Rb在细胞周期调控中的作用

Ｒｂ是细胞周期调控及细胞分化中重要的调控因子。它通过与细胞内的调控元件,细胞蛋白相互作用来控制细胞生长和分化。同时它又受到胞内、外多种因子在多个层次上的调控,使Ｒｂ功能与细胞生长、分化状态相适应。     

转录因子E2F在细胞周期调控中的重要作用

转录因子E2F在细胞周期调控中起重要作用。E2F的活性受到pRb,细胞周期素和细胞周期素依赖性激酶的控制。近年来,许多有关E2F研究的新进展揭示了E2F与肿瘤发生、细胞凋亡、肿瘤抑制等均有密切关系。     

肿瘤抑制基因Rb与细胞周期调控研究新进展

Rb与人类多种肿瘤发生关系密切,是一种重要的肿瘤抑制基因.Rb蛋白参与细胞周期调控,与p16、CDK4/6、cyclinD1等形成复杂的反馈调节网络,在G1/S关卡调控中处于中心环节,决定着细胞周期的进程.Rb又是核内信号与胞外信号相互作用的界面,受到胞内外多种因素的调控,使Rb功能与细胞生长、分化状态相适应.     

Ska2/FAM33A:一个参与细胞周期调控与肿瘤发生的新基因

Ska2(spindle and KT associated 2),也称FAM33A(family with sequence similarity 33,member A),是一个最近鉴定的参与细胞周期调控与肿瘤发生发展的新基因。现有研究初步证实,Ska2参与组成Ska复合体,在有丝分裂中期纺锤体检验点关闭中起重要作用;Ska2在小细胞肺癌和乳腺癌中呈现表达上调,可通过糖皮质激素受体等途径参与细胞增殖调节和肿瘤发生发展;NF-κΒ和CREB等转录因子可能参与Ska2的表达调控。Ska2有望成为一个恶性肿瘤诊断和靶向治疗的新靶点。     

基因丢失或失活在肿瘤发生中的作用研究进展

在癌变原理的研究中,分子肿瘤学领域取得了令人瞩目的成就,发现了与肿瘤发生密切相关的两类基因。第一类是所谓的癌基因(原癌基因),它们是细胞的正常基因,在演化中高度保守,在细胞正常生长和分化过程中有着重要的生理功能。但在外界致癌因素的作用下,通过点突变、DNA重排和基因扩增等方式使这些癌基因激活而导致肿瘤发生。在体外的试验中,用已激活的癌基因去转染特定实验动物细胞,可以使     

PKC亚型在细胞周期调控中的作用

蛋白激酶C(protein kinase C,PKC)是70年代末由Nishizuka等发现的,它是由相关蛋白构成的一个大家族。目前为止已经发现PKC家族的十三种亚型,各亚型均为单肽链,分子量约为67-83KD,按照它们激活时对Ca~(2+)、PKC的天然激活剂二脂酰甘油(DAG)的需要程度将其划分为三种类型,第一种为经典PKC(classical PKCs,cPKC),包含α、βI、βⅡ和γ四种亚型;第二种为新型PKC(novel PKCs,nPKC),包括δ、ε、η、θ和μ亚型;第三种为非典型PKC(atypical PKC,aPKC),包括λ、ξ和新发现的PKC3亚型。cPKC可以被Ca~(2+)、DAG和佛波酯激活;nPKC不含Ca~(2+)结合位点,不能被Ca~(2+)激活,但可被DAG和佛波酯激活;aPKC则不能被Ca~(2+)或者佛波酯激活(见表1)。     

细胞周期蛋白B基因与果蝇感受器细胞谱系

果蝇感受器由特定谱系的产生所形成⒚本文报导与控制化学感受器细胞谱系特化基因ｐ ｏｘｎ 起相互调控作用的一个基因突变体的分离和鉴定的结果⒚该突变体在基因纯合状态时,其刚毛上的化学和机械感受器的数目和形态出现异常⒚分子和细胞遗传学研究表明 Ｐ 转位子插入到 ｃｙｃ Ｂ 基因的 ５′调控区域内⒚     

EZH2在消化系统肿瘤发生发展中的作用

消化系统肿瘤是一类由多因素和多基因异常引发的恶性肿瘤,相关基因的异常表观遗传调控与其发生和发展密切相关。果蝇zeste基因增强子人类同源物(enhancer of zeste homolog 2,EZH2)是多梳蛋白抑制复合体2(polycomb repressive complex2,PRC 2)的核心亚基,也是一种重要的负性表观遗传调控蛋白质,它通过催化组蛋白H3K 27位点的甲基化而使肿瘤抑制基因表达沉默。近年来研究发现,EZH2在消化系统肿瘤组织和细胞中高表达,并与肿瘤的增殖、侵袭和转移显著性正相关,可独立用作肿瘤患者不良预后指标。对EZH2与消化系统肿瘤相互关系的深入研究,将对这类肿瘤的治疗提供新的分子靶点和新的途径。     

