信息素促进凹唇壁蜂访花提高苹果座果率和果实品质

【目的】凹唇壁蜂Osmia excavata Alfken是我国北方早春重要的果树传粉昆虫之一,但是其访花活动容易受到早春低温等不良天气的影响。为应对低温等不良天气,研究信息素(蜜蜂活动增强剂)对凹唇壁蜂活动规律、苹果树花朵座果率以及果实产量的影响具有重要意义。【方法】测定苹果树在释放信息素与不释放信息素的条件下,凹唇壁蜂的访花活动规律、花朵座果率及果实产量等数据。【结果】苹果对凹唇壁蜂授粉的依赖程度为0.95。释放信息素区域的凹唇壁蜂访花效率是对照的1.34倍,显著提高苹果的座果率,增加程度为12%;增加平均单果重3.53 g;显著提高0.15 mg/100 g的维生素C含量。【结论】在低温等不良环境条件下,可以通过释放信息素等人工管理措施,提高授粉昆虫对作物的访花效率,进而改善作物品质,提高作物产量,减少损失。     

Effects of cycloartenol and lanosterol on artificial and natural membranes

Cycloartenol, a 9,19-cyclopropane sterol which is isomeric with lanosterol, showed an ability intermediate between lanosterol and cholesterol to increase the microviscosity of lecithin vesicles, to serve as a growth factor for the sterol auxotroph $\text{Mycoplasma capricolum}$, and to increase the microviscosity of $\text{M. capricolum}$ membranes. The corresponding membrane effects of cyclolaudenol which contains a methyl group added to C-24 of the isooctenyl side chain of cycloartenol are more like those shown by lanosterol. We propose that the enhanced effectiveness of cycloartenol over lanosterol is due to a more favorable spatial disposition of the angular 14α-methyl group on the α-face of the molecule promoting more effective van der Waals contacts between the phospholipid fatty acyl chains and the sterol α-face. Side chain alkylation appears to perturb such contacts, reducing the effectiveness of cyclolaudenol for competent membrane function in $\text{M. capricolum}$.     

赤霉素与细胞分裂素对葡萄果实邻近叶光合特性及果实品质的影响

以‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄为材料,在连栋避雨大棚栽培条件下,研究了花后两周同一浓度赤霉素(GA3)与不同浓度细胞分裂素(CPPU)组合对葡萄果穗邻近叶片的光合特性及果实品质的影响.结果表明:非直角双曲线模型较为适合果穗邻近叶光响应曲线拟合.在25 mg·L-1GA3分别与5、10、15、20 mg·L-1CPPU组合处理下,葡萄果穗邻近叶的净光合速率和气孔导度均随着光合有效辐射的增加而增加,胞间CO2浓度降低.25 mg·L-1GA3分别与5、10、15mg·L-1CPPU组合处理下,果实品质随着CPPU浓度的增加而提高.25 mg·L-1 GA3+20mg · L-1CPPU处理下,虽然果穗邻近叶的光合能力高于其他浓度处理,但果实品质相关指标较25 mg·L-1GA3+15 mg·L-1CPPU处理时低,表明适宜的CPPU浓度可以提高果实邻近叶的光合能力及果实品质,浓度过高反而使果实品质下降.花后两周较为合理的组合为25mg·L-1 GA3+15 mg·L-1CPPU.     

不同纸袋对解放钟枇杷套袋效果的影响

研究不同果袋对解放钟枇杷的套袋效果。结果表明,采用优质果袋（盛大果袋和凯祥果袋K2）套果,果实表现美观,果粉多,茸毛完整密集,果锈、日烧病、裂果均比对照显著减少,一级果比例提高20％－30％,可溶性固形物和还原糖含量较高;凯祥果袋K1与自制报纸袋效果相似,由于其纸质薄,强度不够,经风吹雨淋易破损,影响套袋效果,日烧病和裂果较为严重。     

Natural levels of pollination intensity and effects of pollen loads on offspring quality in females of Thalictrum pubescens (Ranunculaceae)

Females of Thalictrum pubescens produce stamens containing sterile pollen. Earlier studies have shown the presence of stamens does not increase seed set through increased visitation by insects. Insects may, however, increase pollen deposition on stigmas and increase pollen competition. This paper examines: 1) pollen deposition levels in natural populations and 2) whether larger pollen loads lead to higher quality offspring. The majority of stigmas in two populations received less than 15 grains, but a small proportion had large loads. The latter may represent the occasional insect visit. These visits may provide the opportunity for pollen tube competition. In the greenhouse, flowers receiving heavy-pollen loads had higher seed set than flowers receiving light-pollen loads. Seeds from the two treatments were the same mass, had similar germination times, and seedlings had the same mass. In conclusion, it does not appear that pollen tube competition can account for the maintenance of stamens in females of T. pubescens.     

