牲畜粪便对草地生态系统影响的研究进展

粪便归还是放牧影响草地生态系统的主要途径之一。本文对粪便分解过程和粪便对草地生态系统的土壤理化性质、微生物活性、植物群落结构和生物量、牲畜取食格局影响等方面的研究进展进行了综述,最后提出了草地生态系统牲畜粪便研究的未来趋势。     

半干旱草地不同植物枯落物分解对放牧和封育的响应

为探究放牧和封育对半干旱草地植物枯落物分解的影响,选取赖草、牛枝子及其混合物为研究对象,调查了不同网孔分解袋中宁夏半干旱草地植物枯落物分解特征及对放牧和封育的响应规律。结果表明：（1）放牧样地250目网孔中,枯落物质量残留率表现为牛枝子显著高于赖草和混合物（P<0.05）,而在放牧样地30目网孔、封育样地2种网孔中,枯落物质量残留率均表现为3种枯落物间无显著差异。（2）250目网孔中,放牧和封育样地枯落物分解衰减常数均表现为混合物显著高于牛枝子,而赖草居中;并且,牛枝子枯落物分解衰减常数表现为封育样地显著高于放牧样地。30目网孔中,放牧和封育样地枯落物分解衰减常数均表现为赖草、混合物显著高于牛枝子（P<0.05）;并且,牛枝子枯落物分解衰减常数表现为封育样地显著高于放牧样地（P<0.05）。（3）在放牧样地,仅牛枝子枯落物R_m表现为30目显著低于250目网孔（P<0.05）,k表现为30目显著高于250目网孔（P<0.05）;土壤动物对枯落物分解的贡献率表现为混合物显著低于牛枝子,赖草居中（P<0.05）。而在封育样地,仅牛枝子枯落物k表现为30目显著高于250目网孔（P<0.05）;土壤动物对枯落物分解的贡献率表现为混合物和牛枝子均显著高于赖草,且混合枯落物的土壤动物贡献率表现为封育样地显著高于放牧样地（P<0.05）。（4）枯落物残留率与其初始N、P、木质素/N、C/P呈显著相关性（P<0.05）;枯落物分解衰减常数与其初始N、P、木质素、N/P、C/P和木质素/P间均呈显著相关性（P<0.05）。研究表明,植物种类组成显著影响枯落物的残留率和分解衰减常数。放牧与封育管理通过影响网孔中土壤动物分布来调控半干旱区草地植物枯落物的分解,而且封育管理更有利于促进土壤动物对低质量枯落物（牛枝子）的分解。     

Effects of plant diversity on Collembola in an experimental grassland ecosystem

The response of species numbers and density of Collembola to manipulation of plant species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 32 species) and number of plant functional groups (grasses, legumes and non-legume herbs) was studied in an experimental grassland at the Swiss BIODEPTH site (Lupsingen, Switzerland) in October 1997. Plant species richness or number of plant functional groups did not affect total diversity of Collembola, however, the number of Collembola species increased in the presence of legumes and the grass Trisetum flavescens . The abundance of Protaphorura armata increased but that of Hypogastruridae/Neanuridae significantly decreased with increasing number of plant functional groups. Other groups including the herbivorous Symphypleona did not respond to plant species richness and plant functional groups. Possibly, Hypogastruridae/Neanuridae species are weak competitors declining in density if the density of other Collembola groups increase. In general, the effect of the number of plant functional groups on the densities of collembolan taxa was stronger than that of plant species richness. Changes in Collembola density and diversity in part was likely caused by increased soil microbial and fine root biomass in treatments with higher plant functional group diversity. The presence of legumes resulted in an increase in the densities of total Collembola, Symphypleona/Neelipleona and Isotomidae indicating that they benefited from the high litter quality and the increased microbial biomass in the rhizosphere of legumes. The results suggest that microbivorous soil invertebrates are controlled by food quality rather than quantity. Furthermore, they indicate that presence of certain plant species and functional groups may be more important for collembolan community structure than the diversity of plant species and functional groups per se.     

