基因合成与基因组编辑

合成生物学被认为是继"发现DNA双螺旋"和"人类基因组测序计划"之后的又一次生物技术革命,有望在工业制造、医药、农业、环境和能源等诸多领域带来变革。DNA合成和基因编辑是合成生物学的基石,其技术进步也是推动合成生物学快速发展的主要动力。该文重点介绍了DNA合成和基因编辑领域的主要技术及其研究进展,包括利用芯片oligo池的高通量基因合成技术和CRISPR介导的第三代基因组编辑系统等。     

基因合成技术研究进展

基因合成是生物学中一项最基本的、最常用的技术.对DNA调控元件、基因、途径乃至整个基因组的合成是验证生物学假设和利用生物学为人类服务的有力工具.合成生物学的快速发展对基因合成能力提出了日益迫切的需求.近年来,基于微芯片基因合成技术取得了很多令人振奋的新进展,正在向着高通量、高保真、自动化的方向发展.文中综述了DNA化学合成和基因组装及相关技术的最新研究进展和发展趋势,这些新技术正在推动着合成生物学向着更高的水平发展.     

2022年合成生物学发展态势

合成生物学已经进入快速发展阶段,突破性成果不断涌现,技术转化与产业应用也初见成效。DNA合成、基因编辑、计算机辅助设计和过程自动化、机器学习等技术的进步和相关平台的建设,以及政策的支持和投融资的持续活跃,有望进一步推动生物产业及生物经济的发展。在新一轮科技变革与保护自然环境、减少碳排放的背景下,世界主要国家更加注重生物经济的可持续发展。该文系统梳理了全球合成生物学在2022年的战略规划、研发和产业等方面的进展,展望了未来在技术创新、产业应用等方面的发展前景。     

病原体相关合成生物学的生物安全风险和应对策略研究

合成生物学在科技、医学、工业等领域对微生物的改造促进了经济、社会的发展,随着合成生物技术的快速发展,自然界中存在的高危害性病原体可能成为合成对象,通过生物技术对已知病原体进行改造,其对人类宿主的影响将难以预料,具有比天然病原体更大的危险性,这些情况增加了总体国家安全观范畴中需要关注的生物安全要素。通过对近年来已知病毒合成生物学、已知细菌合成生物学、已知病毒使能安全风险、已知细菌使能安全风险、未知病原体合成生物学等方面的生物安全风险和要点梳理,综合国际前沿科技态势和先进科技发展理念,分析和提出生物安全应对策略和科学建议,为合成生物学健康发展提供咨询建议,并为国家生物安全政策制定提供智库参考。     

合成生物学中的DNA组装技术

合成生物学旨在应用工程学的研究思路及手段去设计或改造生物系统,是一个综合了科学与工程的拥有发展潜力的新兴学科,在生物医药、农业、能源、环保等方面发挥着巨大作用。DNA组装技术是合成生物学中的关键技术,也是合成生物学快速发展的限制性技术。综述了众多DNA组装技术的发展及其在合成生物学研究中的意义和应用。     

中国科学院工业生物技术发展路径

随着工程生物学、基因编辑等共性技术的快速发展,工业生物技术领域的颠覆式创新在低碳合成、未来食品、药物开发等工业生物技术领域不断取得颠覆式创新,支撑了生物产业高质量创新发展。工业生物技术正在为变革传统工业制造模式,构建碳中性工业制造路线形成重要科技支撑。本文从战略规划、创新机构、人才建设、基础研究、科技创新、产业推进等方面系统介绍了中国科学院在工业生物技术领域的整体安排、建制化研发与科技进展,并提出了加快工业生物技术发展的建议。     

DNA合成技术及应用

DNA从头合成技术是指以寡核苷酸链为起始的合成DNA片段的技术,其不断进步是合成生物学快速发展的基石之一。常规使用的连接介导的DNA合成技术和PCR介导的DNA合成技术日益成熟,精确合成长度已经达到0．5—1kb。微阵列介导的DNA合成技术不断发展,其低成本、高通量的特点吸引了人们的注意;而酵母体内DNA合成技术的成功探索也为体外DNA合成提供了一种补偿方法。DNA合成在优化密码子用于异源表达、构建异源代谢途径、合成人工基因组以及合成减毒病毒用于疫苗研制等方面有广泛应用。综述了DNA从头合成技术的研究进展,并介绍了DNA合成的前沿应用。     