Significance of flower and fruit thinning on fruit quality

The effects of mechanical or chemical flower and fruit thinning on fruitquality were primarily by altering crop load. However, there were alsodirect effects of thinning agents. Fruit size was directly related tothinning intensity. In addition to crop load, age of wood, flower budquality, competition within clusters and canopy were important factorsaffecting the response to thinning. Short- and long-term thinningstudies identified two groups of quality components: Group 1characteristics include size, colour, skin performance, firmness andsugar and acid content of the fruit. Group 2 characteristics wererepresented by inorganic components, especially calcium and potassiumwhich are implicated in the susceptibility of fruit to physiologicaldisorders. While group 1 characteristics were improved by increasingthinning intensity, storability of the fruit was better at high than atlow crop loads. Therefore, a compromise between all quality requirementsmust be found for a good economic return. Establishing the trends ofthinning on the different quality parameters can help to select athinning strategy for local or regional conditions typically beingdetermined by growing and market conditions.     

Effects of pollination on floral attraction and longevity

The end of a flower's attraction to pollinators may be due toa range of visible cues such as permanent flower closure, acolour change, and withering or abscission of the petals. Floralattraction may be reduced by pollination. Pollination-inducedconclusion of floral attraction is often due to a colour changeor to flower closure. This may or may not be followed by a reductionin floral longevity, defined as the time to petal withering,wilting or shattering. In a few species floral longevity isincreased following pollination-induced flower closure or apollination-induced change in colour. Floral attraction, therefore,has to be disting uished from floral longevity. A literature survey shows that pollination rapidly reduces floralattraction in numerous orchids, but among other plant familiesonly about 60 genera have been found to show pollination-inducedshortening of floral attraction. Although only a few specieshave been investigated, it was invariably established that theeffect of pollination is blocked by inhibitors of ethylene synthesisor ethylene perception, hence is mediated by ethylene. The flowersthat cease to be attractive to pollinators, shortly followingpollination, tend to be from families that are known mainlyto comprise species in which flower longevity, petal colour,or flower closure, is sensitive to exogenous ethylene. Thisindicates that the effect of pollination on floral attractionis generally mediated by endogenous ethylene. Numerous species reportedly show a decrease in the period offloral attraction after exposure to ethylene, whereas only fora small number of species a decrease in the period of floralattraction induced by pollination has been observed. This discrepancymay be due to the greater attention that has been paid to theeffects of ethylene. Nonetheless, the possibility remains thatendogenous ethylene has a role in changing perianth form andcolour in addition to signalling the occurrence of pollination. Key words: Ethylene sensitivity, flower closure, flower longevity, pollination, petal colour, petal wilting, petal withering, petal abscission     

“信叶”植物营养液对香蕉产量与果实品质的影响

本试验根据香蕉春、秋季种植的物候期,采用2次土施250倍“信叶”根部营养液和4次喷施350倍花果营养液以及土施结合花果载施营养液等不同处理进行对比。两年试验结果表明,经营养液处理的香蕉,均能不同程度地提高产量和改善果实品质。其中尤以根部营养液结合花果营养液处理效果最好。     

中国几种果树传粉壁蜂授粉技术与开发

对我国壁蜂的资源、生物学特性,壁蜂驯化和管理,授粉技术的应用等方面进行较全面的综述和讨论。分析壁蜂繁育过程中的病害及敌害的情况,介绍建立壁蜂繁育基地的管理技术。     

Generalist passerine pollination of a winter-flowering fruit tree in central China

Background and Aims

Winter-flowering plants outside the tropics may experience a shortage of pollinator service, given that insect activity is largely limited by low temperature. Birds can be alternative pollinators for these plants, but experimental evidence for the pollination role of birds in winter-flowering plants is scarce.

