，发现CVF与人血清作用后，其中补体成分C[3]分子的抗原性发生改变，则表明CVF的作用是通过激活补体成分C[3]而发挥的。给豚鼠腹腔注射CVF（0.15 μg/g体重）后，其血清总补本水平下降到正常值的3%以下，7天后回升，13天后恢复到正常水平。单相免疫电泳表明，CVF与人补体C[3]抗血清间无任何交叉免疫反应，但人血清与CVF抗血清间有微弱的免疫沉淀反应。另外，CVF的氨基酸组成与人补体C[3]也较为相似。鉴定还表明眼镜蛇科中四种蛇毒与CVF抗血清有强烈的免疫沉淀反应，蝰蛇毒及海蛇毒也有免疫沉淀反应，但只有眼镜蛇毒具有抗补体活性。     

鸡血清与卵黄中抗中华眼镜蛇毒IgY动态变化研究

目的探索特异性IgY的产生和变化规律。方法用眼镜蛇毒原毒免疫产蛋母鸡,ELISA定期检测卵黄中的抗体效价变化,小鼠体外中和实验检测其生物活性。第1次免疫40周后,眼镜蛇毒攻击已免疫母鸡,检测攻击前后鸡血清中抗体效价变化情况,未经眼镜蛇毒免疫的母鸡作阴性对照。结果经免疫后第7天蛋黄中即可检测到抗体,经多次加强免疫,40周时蛋黄中还能保持高效价的抗体,通过分离纯化,此抗体可保护实验小鼠免受4 LD50眼镜蛇毒的攻击;同时,鸡血清中也保留着较高效价的抗体,可中和4 LD50以上的眼镜蛇毒。结论用眼镜蛇毒免疫鸡,经多次加强免疫,卵黄和鸡血清中可持久保持高效价的特异性抗体,初步检测此抗体可中和4 LD50的蛇毒。     

人α-半乳糖苷酶、α-1,2-岩藻糖转移酶cDNA序列转染克服异种移植超急性排斥反应

半乳糖α 1,3 半乳糖抗原是引起异种器官移植超急性排斥反应 (hyperacuterejection ,HAR)的主要抗原 .α 半乳糖苷酶和α 1,2 岩藻糖转移酶基因可以以不同的方式降低半乳糖α 1,3 半乳糖抗原在内皮细胞表面的表达量 .将人α 半乳糖苷酶基因和α 1,2 岩藻糖转移酶基因单独或连接在一起导入猪血管内皮细胞PEDSV .15中 ,检测细胞表面的抗原及异种天然抗体对细胞杀伤作用 .结果表明α 半乳糖苷酶基因可以将猪血管内皮细胞表面的半乳糖α 1,3 半乳糖抗原清除 74 13%,而α 1,2 岩藻糖转移酶基因也可以清除 4 7 75 %的细胞表面异种抗原 ,但二者都不能达到完全清除的目的 .当α 半乳糖苷酶和α 1,2 岩藻糖转移酶双基因在内皮细胞内共表达时 ,则可以基本清除半乳糖α 1,3 半乳糖抗原 .抗原的减少也可以相应地减弱内皮细胞对异种天然抗体介导的杀伤作用的敏感性 ,尤其是双基因共表达时细胞基本不被杀伤 .结果表明 ,α 半乳糖苷酶基因和α 1,2 岩藻糖转移酶基因可以有效地清除血管内皮细胞表面的半乳糖α 1,3 半乳糖抗原 ,克服HAR的发生 ,为下一步进行动物实验 ,探讨克服异种移植HAR提供了技术途径     

