猪繁殖与呼吸综合征检测技术研究进展

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征是导致猪繁殖障碍疾病的一种重要猪病。其致病机制和自身复制规律至今尚不完全明确,因此无法从根本上清除该病的存在,这就使得对该病的检测显得尤为重要。现从直观的临床诊断、精确的实验室诊断及鉴别诊断等方面对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征检测技术进行了综述,其中对可以最终确诊的实验室检测技术进行了重点介绍,并对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征生物学检测技术进行了总结。     

Mycoplasma pneumoniae respiratory disease symposium: summation and significance

The symposium on M. pneumoniae respiratory disease has examined the clinical expression of infection in adults and children, the pathophysiologic disturbances which occur, and the laboratory diagnosis by isolation and serology. That these infections are very common has been well documented; however, a variable incidence over periods of several years tends to minimize importance of the disease for many clinicians. While good laboratory diagnostic methods exist, they provide retrospective insight predominantly and are not useful for early diagnosis or therapeutic decision making. Development of rapid diagnostic methods which are sensitive and specific is an important goal for future research. Success would facilitate our understanding and control of M. pneumoniae disease.     

植物病原细菌检测和细菌病害诊断方法

植物病害诊断是通过病菌鉴定和致病性测定等步骤实现的。在过去的10年里用于细菌鉴定的基因组技术的快速发展极大地简化和促进了病菌的检测和鉴定,但是DNA分子检测方法不能完全取代传统的培养检验和表型检验方法。文中介绍了未显示病害症状的植物或植物产品中已知细菌的免疫检测和基因组DNA检测方法,以及细菌病害诊断鉴定的新方法。     

Practical Aspects of Synovial Fluid Aspiration: The Approaches to Major Extremity Joints and Examination of the Aspirate

Use of a few simple office laboratory procedures can provide accurate diagnosis of several forms of common diseases of joints. The average physician can discover unsuspected joint disease in this way, thereby avoiding expensive laboratory tests and delay in making the diagnosis. An adequate history and physical examination are needed in conjunction with analysis of fluid aspirated from the joint.     

A rapid lateral-flow immunoassay for phytosanitary detection of Erwinia amylovora and on-site fire blight diagnosis

Fire blight is an invasive disease caused by Erwinia amylovora that threatens pome fruit production globally. Effective implementation of phytosanitary control measures depends upon rapid, reliable pathogen detection and disease diagnosis. We developed a lateral-flow immunoassay specific for E. amylovora with a detection limit of log 5.7 CFU/ml, typical of pathogen concentrations in symptomatic plant material. The simple assay had comparable sensitivity to standard culture plating, serum agglutination and nested PCR when validated for application in a phytosanitary laboratory as a confirmatory test of cultured isolates and for first-line diagnosis of phytosanitary samples that represent the full range of commercial, ornamental and forestry host species. On-site validation in ring-trials with local plant inspectors demonstrated robust and reliable detection (compared to subsequent plating and PCR analysis). The simplicity, inspector acceptance and facilitation of expedited diagnosis (from 2 days for laboratory submitted samples to 15 min with the immunoassay), offers a valuable tool for improved phytosanitary control of fire blight.     

不明原因发热的临床综合诊断

不明原因发热是临床常见疑难疾病,其定义随着疾病种类的不断变化及诊断流程的进步而逐步完善。不明原因发热(feverof unknown origin,FUO)病因包括感染性疾病、风湿免疫性疾病及肿瘤性疾病三大类,三大病因各自具有不同临床特征。详细病史采集、全面体格检查及常规实验室检查对诊断FUO至关重要,必要时应及时进行相关影像学及病理学检查,疾病的最终诊断应综合分析病史及实验室检查。     

Molecular Diagnostics — an upper division/graduate course

We have developed a course in Molecular Diagnostics suitable as an upper division/Master’s level elective class for Biology, Microbiology, and Biochemistry majors who have already been introduced to basic genetics and molecular biology. The course provides an intensive hands-on laboratory experience in current molecular techniques for disease diagnosis coupled with lecture on major biological topics and concepts underlying disease and disease processes. Its structure and content make the course appropriate not only for students who envision careers in molecular diagnosis, but also for those aspiring to the teaching, research, or medical professions.     

