作物数量性状基因研究进展

分子生物技术的发展对作物数量性状基因（QTL）研究提供了条件,不同的定位群体各有其特点,相继出现的QTL定位也逐步完善。大量的研究揭示了QTL的基本特征,剖析了重要农艺4性状的遗传基础,给作物遗传改良带来了新的策略,不断深入的研究已经完成了特定的QTL的精细定位和克隆。本从QTL的定位群体,定位方法,研究现状,精细定位与克隆,以及QTL利用等方面对作物数量性状基因的研究进行了综述。     

数量性状基因座的动态定位策略

分子标记辅助数量性状基因（QTL）定位和效应分析技术为深入研究数量性状的遗传基础提供了一个有力手段．但目前的QTL定位策略是静态的,只估计各QTL在某观察时刻的累积效应,无法了解QTL的表达动态．本文提出一种新的QTL定位策略,称为“动态定位”,能够揭示QTI表达的动态过程,并能极大地提高QTL定位的统计功效.     

林木数量性状基因定位中的若干问题

随着ＤＮＡ分子标记技术的迅速发展,ＱＴＬ定位已成为当前生物学研究领域的前沿。迄今已对许多种动、植物定位了许多重要性状的ＱＴＬ。这些研究促进了遗传学的发展,并将作为育种的新策略应用。与作物相比,林木ＱＴＬ定位有其特性。本文详细讨论了林木的生物学特性对ＱＴＬ定位的影响、ＱＴＬ定位的系谱设计和统计分析方法。     

A Novel Targeted Learning Method for Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping

We present a novel semiparametric method for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping in experimental crosses. Conventional genetic mapping methods typically assume parametric models with Gaussian errors and obtain parameter estimates through maximum-likelihood estimation. In contrast with univariate regression and interval-mapping methods, our model requires fewer assumptions and also accommodates various machine-learning algorithms. Estimation is performed with targeted maximum-likelihood learning methods. We demonstrate our semiparametric targeted learning approach in a simulation study and a well-studied barley data set.     

离散性状QTL区间定位的最大似然方法

采用最大似然区间定位法对阈模型与一般线性模型的QTL定位效率进行了比较,并对影响离散性状QTL检测效率的主要因素（QTL效应、性状的遗传力和表型发生率）进行了模拟研究,实验设计为多个家系的女儿设计．资源群体大小为500头。研究结果表明：在QTL参数估计及检验功效方面,阈模型方法具有较大的优势,对离散性状QTL定位的效率明显高于LM（Linear Model）方法,定位的准确性也较高。另外,性状遗传力、QTL效应的大小和性状表型发生率对QTL定位的准确度也有直接的影响,随着性状遗传力和表型发生率的提高,随着QTL效应的增大,QTL定位的效率也进一步提高。     

Quantitative Trait Loci for Aluminum Resistance in Wheat Cultivar Chinese Spring

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is one of the major constrains for wheat production in many wheat growing areas worldwide. Further understanding of inheritance of Al resistance may facilitate improvement of Al resistance of wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.). A set of ditelosomic lines derived from the moderately Al-resistant wheat cultivar Chinese Spring was assessed for Al resistance. The root growth of ditelosomic lines DT5AL, DT7AL, DT2DS and DT4DS was significantly lower than that of euploid Chinese Spring under Al stress, suggesting that Al-resistance genes might exist on the missing chromosome arms of 5AS, 7AS, 2DL and 4DL of Chinese Spring. A population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the cross Annong 8455 × Chinese Spring-Sumai 3 7A substitution line was used to determine the effects of these chromosome arms on Al resistance. A genetic linkage map consisting of 381 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and 168 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers was constructed to determine the genetic effect of the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for Al resistance in Chinese Spring. Three QTLs, Qalt.pser-4D, Qalt.pser-5A and Qalt.pser-2D, were identified that enhanced root growth under Al stress, suggesting that inheritance of Al resistance in Chinese Spring is polygenic. The QTL with the largest effect was flanked by the markers of Xcfd23 and Xwmc331 on chromosome 4DL and most probably is multi-allelic to the major QTL identified in Atlas 66. Two additional QTLs, Qalt.pser-5A and Qalt.pser-2D on chromosome 5AS and 2DL, respectively, were also detected with marginal significance in the population. Some SSR markers identified in this study would be useful for marker-assisted pyramiding of different QTLs for Al resistance in wheat cultivars.     