干湿交替下草地生态系统土壤呼吸变化的微生物响应机制研究进展

草地是陆地生态系统中最重要、分布最广的生态系统类型之一,对全球碳循环和气候调节有着重要的作用和效应.我国拥有极为丰富的草地资源,是巨大的陆地碳储存库,也是全球碳循环重要组成部分.干湿交替是土壤中普遍发生的自然现象,这种现象的发生可能会加速土壤的碳矿化过程、激增土壤呼吸以及影响微生物的活性和群落结构等.在全球变化日趋显著的背景下,降雨量、降雨强度以及降雨频率的变化将会加速土壤干湿交替进程,进而带来微生物活性、群落结构以及土壤呼吸的变化,并对全球碳循环过程产生重要影响.本文综述了近十年来国内外的相关文献,对干湿交替条件下,土壤释放CO₂消耗碳源、土壤呼吸随时间的动态变化趋势以及土壤呼吸与微生物量、微生物活性和微生物群落结构之间的关系进行了分析和总结,以期为更好地理解干湿交替过程中草地生态系统土壤呼吸的微生物学响应机制,更准确地预测和评估未来的全球陆地生态系统的碳收支与气候变化提供一定的理论基础.     

植物功能性状对生态系统服务影响研究进展

全面认识和理解生态系统服务的形成机制是维持其持续供给的前提。植物功能性状直接参与多种生态系统过程, 影响生态系统服务供给, 探讨植物功能性状与生态系统服务的关系是揭示生态系统服务形成机制的重要途径。该文采用系统的文献综述方法, 分析了植物功能性状与生态系统服务关系的研究特点, 总结了影响不同生态系统服务的主要植物功能性状, 阐述了可能的影响途径。结果表明: 植物功能性状与生态系统服务关系研究以草地和森林等自然生态系统为主; 大部分研究集中在生态系统供给服务和支持服务, 包括生物量、净初级生产力、土壤肥力等; 根据植物功能性状对不同生态系统服务的影响程度, 植物功能性状可以聚类为土壤保持服务相关性状、水分循环相关性状、多功能相关性状、产品提供服务与养分循环相关性状以及授粉与生物控制服务相关性状; 并阐述了植物功能性状指标影响不同的生态系统服务途径。围绕植物功能性状对生态系统服务的影响, 今后尚需进一步探讨生态系统多功能性、植物功能性状相关性、气候变化和人类活动不确定性、时空尺度差异等因素对二者关系的影响。     

凋落物分解对土壤生物的影响

凋落物分解是生态系统物质循环和能量流动的重要环节,而土壤生物是凋落物分解的主要完成者.大量研究分析了土壤生物在凋落物分解中的作用,然而有关凋落物分解对土壤生物影响的研究则相对较少,致使我们对凋落物分解和土壤生物的相互作用了解依然不够深入.本文综述了凋落物对土壤微生物和土壤动物的影响,并进一步探讨了其影响机制.凋落物对土壤微生物的影响与凋落物类型或组成、在土壤中的掩埋位置及其破碎化程度紧密相关;大多数研究表明凋落物对土壤动物群落结构有明显影响;凋落物对土壤生物的影响主要通过直接改变土壤生物的食源和生境.今后需要加强跨区域长期定位实验研究,注重整合研究凋落物分解和生态系统过程,深入研究凋落物分解与土壤生物的相互作用机制.     

Effect of chicken litter on grassland productivity and environmental quality in a sandland ecosystem