Malaria—An “Imported” Disease to Be Reckoned with in the U.S

Malaria is a treatable, potentially fatal disease. A detailed travel history and personal attention to laboratory diagnosis are essential. Infection related to current military ventures plus continued ever increasing civilian travel make it a disease to be borne in mind by medical practitioners.     

Laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of rheumatologic diseases.

Improved laboratory investigative techniques now foster an increased clinical interest in and awareness of the rheumatologic disease. This review is a discussion of the relevance of laboratory tests used in the more common rheumatologic disorders and of their role in both the diagnosis and assessment of these diseases from the standpoint of the practising clinician.     

Serology of paracoccidioidomycosis

This review provides the background for understanding the role of a battery of diagnostic methods in paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). This systemic mycosis is a disease endemic in many regions of Latin America, with sporadic cases also occurring throughout the world (mycosis of importation). Although excellent laboratory methods for diagnosis are available, there are deficiencies that must be met by continued research. Understanding the uses and limitations of a battery of laboratory methods is essential to diagnose PCM. Clinicians and laboratory directors must be familiar with the uses and limitations of a battery of serologic and mycological tests to accurately diagnose of PCM. Antibody and antigen detections are valuable adjuncts to histopathology and culture. More recently, the gp43 and gp70 antigen detection assay have improved the methodology of diagnosis of this mycosis, which improves reproducibility and facilitates monitoring antigen clearance during antifungal treatment. Furthermore, detection of antigen in cerebrospinal fluid and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid increases the sensitivity for diagnosis of PCM in central nervous system and in pulmonary infections, respectively.     

Neurochemical approaches of cerebrospinal fluid diagnostics in neurodegenerative diseases

Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD)/Lewy-body disease (DLB), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are the major causes of memory impairment and dementia. As new therapeutic agents are visible for the different diseases, there is an ultimate need for an early and an early differential diagnosis. Since cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is in direct contact with the central nervous system (CNS), potentially promising biomarkers might be seen there first. In principle, two research approaches can be considered for the laboratory diagnosis of dementias: (i) the direct detection of disease specific protein like Abeta-peptide-oligomers in AD or alpha-synuclein-aggregates in DLB and (ii) the detection of surrogate markers that show an altered pattern of expression in early stages of the disease or are used in the differential diagnosis of other dementias and thus enable an exclusion diagnosis. Especially Abeta-peptides and tau-protein measurements seem to employ a combination of these approaches. Until now it was shown that a combined determination of just these few markers (tau-proteins and Abeta-peptides) is already sufficient to achieve a high degree of diagnostic certainty in the diagnosis of AD. However although these markers seem to correlate with neuropathological changes and memory disturbances, these markers are not specific for a single form of dementia and further research is necessary to improve especially the early differential diagnosis of dementias.     

Value of a dipstick based on recombinant RK39 antigen for differential diagnosis of American visceral leishmaniasis from other sympatric endemic diseases in Venezuela.

A laboratory trial using recombinant rK39 dipsticks for differential diagnosis of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) from other sympatric endemic diseases which share similar clinic features (Chagas disease, malaria, schistosomiasis and toxoplasmosis) was conducted in Venezuela. The 100% specificity of the test previously obtained in other countries was confirmed. The use of this test at the primary health care level in Venezuela for a rapid diagnosis of active AVL cases, which may avoid deaths, is recommended.     

Dominant TNF-α+ Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD4+ T cell responses discriminate between latent infection and active disease

Rapid diagnosis of active Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection remains a clinical and laboratory challenge. We have analyzed the cytokine profile (interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-2 (IL-2)) of Mtb-specific T cells by polychromatic flow cytometry. We studied Mtb-specific CD4+ T cell responses in subjects with latent Mtb infection and active tuberculosis disease. The results showed substantial increase in the proportion of single-positive TNF-α Mtb-specific CD4+ T cells in subjects with active disease, and this parameter was the strongest predictor of diagnosis of active disease versus latent infection. We validated the use of this parameter in a cohort of 101 subjects with tuberculosis diagnosis unknown to the investigator. The sensitivity and specificity of the flow cytometry-based assay were 67% and 92%, respectively, the positive predictive value was 80% and the negative predictive value was 92.4%. Therefore, the proportion of single-positive TNF-α Mtb-specific CD4+ T cells is a new tool for the rapid diagnosis of active tuberculosis disease.     