合成生物学伦理、法律与社会问题探讨

合成生物学是以基因组学、系统生物学知识和分子生物学技术为基础,综合了科学与工程的一门新兴交叉学科。它使生命科学和生物技术研发进入了以人工设计、合成自然界中原本不曾出现的人造生命体系,以及对这些人工体系进行体内、体外优化,或利用这些人造生命体系研究自然生命规律为目标的新时代。然而,合成生物学研究在迅速发展、表现出巨大潜力和应用前景的同时,也引发了社会各界对相关社会、伦理、安全,以及知识产权等问题的重视与讨论。就世界各国针对合成生命对传统意义上生命概念的挑战、合成生物学产品存在的潜在风险危害、合成生物学研究的风险评估与监管等问题进行回顾综述和相关探讨。     

从DNA合成技术角度阐述合成生物学

合成生物学是一个拥有巨大潜力的新兴学科,合成生物学技术的发展将会对未来生物、医药、农业、能源、材料和环保等方面产生巨大的推进作用。基因合成是合成生物学中最基本和使用最多的一种技术手段,合成生物学的快速发展对基因合成能力提出了空前需求。综述基因合成技术的发展历史、现状和未来趋势,探讨基因合成技术存合成生物学以及整个生命科学研究中的应用和重要意义。     

DNA组装技术

DNA组装是合成生物学研究的核心技术。随着合成生物学的发展,研究者开发了依赖于DNA聚合酶或DNA连接酶的不同DNA组装技术;为了降低组装成本和便于实现DNA组装的自动化,也发展了一些非酶依赖的DNA组装技术;而几百kb到Mb的大片段DNA的组装则多数依赖于微生物体内重组。文中主要综述了酶依赖、非酶依赖和体内同源重组三类DNA组装技术及其发展情况。     

Synthetic biology advances and applications in the biotechnology industry: a perspective

Synthetic biology is a logical extension of what has been called recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology or genetic engineering since the 1970s. As rDNA technology has been the driver for the development of a thriving biotechnology industry today, starting with the commercialization of biosynthetic human insulin in the early 1980s, synthetic biology has the potential to take the industry to new heights in the coming years. Synthetic biology advances have been driven by dramatic cost reductions in DNA sequencing and DNA synthesis; by the development of sophisticated tools for genome editing, such as CRISPR/Cas9; and by advances in informatics, computational tools, and infrastructure to facilitate and scale analysis and design. Synthetic biology approaches have already been applied to the metabolic engineering of microorganisms for the production of industrially important chemicals and for the engineering of human cells to treat medical disorders. It also shows great promise to accelerate the discovery and development of novel secondary metabolites from microorganisms through traditional, engineered, and combinatorial biosynthesis. We anticipate that synthetic biology will continue to have broadening impacts on the biotechnology industry to address ongoing issues of human health, world food supply, renewable energy, and industrial chemicals and enzymes.     

Next‐Generation Industrial Biotechnology‐Transforming the Current Industrial Biotechnology into Competitive Processes

The chemical industry has made a contribution to modern society by providing cost‐competitive products for our daily use. However, it now faces a serious challenge regarding environmental pollutions and greenhouse gas emission. With the rapid development of molecular biology, biochemistry, and synthetic biology, industrial biotechnology has evolved to become more efficient for production of chemicals and materials. However, in contrast to chemical industries, current industrial biotechnology (CIB) is still not competitive for production of chemicals, materials, and biofuels due to their low efficiency and complicated sterilization processes as well as high‐energy consumption. It must be further developed into “next‐generation industrial biotechnology” (NGIB), which is low‐cost mixed substrates based on less freshwater consumption, energy‐saving, and long‐lasting open continuous intelligent processing, overcoming the shortcomings of CIB and transforming the CIB into competitive processes. Contamination‐resistant microorganism as chassis is the key to a successful NGIB, which requires resistance to microbial or phage contaminations, and available tools and methods for metabolic or synthetic biology engineering. This review proposes a list of contamination‐resistant bacteria and takes Halomonas spp. as an example for the production of a variety of products, including polyhydroxyalkanoates under open‐ and continuous‐processing conditions proposed for NGIB.     

