Paeonia anomala的核型研究

报道了Paeonia anomala L．的核型,澄清了新疆阿尔泰地区分布的该物种的染色体数目。分布于该地区的Paeonia anomala L．的核型组成：2n=2x=10=6m＋2sm＋2st。该类群核型与该属其它类群一致——2A型。在综合比较分析该属染色体参数以及核型不均一性参数,包括最长,最短染色体比（L1/Ln）和染色体不对称系数（CKOA）的基础上,我们发现该属三个组在核型上没有明显分化,仅在木本类群（Sect．Mouton DC．）和草本类群（Sect．Onaepia Lindley和Sect．Paeonia）之间存在微小差异。此外,作为二倍体类群,新疆阿尔泰地区分布的Paeonia anomala L．很可能是二倍体杂种,这将为研究被子植物的父母本同倍化杂交式物种起源提供一个很好的研究材料。     

A revision of the Paeonia suffruticosa complex (Paeoniaceae)

The taxonomical concept of the Paeonia suffruticosa complex i.e. Sect. Moutan Subsect. Vaginatae, has changed greatly since 1990. Six species and four subspecies have been described as new and two subspecies raised to specific level. Five species and two subspecies are recognized in the present revision, viz. P. suffruticosa subsp. suffruticosa and subsp. yinpingmudan, P. jishanensis, P. qiui, P. ostii, P. rockii subsp. rockii and subsp. taibaishanica. P. yananensis, P. ridleyi, P. spontanea, P. moutan subsp. atava, P. suffruticosa subsp. atava, P. rockii subsp. linyanshanii and P. ostii var. lishizhenii are treated as synonyms. P. papaveracea and P. baokangensis are proposed to be interspecific hybrids. A key to the recognized species and subspecies is provided. Biological features of the species are described and their distributions are mapped. The relationships between species are inferred and the origins of commonly cultivated tree peonies ( P. suffruticosa and P. ostii ) are discussed.     

Cytogeography and taxonomy of the Paeonia obovata polyploid complex (Paeoniaceae)

 The taxonomy of the Paeonia obovata polyploid complex in E-Asia has been controversial with treatments ranging from one species and two varieties to five species and numerous infraspecific taxa. Extensive observations in the field, analysis of morphological characters based on 32 populations sampled, and the examination of a large amount of herbarium specimens show that all the characters used by previous authors for distinguishing the species are variable between or even within populations: Leaf position, petal colour, stamen number (from 21 to 110 in the red-flowered and from 58 to 239 in the white-flowered form), filament and anther colour, style length as well as follicle number and position. Therefore, all these characters are of no value for species delimitation. However, an extensive chromosome survey and the analysis of morphological characters show that the ploidy level is basically correlated with the geographical distribution and with the indumentum on the lower leaf surface. Thus, the recognition of one species with two subspecies is proposed: Paeonia obovata subsp. obovata, mostly diploid, widely distributed in the north, east and south of the distribution range and glabrous to sparsely pubescent or hirsute on the lower leaf surface, and subsp. willmottiae, tetraploid, limited to the west and with leaves densely hirsute or pubescent below. Received October 30, 1998 Accepted June 21, 2000     

川赤芍的化学成分研究

从川赤芍Paeonia anomala subsp·veitchii根皮的70%丙酮提取物中,分离鉴定了22个化合物,其中包括一个新的24,30位降常春藤皂苷三萜衍生物,命名为paeonenolide H(1)。化合物2,4,9,10为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

Microsatellite markers in the tree peony, Paeonia suffruticosa (Paeoniaceae)

? Premise of the study: Microsatellite primers were developed in the tree peony, Paeonia suffruticosa, to perform paternity tests as well as assignment to variety in special Austrian collections. ? Methods and Results: Using SSR-enriched libraries and EST-mining, 8 polymorphic primer sets were identified in Austrian collections of Paeonia sect. Moutan DC. The primers amplified di- and trinucleotide repeats with 2-6 alleles per locus. All primers also amplified in P. ostii, P. pontaninii var. trolloides, P. delavayi, and P. lutea, and in the herbaceous species P. peregrina and P. tenuifolia (Paeonia sect. Paeon). ? Conclusions: These results show the usefulness of primers in P. suffruticosa for population genetic studies and their ability to cross amplify in related taxa across the genus.     