多次眼镜蛇毒注射对家兔蛇伤中毒的保护作用

目的探究多次注射中华眼镜蛇毒后,家兔体内产生抗体的情况,观察多次蛇毒免疫对家兔在致死量蛇毒攻击下的保护作用。方法将36只家兔随机分为6组,其中蛇毒组和细胞毒素组分别用眼镜蛇毒及其分离出的细胞毒素于皮下注射家兔后腿,蛇毒+佐剂组和细胞毒素+佐剂组分别用经弗氏佐剂乳化的眼镜蛇毒和细胞毒素以背部多点皮下注射方式免疫家兔,蛇毒空白组和细胞毒素空白组经家兔后腿皮下注射生理盐水。各组均按0、14、28、35天免疫4次,利用双向免疫扩散和间接ELISA法检测各组家兔体内抗体水平;用致死量眼镜蛇毒、细胞毒素皮下注射对应组家兔,观察呼吸、瞳孔、精神状态等生命体征及其局部组织损伤程度、死亡时间。结果蛇毒组双向扩散为1∶4,间接ELISA为1∶64000;蛇毒+佐剂组双向扩散为1∶16,间接ELISA为1∶256000;细胞毒素组双向扩散未见明显沉淀线,间接ELISA1∶1000;细胞毒素+佐剂组双向扩散为1∶8,间接ELISA为1∶128000。致死量蛇毒、毒素攻击后,蛇毒组家兔出现呼吸困难、四肢无力、瞳孔散大、精神萎靡,注射部位有紫色瘀斑,8 h内全部死亡,与蛇毒空白组相比,家兔死亡时间相对延长;细胞毒素组和细胞毒素空白组家兔出现口鼻大量白色泡沫样黏液,呼吸困难,但注射部位瘀紫不明显,均在5 h内全部死亡;弗氏佐剂免疫组家兔无死亡,注射部位出现皮肤损伤坏死。结论在没有佐剂的情况下多次以同种蛇毒、毒素免疫的家兔产生抗体量少,对致死量蛇毒、毒素攻击无明显保护作用,虽有一定量的抗体也无法阻止毒液中细胞毒对皮肤组织的损伤。     

应用改良流式法检测猕猴和食蟹猴体内血型抗体水平的分布情况

绝大部分灵长类动物存在与人类相似的ABO血型系统,该研究采用改良流式法(flow cytometry method,FCM)检测猕猴及食蟹猴血清中血型抗体水平的分布情况。以流式细胞术为基础,使用商品化人源红细胞为靶细胞,并通过加入特异性荧光标记的抗人IgM或IgG二抗,对收集的实验用猕猴及食蟹猴的血清样本进行检测,以人类健康受试者的血清样本为对照,比较两者血型抗体水平的差异。结果显示:预先用人O型浓缩红细胞吸附猴血清中所含种属间非特异性抗体后,FCM法能够准确检测其血型抗体水平及分型,并且发现猴血清中天然血型抗体的水平明显低于健康人(P<0.05)。由此得出:通过预处理清除非特异性抗体的干扰后,FCM法同样适用于灵长类动物血清中血型抗体的检测,也为构建灵长类动物模拟人ABO血型不合器官移植模型提供了技术保障和实验数据。     

抗中华眼镜蛇毒鸡卵黄抗体的制备及其效价测定

目的探索免疫鸡制备高效价抗眼镜蛇毒抗体的新方法。方法用中华眼镜蛇原毒作抗原免疫22周龄的莱航母鸡,水溶法粗提抗体,DEAE Sepharos FF柱纯化,切向流超滤膜脱盐及浓缩,免疫电泳及双向免疫扩散法进行鉴定及效价测定,采用BCATMProte in Assay K it测定蛋白含量。结果鸡卵黄经水溶法的粗提物与中华眼镜蛇毒即有较明显沉淀反应,其效价随着纯度的提高而增强。将马源性抗血清的蛋白质含量调至与浓缩的IgY相同(2mg/m l),经双向免疫扩散及免疫电泳鉴定,该抗体不但对中华眼镜蛇毒有特异性结合,与孟加拉眼镜蛇毒亦有较强的交叉免疫活性,其效价较马抗眼镜蛇毒血清高4倍以上。结论用中华眼镜蛇原毒制备的IgY抗体,其效价较马抗血清有显著提高,并与孟加拉眼镜蛇毒有高度交叉免疫。本实验为抗眼镜蛇IgY的应用及其它抗蛇毒IgY的制备奠定了基础。     