新基因起源：从自然进化到人工设计

生命体系历经40多亿年的自然进化,创造了无数丰富多彩的功能基因,保障了生命体系的传承与繁荣。然而生命体系的自然进化历程极其缓慢,新的功能基因产生需要数百万年时间,无法满足快速发展的工业生产需求。利用合成生物学技术,研究人员可以依据已知的酶催化机理和蛋白质结构进行全新的基因设计与合成,按照工业生产需求快速创造全新的蛋白质催化剂,实现各种自然界生物无法催化的生物化学反应。尽管新基因设计技术展现了激动人心的应用前景,但是目前该技术还存在设计成功率不高、酶催化活性较低、合成成本较高等科技挑战。未来随着合成生物学技术的快速发展,设计、改造、合成和筛选等技术将融合为一体,为新基因设计与创建带来全新的发展机遇。     

Synthetic biology: an emerging research field in China

Synthetic biology is considered as an emerging research field that will bring new opportunities to biotechnology. There is an expectation that synthetic biology will not only enhance knowledge in basic science, but will also have great potential for practical applications. Synthetic biology is still in an early developmental stage in China. We provide here a review of current Chinese research activities in synthetic biology and its different subfields, such as research on genetic circuits, minimal genomes, chemical synthetic biology, protocells and DNA synthesis, using literature reviews and personal communications with Chinese researchers. To meet the increasing demand for a sustainable development, research on genetic circuits to harness biomass is the most pursed research within Chinese researchers. The environmental concerns are driven force of research on the genetic circuits for bioremediation. The research on minimal genomes is carried on identifying the smallest number of genomes needed for engineering minimal cell factories and research on chemical synthetic biology is focused on artificial proteins and expanded genetic code. The research on protocells is more in combination with the research on molecular-scale motors. The research on DNA synthesis and its commercialisation are also reviewed. As for the perspective on potential future Chinese R&D activities, it will be discussed based on the research capacity and governmental policy.     

合成基因组学：设计与合成的艺术

随着基因组相关技术(测序、编辑、合成等)和知识(功能基因组学)的日益成熟,合成基因组学在本世纪迎得了发展的契机。病毒、原核生物的全基因组相继被化学合成并支持生命的存活,第1个真核生物合成基因组计划已经完成过半,人类基因组编写计划提上日程。在基因组合成的实践过程中,研究者们不断探索对基因组进行重编和设计所应遵循的规则,提高从头合成、组装和替换基因组的技术手段。合成基因组在工业、环境、健康和基础研究领域有着广阔的应用前景,同时也带来了相应的伦理问题。结合在Sc2.0计划中的基因组合成研究和近期合成基因组学所取得的重大进展,本文综述了基因组设计和合成相关的科学、技术和伦理内容,并探讨了未来发展所面对的挑战。作为合成生物学最重要的领域之一,合成基因组学方兴未艾。     

Error correction in gene synthesis technology

Accurate, economical and high-throughput gene and genome synthesis is essential to the development of synthetic biology and biotechnology. New large-scale gene synthesis methods harnessing the power of DNA microchips have recently been demonstrated. Yet, the technology is still compromised by a high occurrence of errors in the synthesized products. These errors still require substantial effort to correct. To solve this bottleneck, novel approaches based on new chemistry, enzymology or next generation sequencing have emerged. This review discusses these new trends and promising strategies of error filtration, correction and prevention in de novo gene and genome synthesis. Continued innovation in error correction technologies will enable affordable and large-scale gene and genome synthesis in the near future.