Syntheses and radical scavenging activities of resveratrol derivatives

Nine new resveratrol derivatives, having bromo, iodo, and fluoroethyl groups, were designed and synthesized. All compounds having free phenol groups showed good free radical scavenging activity. Among them, 2-bromoresveratrol 19 has a similar free radical scavenging activity to (+)-catechin.     

Molecular phylogenetic evidence for the origin of a diploid hybrid of Paeonia (Paeoniaceae)

There is growing evidence that hybridization not only by means of allopolyploidy but also at the homoploidy level was a major driving force of plant diversification. While allopolyploidy is known to be a common mode of speciation in Paeonia (Paeoniaceae), hybrid speciation at the diploid level needs further evaluation. Paeonia anomala was previously considered to be an interspecific hybrid but with an unknown ploidy level. In this study P. anomala is identified as a diploid (2n = 10). With increased sampling of populations and molecular markers, we showed that P. anomala is a homoploid hybrid that originated from a cross between P. veitchii and P. lactiflora. Five populations of P. anomala were sequenced for the following molecular markers: the matK gene and two intergenic spacers, psbA-trnH and rps16-trnQ, of the chloroplast genome; the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA; and three low-copy nuclear genes, Adh1, Adh2, and Gpat. The populations of P. anomala were grouped together with P. veitchii on the ITS and Gpat phylogenies but with P. lactiflora on the chloroplast phylogeny. Sequence polymorphism was found at the Adh1 and Adh2 loci within individuals of P. anomala. These polymorphic sequences were grouped with P. veitchii and P. lactiflora, respectively. Phenetic analysis indicated that P. anomala is morphologically similar to P. veitchii. Phenotypic evolution resulting from the combination of two diverged genomes might have occurred primarily at the physiological level and allowed P. anomala to adapt to geographic regions different from those of its parents.     

Sex allocation under simulated herbivory in the generalist perennial herb Paeonia broteroi (Paeoniaceae)

Theories of optimal resource allocation in flowering plants postulate that allocation to sexual functions are balanced. While many studies have found such evidence in hermaphroditic species among flowers, plants or populations, or at different phenological stages, it has not been supported by other studies. This has been explained by differences among genotypes in ability to acquire resources, resource partitioning among traits unrelated to reproduction or strong selection to maintain positive genetic correlation among traits. I studied how herbivory affected resource allocation to sexual functions in the perennial herb Paeonia broteroi (Paeoniaceae) by measuring a number of floral traits in control plants and in experimental plants under simulated herbivory. The species shows very little plasticity in resource allocation between sexual structures and functions, and appears to be highly sensitive to alterations in the balance of resource acquisition and allocation, with an immediate outcome in terms of seed production and a mid-term response in terms of sprouting and flowering. Plants' ability to collect resources for growth and reproduction before their senescence at the end of the reproductive season, are compromised. This may limit their reproductive potential, the maintenance and growth of their populations, and may influence their demographic state and the plants' ability to respond to selective pressures by external biotic agents.     

滇牡丹花色类群性状变异分析

对滇牡丹（Paeonia delavayi）10个花色类群的13个数量性状和5个质量性状进行了调查及统计分析,结果表明：（1）未发现所有花部性状均为同色的花色类群;（2）从花色与其它质量性状的连锁看,绿色类群均具绿色柱头,且是唯一存在直立花朵、绿色花丝、绿色花药的类群;（3）10个花色类群13个数量性状的平均变异系数范围为32．80％～50．56％,说明不同类群内个体问的性状稳定性差异较大;（4）10个花色类群平均表型分化系数为42．25％,表明滇牡丹10个花色类群表型变异主要来源于类群内,类群间的表型变异也很突出;（5）据花色演化趋势,初步推断云南省迪庆州中甸、德钦一带可能为滇牡丹的起源中心。     

DPPH radical scavenging and semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase inhibitory and cytotoxic activities of Taiwanofungus camphoratus (Chang-chih)

Wild, liquid state culture and solid state culture of Taiwanofungus camphoratus (Chang-chih) were sequentially extracted with cold water, methanol, and hot water to get cold water soluble, methanol soluble, and hot water soluble extracts respectively. The extracts from three Chang-chih were used to determine 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, semicarbazide sensitive amine oxidase inhibitory, and cytotoxic activities against B16-F10 and HT-1080 cell lines. It was found that extracted fractions from three Chang-chih exhibited the different levels of biological activities.     