À propos d’un cas de malacoplakie vésicale extensive avec fistules uro-digestives objectivées sur une scintigraphie osseuse au HMDP-Tc99 m

Bladder malacoplakia is a rare inflammatory disease with pseudo-tumoral lesions. This disease does not have any specific clinical or laboratory signs and diagnosis is exclusively based on histology. The authors report a rare case of extensive bladder malacoplakie with uro-digestive fistulas evidenced by HMDP-Tc99 m scintigraphy and discuss the value of scintigraphic explorations in the management of this disease.     

糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）检测技术与标准化研究进展

糖尿病是世界性疾病,更是严重的公共卫生问题。世界卫生组织（World Health Organization, WHO）将糖化血红蛋白A_1c（glycated hemoglobin A_1c,HbA_1c）确定为糖尿病诊断标准,这对于糖尿病的诊断、监测和治疗具有重要临床意义。近年来,国内外开展了大量有关HbA_1c实验室检测方法与标准化的相关技术研究工作,形成了一系列检测方法和标准体系,取得了一定成果。介绍了具有代表性的HbA_1c实验室检测技术及国内外HbA_1c标准化研究进程,并对当前存在的技术难题进行了分析和展望,以期有助于临床实验室选择合适的检测方法,并推进我国HbA_1c标准化工作的发展。     

Chromosome studies on cells cultured from serous effusions. Use in routine cytologic practice

Cytogenetic analysis was used to supplement the cytologic diagnosis of malignancy in serous effusions. Current methods of analysis involve immediate preparation, but our study showed that prior culture of the cells is a more practical approach to the use of chromosome analysis in the routine cytology laboratory. This method permits the retrospective selection of specimens for chromosome analysis from patients in whom there is a strong clinical suspicion of malignant disease but who have negative or equivocal cytology reports. The preparative technique and the recognition of structural and numerical chromosome anomalies can be readily learned by the cytotechnologist and incorporated into the routine cytology laboratory.     

Basic problems of serological laboratory diagnosis

Serological laboratory diagnosis is inflicted with at least two kinds of basic problems. One type relates to the fact that the serological diagnosis of infectious diseases is double indirect: First, to diagnose an infectious disease, the identification of the microbial agent is sought that caused the disease. Second, to identify this infectious agent, the patient’s immune response to potential agents is measured. So, the serological test is neither measuring directly disease nor the cause of the disease, but the patient’s immune system. Another type of problem is based on the fact that each person’s immune system is very individual. The exact physicochemical properties of antibodies are unique for each clone of antibodies. The way an individual’s immune system sees an infectious agent depends not only on the genetic makeup of the person but also on the personal experience from former encounters with infectious agents. Both types of problems lead to complexities in selecting the appropriate test, in interpreting the results, and in standardizing serological tests. Therefore, a close collaboration of the laboratory with the clinic is mandatory to avoid erroneous conclusions from serological test results, which might lead to wrong decisions in patient care.     

HYPERPARATHYROIDISM—Ordinary Diagnostic Procedures

Step-by-step examination that follows an outline of necessary laboratory determinations and roentgen studies helps in the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism, a disease that can almost always be cured if treatment is carried out in the early stages.     

The clinico-epidemiological characteristics of the course and diagnosis of tick-borne rickettsiosis in northern Asia

The study of tick-borne rickettsiosis in Northern Asia has made it possible to determine the clinico-epidemiological features of the modern course of this disease, which should be taken into consideration for the timely diagnosis of this infection. The laboratory verification of the diagnosis should be carried out, as recommended by the authors, in the agar precipitation and leukocytosis tests in their modification.