福建省武夷山和梅花山远盲蚓属蚯蚓四新种及其与近缘物种的遗传关系

福建省武夷山和梅花山国家级自然保护区地处中亚热带季风常绿阔叶林气候区,该区域物种多样性丰富,然而土壤动物蚯蚓的物种多样性研究相对较少。通过形态分类学方法和DNA条形码技术,本文报道在福建省武夷山和梅花山采集的巨蚓科(Megascolecidae)远盲蚓属(Amymthas)蚯蚓新物种4种:表土远盲蚓(A.epigenus Sun&Qiu,sp.nov.)、梅花山远盲蚓(A.meihuamontis Sun&Qiu,sp.nov.)、苔蘚远盲蚓(A.muscosus Sun&Jiang,sp.nov.)和腐土远盲蚓(A.humatalis Sun&Jiang,sp.nov.)。这4个新物种在Sims等(1972)的物种群中属于A.sieboldi-group,其受精囊孔均位于6/7~8/9节间。所有新种附形态学描述、图片以及与相似物种的形态学比较和提交至GenBank的条形码登记号。此外还通过在GenBank上同源性搜索,筛选出了与新物种亲缘关系较近的蚯蚓物种,并对其进行了遗传距离计算和分子系统发育关系的梳理。以上结果将福建省武夷山和梅花山国家级自然保护区记录的蚯蚓物种数由4种增加至8种。     

3个采集于中国云南的远盲蚓属新物种(单向蚓目：巨蚓科)

本文报道在云南省西双版纳傣族自治州采集的巨蚓科Megascolecidae远盲蚓属Amynthas新物种3种:垫区远盲蚓A.pulvinatus SunQiu, sp. nov.、热带远盲蚓A.tropicus SunJiang, sp. nov.和裂缝远盲蚓A.hiatus SunQiu, sp. nov.。垫区远盲蚓无受精囊孔,属于A.illotus物种群,环带位于XIV～9/10XVI节,雄孔1对,位于一占据XVII～1/2XIX节的近方形垫状大突起上,前列腺退化,无受精囊。热带远盲蚓有1对受精囊孔,位于7/8,属于A.zebrus物种群。热带远盲蚓背孔起于5/6,雄孔1对,位于XVIII节腹侧两边垫状凸起上,其周围有3～4个白色较矮的圆形乳突,前列腺较发达,受精囊位于VIII节,坛囊圆形,坛管粗短,盲管末端1/2膨大为饱满的卵圆形纳精囊。裂缝远盲蚓有2对受精囊孔,位于7/8～8/9,属于A.aeruginosus物种群。雄孔1对,位于XVIII节腹侧两边,为1个较大的椭圆形腺区,中间1条横缝,椭圆形外侧有4圈呈锐角的皮肤褶皱,雄孔上、下方偏内侧位置,XVII节刚毛环下方和XIX节刚毛环上方各有1个凹陷的乳突,4个乳突和2个雄孔包围的矩形区域为一大片颜色略深的腺肿区,盲肠介于单式和复式之间,前列腺中等发达,受精囊位于VIII～IX节,坛囊呈饱满的心形,坛管粗短,约为坛囊的2/5长,盲管与主体等长,前端1/3膨大为饱满的卵圆形纳精囊。所有新种附形态学描述、图片、与相似物种的形态学比较和提交至NCBI的GenBank登录号。     

海南岛陆栖寡毛类二新种记述(寡毛纲:巨蚓科)

1982年采自海南岛尖峰岭热带原始森林的巨蚓科(Megascolecidae)远盲,属Amynthas蚯蚓二新种:双陷远盲蚓 Amynthas biconcavus sp.nov.和四突远盲蚓 Amynthas tetrapapillatus sp.nov.。文中采用的是Sims & Easton 1972和Easton 1979对环毛属Pheretima订正后的分属系统。     