Replacing mammals with birds has been tested successful in restoring degraded grassland ecosystem towards sustainable management. We pre-tested the effects of chicken litter (CL) on grassland productivity and soil quality in order to carry out free range chicken income generation practice in large areas. The amounts of 25 g m^-2 and 50 g m^-2 of CL, equaling 30 m² per chick and 60 m² per chick, were applied on Leymus chinensis (L. chinensis) communities at Hunshandak sandland, Inner Mongolia, China. Besides, urea was applied at same rate as comparison. The above ground production was increased to 107% and 148% by CL applied at 25 g m^-2 and 50 g m^-2 respectively but underground biomass was reduced to 64% and 68% by CL applied at 25 g m^-2 and 50 g m^-2, contributing to the reduction of total biomass and R/S ratio. L. chinensis production was enhanced by CL, with higher nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) being achieved than that of urea. N and P uptake in L. chinensis elevated to 202% and 280% respectively by CL; the N concentration was reduced to 87% on average. Nevertheless, CL’s favoring L. chinensis (p = 0.026) rendered potential question on biodiversity, calling for further study and cautious management to sustain ecosystem stability. CL amended soil showed better physical quality including lower soil bulk density, more soil moisture and soil organic matter. Besides, soil treated by CL was more resistant to nutrient leaching. Our results showed that CL benefited the production and soil quality of grassland ecosystem, with little side effect on its structure and function.     

Effect of chicken litter on grassland productivity and environmental quality in a sandland ecosystem

Replacing mammals with birds has been tested successful in restoring degraded grassland ecosystem towards sustainable management. We pre-tested the effects of chicken litter (CL) on grassland productivity and soil quality in order to carry out free range chicken income generation practice in large areas. The amounts of 25 g m^-2 and 50 g m^-2 of CL, equaling 30 m² per chick and 60 m² per chick, were applied on Leymus chinensis (L. chinensis) communities at Hunshandak sandland, Inner Mongolia, China. Besides, urea was applied at same rate as comparison. The above ground production was increased to 107% and 148% by CL applied at 25 g m^-2 and 50 g m^-2 respectively but underground biomass was reduced to 64% and 68% by CL applied at 25 g m^-2 and 50 g m^-2, contributing to the reduction of total biomass and R/S ratio. L. chinensis production was enhanced by CL, with higher nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) being achieved than that of urea. N and P uptake in L. chinensis elevated to 202% and 280% respectively by CL; the N concentration was reduced to 87% on average. Nevertheless, CL’s favoring L. chinensis (p = 0.026) rendered potential question on biodiversity, calling for further study and cautious management to sustain ecosystem stability. CL amended soil showed better physical quality including lower soil bulk density, more soil moisture and soil organic matter. Besides, soil treated by CL was more resistant to nutrient leaching. Our results showed that CL benefited the production and soil quality of grassland ecosystem, with little side effect on its structure and function.     

Effect of altered litter input and nitrogen addition on ecosystem aboveground primary productivity and plant functional group composition in a semiarid grassland

不同的草原利用方式(围封、放牧和割草等)随着大气氮沉降的不断加剧, 改变了凋落物输入量。凋落物作为连接地上-地下碳循环过程的关键环节, 对草原生态系统生产力和碳循环过程影响显著。氮是草原生产力的主要限制因子, 凋落物输入量的变化对草原生态系统结构和功能的影响仍缺乏长期实验证据支持。该研究在内蒙古半干旱典型草原建立一个凋落物输入变化和氮添加控制实验平台, 通过连续6年对群落生产力和功能群组成的监测, 研究了凋落物添加与去除和氮添加对半干旱草原群落生产力和功能群组成的影响。研究发现: 1)凋落物输入量增加和氮添加均显著提高了群落生产力, 在对照和氮添加处理下, 凋落物去除处理导致生产力分别降低了8.4%和7.6%, 而凋落物添加处理使生产力分别提高了10.7%和6.3%; 2)不同植物功能群对凋落物输入变化和氮添加的响应存在差异, 导致群落功能群结构发生变化。随着凋落物输入量增加和氮添加, 群落优势功能群多年生禾草(包括多年生丛生禾草和多年生根茎禾草)的生物量显著提高, 对群落生产力的贡献增加, 在群落中的优势地位增强; 而另一优势功能群多年生杂类草生物量对凋落物和氮添加处理均无显著响应, 进而导致在氮添加处理下其对群落生物量的贡献比例显著降低; 3)凋落物输入主要改善土壤水分状况, 而氮添加则主要通过提高土壤养分含量, 促进群落生产力, 并通过影响主要功能群生物量, 导致群落结构发生变化。以上结果表明, 适当的草原管理方式如围封禁牧和降低放牧强度等都能通过增加凋落物的输入来提高草原生产力, 维持生态系统稳定性。而适量的氮等养分添加管理也有助于提高草原生产力, 促进其恢复。     