Methods

Pollinator visitation to the loquat, Eriobotrya japonica (Rosaceae), was observed across the flowering season from November to January for two years in central China. Self- and cross-hand pollination was conducted in the field to investigate self-compatibility and pollen limitation. In addition, inflorescences were covered by bird cages and nylon mesh nets to exclude birds and all animal pollinators, respectively, to investigate the pollination role of birds in seed production.

Results

Self-fertilization in the loquat yielded few seeds. In early winter insect visit frequency was relatively higher, while in late winter insect pollinators were absent and two passerine birds (Pycnonotus sinensis and Zosterops japonicus) became the major floral visitors. However, seed-set of open-pollinated flowers did not differ between early and late winter. Exclusion of bird visitation greatly reduced seed-set, indicating that passerine birds were important pollinators for the loquat in late winter. The whitish perigynous flowers reward passerines with relatively large volumes of dilute nectar. Our observation on the loquat and other Rosaceae species suggested that perigyny might be related to bird pollination but the association needs further study.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that floral traits and phenology would be favoured to attract bird pollinators in cold weather, in which insect activity is limited.     

The transmission of rye B chromosomes in natural pollination

Summary This paper examines the transmission of B chromosomes in natural (but controlled) pollination, in order to obtain results which can be applied to natural populations of rye. The frequencies of the female gametes in both 2n= 14+1 and 2n=14+2 rye plants have been estimated with reference to their chromatid constitution. From the results obtained on the offspring, it seems that preferential distribution takes place during female meiosis of 2n= 14+2 plants. It has been demonstrated that pollen carrying B chromosomes formed in plants of 2n=14+2 was more competitive than normal pollen. On the contrary, when it was formed from plants 2n=14+1, B chromosome elimination by pollen was total. This process may be considered as sporophytic determination. The genetic significance of the presence of B chromosomes in natural populations is discussed. It is proposed that B chromosomes may be the cytological expression of a complex evolutionary system which results in conservation of population genetic variability.     

Influence of brood, vent screening, and time of year on honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) pollination and fruit quality of greenhouse tomatoes

Greenhouse tomatoes, Lycopersicon esculentum Miller (Solanaceae), are autogamous, but facilitated pollination results in increased fruit size and set. Previous research examining honey bee pollination in greenhouse tomato crops established that fruit quality resulting from honey bee visitation is often comparable to bumble bees (Bombus spp.) and significantly better than in flowers that receive no facilitated pollination. However, management alternatives have not been studied to improve tomato fruit quality when honey bees are the only pollination option available for the high-value greenhouse industry. We investigated whether the quantity of brood (eggs, larvae, and pupae) in a honey bee colony in the winter and screening on greenhouse vents in the summer would encourage honey bee foraging on tomato flowers. We also established the influence of time of year on the potential for honey bees to be effective pollinating agents. We constructed small honey bee colonies full of naive forager bees with either two frames of brood (brood colonies) or two empty frames (no-brood) and compared total fruit set and the number of tomato seeds resulting from fruit potentially visited by honey bees in each of these treatments to bagged flowers that received no facilitated pollination. There was no significant difference in the quality of fruit resulting from honey bees from brood and no-brood colonies. However, these fruits produced significantly more seeds than bagged flowers restricted from facilitated pollination. Honey bees from brood and no-brood colonies also resulted in 98% fruit set compared with 80% fruit set in bagged flowers that received no facilitated pollination. During the summer, the number of seeds per fruit did not differ significantly between unbagged flowers potentially visited by honey bees in screened greenhouses and unscreened greenhouses and bagged flowers that received no facilitated pollination. However, time of year did have a significant influence on the quality of fruit produced by honey bees compared with flowers that received no facilitated pollination, because no difference in seed number was observed between the treatments after mid-April. The results from this study demonstrate that the management of brood levels and vent screening cannot be used to improve the quality of fruit resulting from honey bee pollination and that honey bees can be a feasible greenhouse pollination alternative only during the winter.     