抗眼镜蛇毒血清对中华眼镜蛇伤大鼠保护的时效性研究

目的观察中华眼镜蛇伤后不同时期应用抗蛇毒血清对机体保护作用的差异,为探索临床抗蛇毒血清使用的最佳有效时段提供依据。方法将SD大鼠随机分成6组(蛇毒组、40、60、80、100、120 min血清保护组),每组30只。动物经戊巴比妥腹麻,于单侧背部皮下及双侧小腿腓肠肌注射眼镜蛇毒以制备中华眼镜蛇毒挑战剂量(4×LD50)大鼠模型,分5个不同时段分别注射抗蛇毒血清,于注毒后连续观察3 h,统计各组平均存活时间、成活率及保护率。结果蛇毒组大鼠注入挑战剂量的眼镜蛇毒后,平均存活时间为(148.8±11.4)min,成活率仅为20%;其他血清保护组分别于注毒后40、60、80、100、120 min经腹腔注射精制抗眼镜蛇毒血清(125 u血清/mg蛇毒),40 min血清组保护率达80%;60 min血清组存活率及保护率分别达到70%、50%,平均存活时间为(172.8±7.2)min,与蛇毒组相比有明显差异(P<0.01);而801、00 min血清组保护率依次下降,分别为40%、30%,但仍较蛇毒组显著提高(P<0.01);120 min血清组存活时间及保护率与蛇毒组比较差异无显著性。结论利用中华眼镜蛇毒挑战剂量大鼠模型,通过不同时段施予同剂量抗血清,可显示出明显的机体保护时效性,该研究为探讨临床正确使用抗蛇毒血清提供了新的实验依据。     

蝮蛇毒和眼镜蛇毒对全血化学发光的影响

目的研究蝮蛇毒和眼镜蛇毒对吞噬细胞的免疫抑制作用。方法以氢化可的松为阳性对照物,用化学发光法测定样品清除非细胞体系产生的活性氧,以及样品对酵母多糖诱导的全血化学发光的抑制作用。结果蝮蛇毒和眼镜蛇毒对非细胞体系产生的Ｏ·２和Ｈ２Ｏ２的清除作用都较弱;对全血化学发光有抑制作用,特别是酵母多糖起刺激作用之前加入蛇毒的抑制作用强于酵母多糖起作用之后加入蛇毒的抑制作用。这提示,这两种蛇毒使吞噬细胞的吞噬免疫功能下降,造成吞噬细胞的呼吸爆发减弱,导致活性氧产生不足,化学发光强度下降。眼镜蛇毒的这种免疫抑制作用比氢化可的松还强。结论蝮蛇毒和眼镜蛇毒具有氢化可的松样的免疫抑制作用,其中眼镜蛇毒可能具有作为临床免疫抑制剂使用的价值。     

The role of complement activation in tumour necrosis factor-induced lethal hepatitis.

Injection of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) in animals causes severe liver cell toxicity, especially when D-(+)-galactosamine (GalN) is co-administered. After challenge with TNF/GalN, serum complement activity (CH50 and APCH50) decreased dramatically, suggesting strong activation of both the classical and the alternative pathways. TNF or GalN alone had no such effect. A cleavage product of complement protein C3 [C3(b)] was deposited on the surface of hepatocytes of TNF/GalN-treated mice. Intravenous administration of cobra venom factor (CVF), which depletes complement, inhibited the development of hepatitis. However, CVF pretreatment also protected C3-deficient mice. Pretreatment of mice with a C1q-depleting antibody did not prevent TNF/GalN lethality, although the anti-C1q antibody had depleted plasma C1q. Factor B-deficient and C3-deficient mice, generated by gene targeting, proved to be as sensitive to TNF/GalN as control mice. Furthermore, induction of lethal shock by platelet-activating factor, an important mediator in TNF-induced hepatic failure, was not reduced in C3-deficient mice. These data indicate that complement, although activated, plays no major role in the generation of acute lethal hepatic failure in this model and that CVF-induced protection is independent of complement depletion.     