凋落物输入变化和氮添加对半干旱草原群落生产力及功能群组成的影响

不同的草原利用方式(围封、放牧和割草等)随着大气氮沉降的不断加剧, 改变了凋落物输入量。凋落物作为连接地上-地下碳循环过程的关键环节, 对草原生态系统生产力和碳循环过程影响显著。氮是草原生产力的主要限制因子, 凋落物输入量的变化对草原生态系统结构和功能的影响仍缺乏长期实验证据支持。该研究在内蒙古半干旱典型草原建立一个凋落物输入变化和氮添加控制实验平台, 通过连续6年对群落生产力和功能群组成的监测, 研究了凋落物添加与去除和氮添加对半干旱草原群落生产力和功能群组成的影响。研究发现: 1)凋落物输入量增加和氮添加均显著提高了群落生产力, 在对照和氮添加处理下, 凋落物去除处理导致生产力分别降低了8.4%和7.6%, 而凋落物添加处理使生产力分别提高了10.7%和6.3%; 2)不同植物功能群对凋落物输入变化和氮添加的响应存在差异, 导致群落功能群结构发生变化。随着凋落物输入量增加和氮添加, 群落优势功能群多年生禾草(包括多年生丛生禾草和多年生根茎禾草)的生物量显著提高, 对群落生产力的贡献增加, 在群落中的优势地位增强; 而另一优势功能群多年生杂类草生物量对凋落物和氮添加处理均无显著响应, 进而导致在氮添加处理下其对群落生物量的贡献比例显著降低; 3)凋落物输入主要改善土壤水分状况, 而氮添加则主要通过提高土壤养分含量, 促进群落生产力, 并通过影响主要功能群生物量, 导致群落结构发生变化。以上结果表明, 适当的草原管理方式如围封禁牧和降低放牧强度等都能通过增加凋落物的输入来提高草原生产力, 维持生态系统稳定性。而适量的氮等养分添加管理也有助于提高草原生产力, 促进其恢复。     

青藏高原草地生态系统对气候变化的响应

青藏高原高寒草地生态系统对气候变化高度敏感,其如何响应和反馈气候变化一直以来受到极大关注.本文系统综述了近5年来有关青藏高原草地生态系统在物候、生产力、碳循环等方面对气候变化的响应过程以及应对气候变化的适应性管理的最新研究成果,发现气候变化对高寒草地生态系统的诸多影响还存在很大的不确定性.多数研究结果表明,增温使高寒草甸的植被物候提前和初级生产力水平提高,而高寒草原有相反的影响趋势,说明不同地域、不同群落类型对不同季节温度变化的响应模式不同.而气候变化对物种多样性和碳循环有关过程的影响结果尚没有一致的结论,时空尺度和方法上的差异可能是导致不同结果的主要原因.因此,建议在增强时空异质性的响应与反馈研究的同时,更需要加强生态过程和机理的研究.     

草原生态系统生产力对降水格局响应的研究进展

全球变化背景下降水格局发生了显著改变,主要表现在年降水量、降水季节分配以及降水事件特征(单次降水事件雨量大小、两次降水之间的间隔时长和一年中降水事件的次数等)等几个方面,降水格局的改变将显著影响陆地生态系统功能,尤其是对生产力的影响.草原生态系统是对降水格局改变最敏感的生态系统之一,因此有必要了解草原生态系统生产力对降水格局响应的研究现状及存在的问题.本文首先综述了草原生态系统生产力对降水格局各个特征响应的国内外研究进展,进而从长期观测、控制试验、模型模拟3方面综述了目前降水格局对生产力影响的研究方法,最后从理论研究、研究方法两个方面提出了目前研究存在的问题以及未来的研究方向.本文将为预测草原生态系统如何响应未来气候变化以及在气候变化情景下进行草原生态系统管理提供重要科学依据.     