哀牢山、无量山与苍山蚯蚓物种调查及系统发育与扩散分析

哀牢山、无量山与苍山是云南省地理二级阶梯生物多样性研究的关键地区之一,但鲜有蚯蚓物种记录。为完善云南省蚯蚓多样性、系统发育与演化研究,本研究对哀牢山国家级自然保护区、无量山国家级自然保护区和苍山洱海国家级自然保护区展开蚯蚓物种野外调查、形态分类、分子系统发育与扩散分析。研究共获得蚯蚓物种3科8属27种,其中巨蚓科(Megascolecidae)21种,正蚓科(Lumbricidae)4种,链胃蚓科(Moniligastridae)2种,鉴定了3个新物种——无量山远盲蚓(Amynthas wuliangmontis sp.nov.)、景东远盲蚓(Amynthas jingdongensis sp.nov.)和湖畔远盲蚓(Amynthas lacustris sp.nov.)。我们提取并测定样本的线粒体COⅠ、COⅡ、12S r RNA、16S r RNA和ND1基因序列,该地区物种间上述5基因联合序列的平均遗传距离为19.6%±0.5%,种群阶元遗传距离范围为0~2.7%;其次,构建最大似然系统发育树和贝叶斯系统发育树,阐述了该地区蚯蚓物种的系统发育关系,再次验证了远盲蚓属与腔蚓属均不为单系群的观点;最后,依据祖先分布区域重建结果,并结合之前研究,推测该地区巨蚓科蚯蚓物种的主要扩散趋势为由南至北扩散——自哀劳山、无量山向苍山方向扩散。     

中国钩瓣叶蜂属一新种及M. coxalis种团中国种类检索表（膜翅目：叶蜂科）

记述中国钩瓣叶蜂属Macrophya Dahlbom 碟片钩瓣叶蜂种团Macrophya coxalis group 1新种：侧斑钩瓣叶蜂Macrophya latimaculana Li, Dai & Wei sp. nov.;简要讨论了M. coxalis group的主要鉴别特征,编制了M. coxalis group中国已知种类分种检索表。该新种与中国分布的寡斑钩瓣叶蜂M. oligomaculella Wei & Zhu, 2009最近似,但新种唇基与上唇均完全白色;腹部第1背板端部1/3白色,第2~8背板两侧具显著宽横白斑;各足基节大部白色,前中足基节基缘和后足基节腹侧仅基部外侧三角形大斑黑色;后足股节大部黑色,腹侧具明显白带等特征,与后者不同。     

中国巨蚓科蚯蚓的起源与演化

截至2017年中国已记录巨蚓科蚯蚓579种(亚种), 优势类群为远盲蚓属(Amynthas)与腔蚓属(Metaphire), 其丰富的物种多样性值得深入研究。近年来的研究指出联合形态分类与分子系统发育可较好地探讨中国巨蚓科蚯蚓的起源、分化与扩散。本文概述了中国巨蚓科蚯蚓物种的起源、分化时间以及扩散历程, 探讨了受精囊孔、盲肠形状等重要特征的演化, 分析了现行分类系统的缺陷。多项研究表明, 中国巨蚓科主要类群的祖先起源于中南半岛, 于白垩纪末期至新生代初期进入中国, 在新生代得以繁荣发展; 受精囊孔的对数或位置是多起源的, 盲肠形状演化中有祖征重现的现象, 故使用少数形态特征进行类群划分的现行分类系统有待改进。此外, 中国巨蚓科蚯蚓的具体演化机制及影响因素仍不明确。因此, 在未来研究中整合形态特征、分子数据与地理格局、地质历史及环境因子等信息, 定量分析类群演化与古地理、生物与非生物因素间的关系, 将有助于全面厘清中国巨蚓科蚯蚓演化的具体机制。     

假尾孢属四个新种

本文报道中国假尾孢属的4个新种:扁担秆生假尾孢(Pseudocercospora grewiigena Y. L. Guo> sp. nov.),忍冬假尾孢(Pseudocercospora lonicerae Y. L. Guo, sp. nov.),红豆树假尾孢(Pseudocercospora ormosiae Y. L. Guo & Y. R. Lin, sp. nov.)欧洲荚蒾假尾孢(Pseudocercosporatinea Y. L. Guo & W. H. Hsieh> sp. nov.)。文中对每个种都进行了描述并附图。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