Structure and function of recombinant cobra venom factor

Cobra venom factor (CVF) is the complement-activating protein from cobra venom. It is a structural and functional analog of complement component C3. CVF functionally resembles C3b, the activated form of C3. Like C3b, CVF binds factor B, which is subsequently cleaved by factor D to form the bimolecular complex CVF,Bb. CVF,Bb is a C3/C5 convertase that cleaves both complement components C3 and C5. CVF is a three-chain protein that structurally resembles the C3b degradation product C3c, which is unable to form a C3/C5 convertase. Both C3 and CVF are synthesized as single-chain prepro-proteins. This study reports the recombinant expression of pro-CVF in two insect cell expression systems (baculovirus-infected Sf9 Spodoptera frugiperda cells and stably transfected S2 Drosophila melanogaster cells). In both expression systems pro-CVF is synthesized initially as a single-chain pro-CVF molecule that is subsequently proteolytically processed into a two-chain form of pro-CVF that structurally resembles C3. The C3-like form of pro-CVF can be further proteolytically processed into another two-chain form of pro-CVF that structurally resembles C3b. Unexpectedly, all three forms of pro-CVF exhibit functional activity of mature, natural CVF. Recombinant pro-CVF supports the activation of factor B in the presence of factor D and Mg2+ and depletes serum complement activity like natural CVF. The bimolecular convertase pro-CVF,Bb exhibits both C3 cleaving and C5 cleaving activity. The activity of pro-CVF and the resulting C3/C5 convertase is indistinguishable from CVF and the CVF,Bb convertase. The ability to produce active forms of pro-CVF recombinantly ensures the continued availability of an important research reagent for complement depletion because cobra venom as the source for natural CVF will be increasingly difficult to obtain as the Indian cobra is on the list of endangered species. Experimental systems to express pro-CVF recombinantly will also be invaluable for studies to delineate the structure and function relationship of CVF and its differences from C3 as well as to generate human C3 derivatives with CVF-like function for therapeutic complement depletion ("humanized CVF").     

N-linked oligosaccharides of cobra venom factor contain novel alpha(1-3)galactosylated Le(x) structures

Cobra venom factor (CVF), a nontoxic, complement-activating glycoprotein in cobra venom, is a functional analog of mammalian complement component C3b. The carbohydrate moiety of CVF consists exclusively of N-linked oligosaccharides with terminal alpha1-3-linked galactosyl residues, which are antigenic in human. CVF has potential for several medical applications, including targeted cell killing and complement depletion. Here, we report a detailed structural analysis of the oligosaccharides of CVF. The structures of the oligosaccharides were determined by lectin affinity chromatography, antibody affinity blotting, compositional and methylation analyses, and high-resolution (1)H-NMR spectroscopy. Approximately 80% of the oligosaccharides are diantennary complex-type, approximately 12% are tri- and tetra-antennary complex-type, and approximately 8% are oligomannose type structures. The majority of the complex-type oligosaccharides terminate in Galalpha1-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAcbeta1, a unique carbohydrate structural feature abundantly present in the glycoproteins of cobra venom.     

Complement and myoblast transfer therapy: donor myoblast survival is enhanced following depletion of host complement C3 using cobra venom factor, but not in the absence of C5

Myoblast transfer therapy (MTT) is a potential cell therapy for myopathies such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and involves the injection of cultured muscle precursor cells ('myoblasts') isolated from normal donor skeletal muscles into dystrophic host muscle. The failure of donor myoblast survival following MTT is widely accepted as being due to the immune response of the host. The role of complement as one possible mechanism for the initial, very rapid death of myoblasts following MTT was investigated. Donor male myoblasts were injected into the tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of female host mice that were: (i) untreated; (ii) depleted of C3 complement (24 h prior to MTT) using cobra venom factor (CVF); and/or (iii) deficient in C5 complement. Quantification of surviving male donor myoblast DNA was performed using the Y-chromosome specific (Y1) probe on slot blots for samples taken at 0 h, 1 h, 24 h, 1 week and 3 weeks after MTT. Peripheral depletion of C3 was confirmed using double immunodiffusion, and local depletion of C3 in host TA muscles was confirmed by immunostaining of muscle samples. Cobra venom factor treatment significantly increased the initial survival of donor myoblasts, but there was a marked decline in myoblast numbers after 1 h and little long-term benefit by 3 weeks. Strain specific variation in the immediate survival of donor male myoblasts following MTT in untreated C57BL/10Sn, DBA-1 and DBA-2 (C5-deficient) female hosts was observed. Cobra venom factor depletion of C3 increased initial donor male myoblast survival (approximately twofold at 0 h) in C57BL/10Sn and DBA-1 host mice and approximately threefold in DBA-2 hosts at 0 h and 1 h after MTT. The rapid and extensive number (approximately 90%) of donor male myoblasts in untreated DBA-2 mice (that lack C5) indicates that activation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) plays no role in this massive initial cell death. The observation that myoblast survival was increased in all mice treated with CVF suggests that CVF may indirectly enhance donor myoblast survival by a mechanism possibly involving activated C3 fragments.     