Screening of epiphytic dinoflagellates for radical scavenging and cytotoxic activities

In the search for antioxidant substances/radical scavengers and cytotoxic substances, extracts from four species (10 strains) of epiphytic dinoflagellates in laboratory cultures were subjected to screening for production of bioactive metabolites. Assays for antioxi-dants were performed using microsomal lipids prepared from rat livers, which were oxidized with Fe³⁺-nitrilotriacetic acid complex (Fe³⁺-NTA). Generated lipid peroxides were determined using the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) colorimetric method. Screening tests for cytotoxic activity were carried out using P388 leukemic cells of which the survival ratio was assessed using the tetrazolium salt (MTT) method. Extracts from two strains (Gymnodinium sp. and Gambierdiscus toxicus) and those from five strains (two of G. toxicus, two of Coolia monotis, and one of Prorocentrum sp.) were found to contain active constituents for antioxidant activity and for cytotoxic activity, respectively.     

Synthesis,antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of novel benzimidazoles

The synthesis and antioxidant evaluation of some novel benzimidazole derivatives (10–24) are described. Antioxidant properties of the compounds were investigated employing various in vitro systems viz., microsomal NADPH-dependent inhibition of lipid peroxidation (LP), interaction of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and scavenging of superoxide anion radical. Compounds 12 and 13 showed very good antioxidant capacity and were 17–18 -fold more potent than BHT (IC₅₀ 2.3 × 10^{? 4}M) with 1.3 × 10^{? 5}M and 1.2 × 10^{? 5}M IC₅₀ values, respectively, by interaction of the stable DPPH free radical.     

Antioxidative and free radical scavenging activities of selected medicinal herbs

The antioxidative and superoxide- and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activities and pro-oxidant effect of twelve selected medicinal herbs were studied. The aqueous extracts of Coptis chinensis, Paeonia suffruticosa, Prunella vulgaris and Senecio scandens exhibited the highest potency in inhibiting rat erythrocyte hemolysis and lipid peroxidation in rat kidney and brain homogenates. The aforementioned four herbs also demonstrated strong superoxide- and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity, but exerted only a slight pro-oxidant effect.     

Synthesis, antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of novel benzimidazoles

The synthesis and antioxidant evaluation of some novel benzimidazole derivatives (10-24) are described. Antioxidant properties of the compounds were investigated employing various in vitro systems viz., microsomal NADPH-dependent inhibition of lipid peroxidation (LP), interaction of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and scavenging of superoxide anion radical. Compounds 12 and 13 showed very good antioxidant capacity and were 17-18-fold more potent than BHT (IC50 2.3 x 10(-4) M) with 1.3 x 10(-5) M and 1.2 x 10(-5) M IC50 values, respectively, by interaction of the stable DPPH free radical.     

Enzyme inhibition activities of Teucrium royleanum

The crude methanolic extract and chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of Teucrium royleanum were examined as inhibitors of actylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, lipoxygenase and urease. A significant enzyme inhibition activity (52-83%) was shown by the crude methanolic extract and its fractions against acetylcholinesterase, while low to outstanding enzyme inhibitory activity was shown (19-93%) against butyrylcholinesterase. The crude methanolic extract and its various fractions demonstrated low activity against lipoxygenase and inactive against urease.     

Enzyme inhibition activities of teucrium royleanum

The crude methanolic extract and chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of Teucrium royleanum were examined as inhibitors of actylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, lipoxygenase and urease. A significant enzyme inhibition activity (52–83%) was shown by the crude methanolic extract and its fractions against acetylcholinesterase, while low to outstanding enzyme inhibitory activity was shown (19–93%) against butyrylcholinesterase. The crude methanolic extract and its various fractions demonstrated low activity against lipoxygenase and inactive against urease.