甘肃陆栖寡毛类一新属新种(寡毛纲:近孔目:线蚓科)

栖居于名贵中药当归 Angelica sinensis(Oliv.)Diels根部的蚯蚓经鉴定为线蚓科(Fnchytraeidae)的一新属新种——岷县等毛蚓 Isosetosa minxianensis。新种的主要特征:头孔位于O/I,无背孔,体白色,环带位于1/2Ⅺ—ⅩⅢ(=21/2节)。每节刚毛4束,每束刚毛4根,每根棍棒状,外端略尖。受精囊孔一对,位4/5节间沟内。雄孔一对,位第Ⅻ节。雌孔一对,位于12/13节间沟内。脑位于第Ⅲ节内。在脑和腹神经索的切面内可见到神经原的核周体。隔膜腺三对,位于4/5—6/7隔膜的后壁上。咽头顶部具有扁平板。无肠盲囊。在第Ⅳ节内有消化肾管、乳糜细胞。背血管起目环带后。精巢一对,不分叶,位于第Ⅺ节内。卵巢一对,位于第Ⅻ节内,具精囊和卵囊,阴茎球为带丝蚓型。受精囊一对,位于第Ⅴ节内,不与消化道相连,亦无盲管分支。本新属与白线蚓属 Fridericia Michaelsen、线蚓属 Enchytraeus Henle相近,但有明显差异。经与Enchytraeus barkudensis Henle进行比较,也有明显差別,本种的受精囊不与消化道相连,肠壁内有乳糜细胞,故确定为新属新种。经过调查,本种蚯蚓有时少数也在健康的当归根部生活,因此也可能直接为害健康植株。     

中国皮司霉属分类研究 I

报道了采集自我国境内的皮司霉属Pithomyces 8个新种:山葵皮司霉P.arecastri sp.nov.,串珠皮司霉P.cateniformis sp.nov.,椭圆皮司霉P.ellipticus sp.nov.,蠕形皮司霉P.helminthosporioides sp.nov.,长柄皮司霉P.longipes sp.nov.,倒梨形皮司霉P.obpyriformis sp.nov.,络石皮司霉P.trachelospermi sp.nov.,和羊蹄甲皮司霉P.variegatae sp.nov.。2个中国新记录种:油棕生皮司霉P.elaeidicola和垫状皮司霉P.pulvinatus。新种分别进行了详实的拉丁文和中文描述并附图。研究标本(自然标本和干制培养物)保存于山东农业大学植物病理系标本室(HSAUP)。     

中国广西大瑶山瘿螨新属和新种（蜱螨亚纲：瘿螨总科）

记述采自广西的瘿螨总科10属10新种。新属二环顶背瘿螨属Tegosecanus gen. nov. 的主要属鉴别特征为：螨体为纺锤形,胛毛位于盾后缘之前,螨体背环光滑,腹环具微瘤,背环具中纵脊,终止于2侧脊之前,第2背环宽,覆盖于其后的二背环之上,第3–4背环具侧突。10新种分别是：油杉三毛瘿螨Trisetacus fortunei sp. nov.;桂林雕瘿螨Glyptacus kweilinensus sp. nov.;腺叶桂樱新拟尖叶瘿螨Neoacaphyllisa phaeosticta sp. nov.;山黄麻尖空瘿螨Oxycenus tomentosae sp. nov.;拟赤杨小叶剌瘿螨Phyllocoptacus fortuneir sp. nov.;金秀二环顶背瘿螨Tegosecans jinxiuensis sp. nov.;古柯上瘿螨Epitrimerus sinensis sp. nov.;润楠叶剌瘿螨Phyllocoptes glaucifoliae sp. nov.;山麻风羽爪瘿螨Diptilomiopus pomiferae sp. nov.;卫矛维氏瘿螨Vimola laxifloris sp. nov. 上述所有瘿螨新种均生活在寄主叶片背面,无明显为害状。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.