Effects of natural and artificial defoliations on the content and composition of extractive substances in birch leaves

Qualitative and quantitative compositions of extracts of birch (Betula pendula Roth.) leaves after natural and artificial defoliations were studied. Composition of the fraction of total lipids was determined. Overall, 11 fatty acids were identified. Differences between the fatty acid compositions of total lipids in the trees subjected to defoliation, consisting in the increase in quantities of short-chain saturated fatty acids and trienoic acids, were detected. Nine individual compounds--six flavones, two flavanones, and one flavanonol--were isolated from the flavonoid fraction by column chromatography. It was found that the total content of extractive substances in birch leaves as well as amounts of free sterols, triterpene compounds, and flavones decreased 1 year after an artificial defoliation and 1 month after depredation of 75% of birch stands by gypsy moth. On the contrary, the contents of flavanones and flavanonol increased. The assay method proposed may be used for studying the compositions of plant extracts.     

Effects of natural and artificial defoliation on the content and composition of extractive substances in birch leaves

Qualitative and quantitative compositions of extracts of birch (Betula pendula Roth.) leaves after natural and artificial defoliation were studied. Composition of the fraction of total lipids was determined. Over-all, 11 fatty acids were identified. Differences between the fatty acid compositions of total lipids in the trees subjected to defoliation, consisting in the increase in quantities of short-chain saturated fatty acids and trienoic acids, were detected. Nine individual compounds—six flavones, two flavanones, and one flavanonol—were isolated from the flavonoid fraction by column chromatography. It was found that the total content of extractive substances in birch leaves as well as amounts of free sterols, triterpene compounds, and flavones decreased 1 year after artificial defoliation and 1 month after depredation of 75% of birch stands by gypsy moths. On the contrary, the contents of flavanones and flavanonol increased. The assay method proposed may be used for studying the compositions of plant extracts.Translated from Prikladnaya Biokhimiya i Mikrobiologiya, Vol. 41, No. 1, 2005, pp. 107–112.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Shults, Bakhvalov, Martemyanov, Petrova, Syromyatnikova, Shakirov, Tolstikov.     

Bee pollination and fruit set of Coffea arabica and C. canephora (Rubiaceae)

Self-sterile Coffea canephora and self-fertile C. arabica are important cash crops in many tropical countries. We examined the relative importance of insect, wind, and spontaneous self-pollination and the degree of self-fertility of these two coffee species in 24 agroforestry coffee fields in Indonesia. In both species, open pollination and cross pollination by hand led to the highest fruit set. Wind pollination (including self-pollination) led to 16% lower fruit set than open pollination in C. canephora and to 12.3% lower fruit set in C. arabica. Self-pollinated flowers and unmanipulated controls achieved an extremely low fruit set of 10% or less in the self-sterile species, and of 60% and 48%, respectively in the self-fertile species. These results constitute experimental evidence that cross pollination by bees causes a significant increase in fruit set of not only the self-sterile, but also the self-fertile coffee species. The practical implication is that coffee yield may be improved by managing fields for increased flower visitation by bees.     

Effects of pollination and pollen source on the seed set ofPedicularis palustris

Habitat alteration can deteriorate plant-pollinator interactions and thereby increase the risk of population extinction. As part of a larger study on the effects of changes in land use on fen grassland vegetation, factors influencing the seed set of a short-lived, endangered wetland plant,Pedicularis palustris, were studied. We conducted field pollination experiments in one large and one small population. To investigate the effect of pollen source on seed set, individual flowers of caged plants were left unpollinated or were pollinated with pollen from the same flower, the same population or another population. To study pollen limitation and flower display, whole plants were subjected to pollinator exclosure, hand pollination or natural pollination. Self-compatibility was high, but differed between populations (61% and 97% of seed set after cross-pollination within populations). Cross-pollination between populations did not significantly alter seed number per capsule. Pollinator exclosure resulted in a very low seed set (<15% of natural seed set), despite high self-compatibility. The most likely explanations for high self-compatibility in combination with low autofertility are geitonogamy as reproductive assurance, selective neutrality of self-compatibility and phylogenetic constraints. Because of low autofertility, the seed set inP. palustris depends on pollinators. In the study populations, natural pollination was clearly sufficient for maximum seed production per plant, but seed set per capsule was significantly pollen-limited in the smaller population. Plants in this population also had a higher maximum percentage of simultaneously open flowers than those of the large population (31% vs. 13%), while flower longevity was generally extended without pollination. It is concluded thatP. palustris may influence pollinator behaviour and therefore the risk of pollen limitation by flower display.P. palustris showed a flexible reaction to differing pollination regimes without losses in overall seed set in the study populations.