Cobra venom factor and human C3 share carbohydrate antigenic determinants

As tools to study structural relationships of cobra venom factor (CVF) and human complement component C3, murine monoclonal antibodies to CVF were produced. In this paper we describe two of these monoclonal anti-CVF antibodies designated GV1.8 and GV1.10, both of which bind to carbohydrate epitopes. On immunoblotting, antibody GV1.8 binds to both the alpha- and beta-chains of CVF, whereas antibody GV1.10 binds only to the alpha-chain of CVF. After enzymatic deglycosylation of CVF with N-glycanase (peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase), both antibodies lose their ability to bind to the deglycosylated protein. Additionally, the free oligosaccharide chains of CVF are able to inhibit the binding of antibodies GV1.8 and GV1.10 to CVF on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, further demonstrating their carbohydrate specificity. Both monoclonal antibodies to CVF cross-react with human C3. Antibody GV1.8 binds to both chains of human C3 indicating that the shared antigenic epitope present on the two glycosylated chains of CVF is also present on the two chains of human C3. Antibody GV1.10 cross-reacts only with the beta-chain of human C3 which is the homologous chain to the alpha-chain of CVF. After enzymatic deglycosylation of human C3 by N-glycanase, both antibodies lose their ability to bind to the deglycosylated protein consistent with the carbohydrate nature of the recognized epitopes. These results indicate that CVF and human C3 share carbohydrate epitopes on their homologous and nonhomologous chains.     

Cobra venom factor: structural homology with the third component of human complement

The functional analogy between cobra venom factor (CVF), the complement-activating protein in cobra venom, and C3b, the activated form of the third complement component, prompted us to conduct a comparative analysis of structural properties of the two proteins derived from two phylogenetically distant species. We subjected CVF and human C3 and its physiologic cleavage products, C3b and C3c, to a variety of biochemical analyses. We report here structural similarities of these proteins, which include similarities in amino acid composition, far and near UV circular dichroism spectra, secondary structure, band patterns and pI values from isoelectric focusing, immunochemical cross-reactivity, ultrastructural morphology, and amino-terminal amino acid sequences. Analysis of these data reveals that, structurally, CVF resembles C3c more than C3b. We conclude that CVF is not the product of a convergent evolution, but is, in all likelihood, derived from a common C3 ancestor protein.     

Systemic complement activation and acute lung injury

Experimental studies of rats have provided significant evidence that intravascular complement activation after i.v. injection of cobra venom factor (CVF) or thermal injury of skin can result in acute lung injury. This has been determined by morphological changes in lung and increases in lung vascular permeability. Systemic complement activation is associated with an early appearance of C5-derived chemotactic activity in the circulation coincident with the development of transient neutropenia, followed by extensive granulocytosis and sequestration of neutrophils in lung interstitial capillaries. The acute pulmonary injury depends on availability of complement and neutrophils. Depletion of either complement or blood neutrophils before CVF injection or thermal injury will prevent development of lung injury. Interventional studies with catalase, scavengers of hydroxyl radical OH., and iron chelators have revealed that the acute pulmonary injury is related to production of oxygen-derived free radicals by activated neutrophils. OH. appears to be the key mediator involved in the acute lung microvascular injury.     

Antigenic relationships between human and cobra complement factors C3 and cobra venom factor (CVF) from the Indian cobra (Naja naja)

The presence of a factor immunologically related to cobra venom factor (CVF) was demonstrated in serum and plasma from the Indian cobra (Naja naja kaoutia). The factor was purified from cobra plasma by affinity chromatography on an anti-CVF gel and was found to consist of a protein composed of two polypeptide chains similar in size to those of human C3. With use of immunoblotting technique, common antigenic determinants were found in the smaller chain of the prepared material and the beta-chain of human C3; the larger chain may display antigenic determinants present in the alpha-chain of human C3. These findings suggest that this molecule represents the C3 of the cobra complement system. Common antigenic determinants were also demonstrated in the alpha-chain of CVF and the beta-chains of human and cobra C3. No reactions were observed between the beta- and gamma-chains of CVF and any antiserum against human C3 or its subunits. Upon immunodiffusion analysis, cobra serum was found to contain a factor besides C3 sharing antigens specific for CVF, while cobra C3 was antigenically deficient compared to CVF. This suggests that cobra C3 physiologically is degraded to a molecule very similar to or identical with CVF.