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Sarah Cobey Patrick Wilson Frederick A. Matsen IV 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》2015,370(1676)
The B-cell immune response is a remarkable evolutionary system found in jawed vertebrates. B-cell receptors, the membrane-bound form of antibodies, are capable of evolving high affinity to almost any foreign protein. High germline diversity and rapid evolution upon encounter with antigen explain the general adaptability of B-cell populations, but the dynamics of repertoires are less well understood. These dynamics are scientifically and clinically important. After highlighting the remarkable characteristics of naive and experienced B-cell repertoires, especially biased usage of genes encoding the B-cell receptors, we contrast methods of sequence analysis and their attempts to explain patterns of B-cell evolution. These phylogenetic approaches are currently unlinked to explicit models of B-cell competition, which analyse repertoire evolution at the level of phenotype, the affinities and specificities to particular antigenic sites. The models, in turn, suggest how chance, infection history and other factors contribute to different patterns of immunodominance and protection between people. Challenges in rational vaccine design, specifically vaccines to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV, underscore critical gaps in our understanding of B cells'' evolutionary and ecological dynamics. 相似文献
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Morange M 《Journal of biosciences》2005,30(3):313-316
The history of science was long considered to be something peripheral to science itself. By supplying interesting stories
and gossip, it seemed, at best, to provide material for enlivening lectures. In general, it was deemed a suitable activity
for retired scientists. This view has been revised considerably in the past years and indeed, today seems hopelessly out of
date. History and philosophy of science are increasingly held to be an essential component of the education of scientists.
By becoming acquainted with these areas, practicing scientists — and in particular biologists — can better appreciate the
significance of the models and theories that underpin their research, especially with the accelerating succession of one idea
by the next. The present series, of which the article that follows is the first, aims to give historical glimpses that bear
on contemporary biology. The hope is that these glimpses will be both a source of inspiration and of help in resisting useless
fashions. 相似文献
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The field of environmental science and technology is highly interdisciplinary. It brings together knowledge and expertise
from variety of disciplines ranging from different aspects of ecology to chemistry, microbiology to statistics, soil science
to biology and water management to toxicology. Environmental or atmospheric scientists are not the stereotype alarmists who
press the siren button of ‘global warming’ but they strive and employ transdisciplinary knowledge to develop science and technology
based strategy to address the sustainability of air, water and soil. Moreover, the responsibility of protecting the environment
could not be solely allocated onto the shoulder of an environmental scientist, but in order to preserve and safeguard the
air that we breathe, the water that we drink and the land we step in, each of us the chemists, the physicists, and the biologists
should strategically design our research in a more environmentally friendly manner or employing green methods. 相似文献
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The microbial world within us includes a vast array of gastrointestinal (GI) tract communities that play an important role in health and disease. Significant progress has been made in recent years in describing the intestinal microbial composition based on the application of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-based approaches. These were not only instrumental in providing a phylogenetic framework of the more than 1000 different intestinal species but also illustrated the temporal and spatial diversity of the microbial GI tract composition that is host-specific and affected by the genotype. However, our knowledge of the molecular and cellular bases of host-microbe interactions in the GI tract is still very limited. Here an overview is presented of the most recent developments and applications of novel culture-independent approaches that promise to unravel the mechanisms of GI tract functionality and subsequent possibilities to exploit specifically these mechanisms in order to improve gut health. 相似文献