地下生态系统对生态恢复的影响

生态系统破坏与退化的加剧使生态恢复成为全球性的挑战课题,近年来生态恢复的研究已逐渐由地上向地下部分转移,地下部分对生态系统退化所起的作用、机理和过程已倍受关注。本文通过探讨恢复生态学的关键概念,从土壤、地下水循环、生物系统3个方面探讨了地下生态系统对生态恢复的作用机理和反馈机制。针对目前的研究现状,指出地下生态系统研究中存在的问题,并提出今后需要深入研究的几个方向:1)生态系统退化程度的诊断及其标准;2)基于诊断标准,针对不同退化生态系统类型选定恢复的目标植物群落,如何改善土壤性质,确定土壤性质的改善程度;确定地下水位及土壤含水量的阈值;如何有效选择、引入和接种土壤生物;3)生态系统地上和地下部分整合及恢复过程中监测指标的确定。     

半干旱草地植物枯落物碳、氮和磷元素释放对放牧和封育管理的响应

在半干旱草地,关于放牧和封育管理对草地植物枯落物分解及其与土壤动物互作关系的研究一直是该区域生态系统物质循环与生态恢复过程研究的重要科学问题。以放牧和封育样地中赖草(Leymus secalinus)、牛枝子(Lespedeza potaninii)及其混合枯落物为研究对象。于2017年9月、2018年5月和9月、2019年5月和9月,采用2种不同孔径(30目和250目)网袋量化中小型土壤动物的作用,调查了宁夏半干旱草地枯落物碳、氮和磷元素分解与土壤动物群落分布及其对放牧和封育样地的响应规律。结果显示：(1)封育样地中,枯落物碳元素最终残留率均表现为3种枯落物处理间无显著差异;但250目网孔中枯落物氮、磷元素最终残留率和30目网孔中氮元素最终残留率均表现为牛枝子显著高于赖草和混合物,而后两者间无显著差异;仅30目网孔中磷元素最终残留率表现为牛枝子和混合物显著高于赖草,而前两者间无显著差异。放牧样地中,250目网孔的碳、磷元素最终残留率和30目网孔中的氮、磷元素最终残留率均表现为牛枝子显著高于混合物,而赖草居中;氮元素最终残留率表现为牛枝子显著高于赖草和混合物,后两者间无显著差异。(2)...     

松嫩草原三种主要植物群落枯落物层生态水文功能

分析了松嫩草原主要植物群落羊草群落、虎尾草群落、碱茅群落枯落物层的蓄积量及持水能力、枯落物层对降水的截留以及枯落物层抑制土壤水分蒸发的效应.结果表明,羊草群落枯落物蓄积量最大为4.7t·hm-2,最大持水量为9.6t·hm-2,最大持水率为208.4%;虎尾草群落枯落物层蓄积量、最大持水量和最大持水率分别为3.0t·hm-2、7.4t·hm-2和262.8%;碱茅群落分别为2.6t·hm-2、5.0t·hm-2和202.2%;3种群落枯落物层对降水的截留量分别为6.57、5.79和5.26t·hm-2,随着降雨量的增加,截留量增加,截留率减小;0.5~2mm枯落物覆盖下不同含水量的土壤水分蒸发比无覆盖的土壤减少7.95%~56.79%,枯落物层减少土壤水分蒸发的效应随枯落物层厚度和土壤含水量的增大而增加.     

中国草地生态系统模拟增温实验的综合比较

近年来,全球增温对陆地生态系统的影响成为科学家研究的热点之一。草地生态系统是最重要的陆地生态系统之一,故研究草地生态系统对增温的响应尤为重要。本文通过对近10年国内外研究文献的回顾,论述了陆地生态系统增温实验的发展及其在中国草地生态系统的应用,从植物种群、群落、土壤、草地生态功能及动物等方面综合分析了增温对我国高寒草甸、亚高山草甸、羊草草甸、荒漠草原等不同草地类型的影响。结果表明,短期增温有利于草甸区禾本科植物的生长;在植物的不同生长时期增温对地上生物量的重要性存在差异;增温会改变植物的整体物候,显著降低羊草草甸土壤湿度;适度增温可以增加土壤微生物生物量碳、氮,促进高寒草甸土壤碳、磷循环。在此基础上,提出了将来应着重研究的几个科学问题。     