基于F3种子的胚乳性状QTL区间定位

文章提出了包括胚乳效应和母体效应的胚乳性状QTL定位的统计方法,该方法的实验设计是分子标记基因型信息来自F2母体植株和F3种子胚(或植株),胚乳性状表型值来自F3单粒种子胚乳,称之为两步等级设计。同时,用计算机全面模拟以验证该模型的可行性,模拟结果表明,只要群体足够大,该模型能较有效地进行胚乳性状QTL定位并精确地估计出胚乳QTL的各种遗传效应和母体效应。     

家畜抗性等级性状的QTL定位方法

在广义线性模型的框架内模拟研究了家畜抗性等级性状的QTL定位方法,QTL参数的估计采用最大似然方法,比较了阈模型方法与一般线性方法的QTL定位效率,并对影响等级性状QTL定位效率的主要因素（QTL效应、性状的遗传力）进行了模拟研究,实验设计为多个家系的女儿设计,资源群体大小为500头。研究结果表明：在QTL位置参数估计及检验功效方面,阈模型方法具有一定的优势,对抗性等级性状QTL定位的功效也高于线性方法。另外,性状遗传力和QTL效应的大小对QTL定位的准确度也有直接的影响,随着性状遗传力QTL效应的     

Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) mapping for growth traits in the mouse: A review

The attainment of a specific mature body size is one of the most fundamental differences among species of mammals. Moreover, body size seems to be the central factor underlying differences in traits such as growth rate, energy metabolism and body composition. An important proportion of this variability is of genetic origin. The goal of the genetic analysis of animal growth is to understand its "genetic architecture", that is the number and position of loci affecting the trait, the magnitude of their effects, allele frequencies and types of gene action. In this review, the different strategies developed to identify and characterize genes involved in the regulation of growth in the mouse are described, with emphasis on the methods developed to map loci contributing to the regulation of quantitative traits (QTLs).     

作物数量性状基因图位克隆研究进展

对数量性状基因(QTL)的鉴定和克隆不仅有利于从分子水平上阐明作物重要农艺性状的形成机理,而且对于有效开展这些性状的分子育种,进一步提高作物增产潜力具有重要意义.近年来作物QTL图位克隆取得了重要突破,一批QTL被成功克隆,而模式植物基因组研究的快速发展则为作物QTL图位克隆技术带来了新的策略和方法.本文就相关研究的主要进展和发展趋势进行了综述.     

植物数量性状基因的定位与克隆

作物的许多重要农艺性状属于数量性状,鉴定和发掘控制数量性状的基因及其优异的等位变异,并使之快速应用于育种实践是新时期作物科学家和育种学家所面临的重大课题。本文从QTL作图、QTL的精细定位与图位克隆、QTL近等基因系和染色体片断代换系的建立以及基于LD的关联分析等方面对植物数量性状的研究进展进行了讨论,提出了以植物基因组学技术为平台,将QTL作图与关联分析方法相结合,是进行数量性状遗传机理研究同时服务于作物育种实践的有效途径。     

作物数量性状基因座定位及分析研究进展

近年来,分子数量遗传学的快速发展,使作物复杂数量性状尤其是经济性状的QTL研究取得了巨大进展,大大促进了复杂数量性状的遗传改良和分子操纵。本文从分子标记连锁图谱的构建、QTL定位力方法及效应分析、精细定位和QTL验证及应用等方面综述了二十多年来作物QTL的研究进展,讨论当前QTL研究中存在的问题,并展望了作物QTL研究的发展前景。     

利用籼粳回交群体分析水稻粒形性状相关QTLs

水稻谷粒的外观性状对稻米外观品质存在重要的影响。该研究利用SSR标记,以回交群体Balilla／NTH∥Balilla为作图群体,构建了水稻12条染色体的连锁图,该遗传图谱包括：108个分子标记,平均图距为11．9cM。以构建的遗传图谱为基础,采用区间作图法对谷粒外观性状,包括粒长、粒宽和粒形进行了数量性状基因(QTL)定位。结果表明,粒长、粒宽和粒形在回交群体中均呈近似的正态分布,表现出典型的数量性状特征。QTL定位结果表明,第12染色体上RM101-RM270区间内存在一个与粒长性状相关的QTL,(qGL-12),加性效应约为0．26mm,贡献率为16．7％。在第2和第3染色体上RM154-RM211和RM257-RM175区问内,分别检测到qGW-2和qGW-3两个位点与粒宽性状有关,加性效应为分别为-0．10mm和-0．12mm,贡献率分别为11．5％和16．6％。对于粒形性状,共检测到3个QTLs,qLW-2、qLW-6和qLW-7,分别位于第2、6和7染色体上。其中qLW-2和qLW-7的加性效应分别约为0．09和0．10,两个QTLs分别可解释表型变异的12．7％和18．3％;而qLW-6的加性效应约为-0．13,可解释粒形变异的11．5％。文中还讨论了粒形和稻米外观品质同时改良的可能性。     