Changes in soil microbial biomass and community structure with addition of contrasting types of plant litter in a semiarid grassland ecosystem

Aims Elevated atmospheric CO₂ has the potential to enhance the net primary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. However, the role of soil microorganisms on soil C cycling following this increased available C remains ambiguous. This study was conducted to determine how quality and quantity of plant litter inputs would affect soil microorganisms and consequently C turnover.Methods Soil microbial biomass and community structure, bacterial community-level physiological profile, and CO₂ emission caused by different substrate C decomposition were investigated using techniques of biological measurements, chemical and stable C isotope analysis, and BIOLOG-ECO microplates in a semiarid grassland ecosystem of northern China in 2006 and 2007 by mixing three contrasting types of plant materials, C₃ shoot litter (SC 3), C₃ root litter (RC 3), and C₄ shoot litter (SC 4), into the 10- to 20-cm soil layer at rates equivalent to 0 (C 0), 60 (C 60), 120 (C 120) and 240 g C m ?2 (C 240).Important findings Litter addition significantly enriched soil microbial biomass C and N and resulted in changes in microbial structure. Principal component analysis of microbial structure clearly differentiated among zero addition, C₃ -plant-derived litter, and C₄ -plant-derived litter and among shoot- and root-derived litter of C₃ plants; soil microorganisms mainly utilized carbohydrates without litter addition, carboxylic acids with C₃ -plant-derived litter addition and amino acids with C₄ -plant-derived litter addition. We also detected stimulated decomposition of older substrate with C₄ -plant-derived litter inputs. Our results show that both quality and quantity of belowground litter are involved in affecting soil microbial community structure in semiarid grassland ecosystem.     

森林凋落物对种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响

森林更新是森林生态系统维持自身稳定的重要环节,其早期阶段(种子萌发与幼苗生长)对气候变化十分敏感,同时显著地受到森林凋落物的影响。对这种影响机制的深入研究,有助于进一步认识和了解森林更新动态和群落演替方向。本文简要概述了近年来国内外森林凋落物研究动态,从森林凋落物影响种子萌发与幼苗生长的物理作用机制(凋落物对种子与幼苗产生的物理障碍与机械损伤,微环境的温度、湿度以及光照条件的变化等)、生物化学作用机制(产生化感物质、降解释放营养物质)以及通过改变土壤理化性质间接对其产生影响等3个方面进行了系统综述,并且就气候变化与森林凋落物的协同作用通过多种方式直接或间接地对树木种子萌发与幼苗生长产生影响的机理进行了初步探讨。在此基础上提出了这一领域未来研究趋势和需要加以重视的问题。     

Effects of grassland species on decomposition of litter and soil microbial communities

Decomposition of litter is greatly influenced not only by its chemical composition but also by activities of soil decomposers. By using leaf litter from 15 plant species collected from semi-natural and improved grasslands, we examined (1) how interspecific differences in the chemical composition of litter influence the abundance and composition of soil bacterial and fungal communities and (2) how such changes in microbial communities are related to the processes of decomposition. The litter from each species was incubated in soil of a standard composition for 60 days under controlled conditions. After incubation, the structure of bacterial and fungal communities in the soil was examined using phospholipid fatty-acid analysis and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Species from improved grasslands had significantly higher rates of nitrogen mineralization and decomposition than those from semi-natural grasslands because the former were richer in nitrogen. Litter from improved grasslands was also richer in Gram-positive bacteria, whereas that from semi-natural grasslands was richer in actinomycetes and fungi. Nitrogen content of litter also influenced the composition of the fungal community. Changes in the composition of both bacterial and fungal communities were closely related to the rate of litter decomposition. These results suggest that plant species greatly influence litter decomposition not only through influencing the quality of substrate but also through changing the composition of soil microbial communities.