水稻粒长QTL定位与主效基因的遗传分析

该研究利用短粒普通野生稻矮杆突变体和长粒栽培稻品种KJ01组配杂交组合F_1,构建分离群体F_2;并对该群体粒长进行性状遗传分析,利用平均分布于水稻的12条染色体上的132对多态分子标记对该群体进行QTL定位及主效QTLs遗传分析,为进一步克隆新的主效粒长基因奠定基础,并为水稻粒形育种提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)所构建的水稻杂交组合分离群体F_2的粒长性状为多基因控制的数量性状。(2)对543株F_2分离群体进行QTL连锁分析,构建了控制水稻粒长的连锁遗传图谱,总长为1 713.94 cM,共检测出24个QTLs,只有3个表现为加性遗传效应,其余位点均表现为遗传负效应。(3)检测到的3个主效QTLs分别位于3号染色体的分子标记PSM379～RID24455、RID24455～RM15689和RM571～RM16238之间,且三者对表型的贡献率分别为54.85%、31.02%和7.62%。(4)在标记PSM379～RID24455之间已克隆到的粒长基因为该研究新发现的主效QTL位点。     

影响水稻花药培养力的数量性状基因座位间的互作

控制数量性状的多个基因间不仅存在加性效应,还存在非等位基因间的互作。对一个籼粳交后代的加倍单倍体群体花药培养,通过Ｅｐｉｓｔａｔ软件分析影响水稻花药 数量性状基因座位间的互作。结果表明,愈伤组织诱导率主要受两个单基因的影响,不存在双基因条件型互作,但有２对互适型互作与其有关。     

水稻种子萌发和苗期ABA敏感性的QTL定位分析

植物激素ABA参与不同的生理过程,尤其是在种子发育和非生物逆境的适应都需要ABA的调控.以水稻珍汕97和旱稻IRAT109为亲本的重组自交系群体为材料,分别调查种子发芽和苗期对ABA的敏感程度.种子发芽阶段以ABA处理下的相对发芽势（Relative germination vigor,RGV）和相对发芽率（Relative germination rate,RGR）为指标,苗期以ABA喷施处理下的卷叶程度（Leaf rolling scores by ABA spaying,LRS）和含ABA水培条件下的卷叶程度（Leaf rolling scores by ABA culturing,LRC）为指标.性状相关分析表明发芽阶段的相对发芽势与苗期卷叶程度呈显著正相关.用复合区间作图法和混合线性模型对ABA敏感性QTL定位和上位性效应分析.两种软件检测到的主效QTL位点大致相同.共检测到5个单位点QTL和6对上位性QTL与发芽阶段的ABA敏感性有关;8个单位点QTL和5对上位性QTL与水稻苗期对ABA的敏感性有关;在苗期,两种ABA处理条件下共检测到两个共同的QTL;仅一个共同的QTL同时控制发芽阶段和苗期对ABA的敏感性.这些研究结果说明,水稻对ABA的敏感性同时受单位点的多基因和上位性基因控制;而且控制种子萌发阶段发芽势和苗期对ABA敏感性的遗传基础有很大的不同.     

Quantitative Trait Loci for Lipid Content in Drosophila melanogaster

Recombinant inbred lines derived from a natural population were used to investigate natural genetic variation for lipid abundance, protein abundance, and weight of Drosophila melanogaster. Females were heavier and contained more lipid and soluble protein than males. Lipid and protein abundance were genetically correlated with female weight, but male weight was not correlated with lipid or protein. Lipid and protein abundance were genetically correlated in males, but not in females. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for weight and protein abundance were predominantly on the X chromosome, whereas QTLs for lipid abundance were found on the second and third chromosomes. QTLs for lipid proportion (lipid abundance normalized by weight or protein abundance) were present on all chromosomes; a lipid proportion QTL on the third chromosome correlated with a QTL for starvation resistance observed in a previous study using the same set of recombinant inbred lines, suggesting that it might underlie both traits. Candidate genes are discussed in relationship to lipid abundance, lipid proportion, and starvation resistance.     

Effector-Triggered Immune Response in Arabidopsis thaliana Is a Quantitative Trait

We identified loci responsible for natural variation in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) responses to a bacterial pathogen virulence factor, HopAM1. HopAM1 is a type III effector protein secreted by the virulent Pseudomonas syringae strain Pto DC3000. Delivery of HopAM1 from disarmed Pseudomonas strains leads to local cell death, meristem chlorosis, or both, with varying intensities in different Arabidopsis accessions. These phenotypes are not associated with differences in bacterial growth restriction. We treated the two phenotypes as quantitative traits to identify host loci controlling responses to HopAM1. Genome-wide association (GWA) of 64 Arabidopsis accessions identified independent variants highly correlated with response to each phenotype. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in a recombinant inbred population between Bur-0 and Col-0 accessions revealed genetic linkage to regions distinct from the top GWA hits. Two major QTL associated with HopAM1-induced cell death were also associated with HopAM1-induced chlorosis. HopAM1-induced changes in Arabidopsis gene expression showed that rapid HopAM1-dependent cell death in Bur-0 is correlated with effector-triggered immune responses. Studies of the effect of mutations in known plant immune system genes showed, surprisingly, that both cell death and chlorosis phenotypes are enhanced by loss of EDS1, a regulatory hub in the plant immune-signaling network. Our results reveal complex genetic architecture for response to this particular type III virulence effector, in contrast to the typical monogenic control of cell death and disease resistance triggered by most type III effectors.