细胞周期中DNA复制的控制

细胞周期中ＤＮＡ复制的控制陆长德（中国科学院上海生物化学研究所２０００３１）真核细胞ＤＮＡ复制发生在细胞周期的Ｓ期,细胞ＤＮＡ复制的控制从狭义上看发生在ＤＮＡ复制的起始上;从广义上看,也发生在参与ＤＮＡ复制的酶和蛋白质因子的基因表达调控上。关于这些调控机制虽然远还没搞清,但也取得了一些进展,与近来细胞生物学,以及肿瘤研究的一些进展结合起来,可以说已初露端倪。进一步研究真核细胞ＤＮＡ复制的控制进一步研究真核细胞DNA复制的控制无疑对于搞清细胞周期在G1\S 期的控制机制具有重要意义。 要意义。     

Pax基因家族在果蝇发育过程中的调控作用

Pax是一个在进化上相当保守的基因家族, 它们编码的产物是一组极为重要的转录调控因子, 并存在于从果蝇到人类的各种生物体中, 参与细胞内信号传导通路的调控, 在胚胎发育过程中对细胞分化、更新、凋亡起重要的调控作用, 影响器官和组织的形成。果蝇中已发现10个Pax基因家族成员, 它们对果蝇胚胎发育及成虫组织器官的分化有非常重要的调控作用。文章结合最新的研究进展, 就果蝇中Pax基因的结构、表达模式和主要功能做一简要综述。     

细胞周期分子机制的成功探索——2001年诺贝尔生理及医学奖部分工作介绍

细胞周期是指连续分裂的细胞从一次有丝分裂结束到下一次有丝分裂完成所经历的整个序贯过程.在这一过程中,细胞的遗传物质(DNA)经过复制平均分配到两个子细胞中.细胞周期中每一事件都是有规律、精确地发生,并且在时间与空间上受到严格调控.细胞周期中最关键的三类调控因子是：cdc基因、周期蛋白依赖性激酶(CDKs)及细胞周期蛋白(cyclin).这些调控因子的发现对肿瘤学及发育生物学的发展都有重要的理论和实践意义.     

PTEN基因诱导人胚肾293细胞凋亡和细胞周期停滞

为了研究抑癌基因PTEN过表达对HEK293细胞凋亡和细胞周期停滞的作用,以野生型PTEN和PTEN突变子(T910G)表达质粒分别转染无PTEN表达的人胚肾293细胞,采用细胞质梯度DNA方法检测细胞凋亡,以流式细胞仪分析细胞周期.发现PTEN过表达能够诱导人胚肾293细胞质中出现梯度DNA,293细胞发生凋亡,PTEN过表达改变细胞周期分布,G0/G1期细胞增加13%,S期细胞下降15%.PTEN突变子对细胞凋亡和G1细胞停滞的影响略弱于野生型PTEN.PTEN基因过表达明显下调血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)诱导的蛋白激酶B(PKB)和p42,p44-促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)磷酸化水平,PTEN突变子对p42,p44-MAPK磷酸化水平的调节作用略弱于野生型PTEN.PTEN通过抑制细胞增殖,诱导细胞凋亡而影响细胞生长.     

The Drosophila Tumorous lethal hematopoietic oncogene is a dominant mutation in the hopscotch locus

The Drosophila Tumorous-lethal (Tum-l) mutation acts as an activated oncogene, causing hematopoietic neoplasms, overproliferation, and premature differentiation. Tum-l is a dominant mutation in the hopscotch (hop) locus, which is required for cell division and for proper embryonic segmentation. The Tum-l temperature-sensitive period for melanotic tumor formation includes most of larval and pupal development.     

scabrous Modifies Epithelial Cell Adhesion and Extends the Range of Lateral Signalling during Development of the Spaced Bristle Pattern in Drosophila

The role of scabrous (sca) in the evenly spaced bristle pattern of Drosophila is explored. Loss-of-function of sca results in development of an excess of bristles. Segregation of alternately spaced bristle precursors and epidermal cells from a group of equipotential cells relies on lateral inhibition mediated by Notch and Delta (Dl). In this process, presumptive bristle precursors inhibit the neural fate of neighbouring cells, causing them to adopt the epidermal fate. We show that Dl, a membrane-bound ligand for Notch, can inhibit adjacent cells, in direct contact with the precursor, in the absence of Sca. In contrast, inhibition of cells not adjacent to the precursor requires, in addition, Sca, a secreted molecule with a fibrinogen-related domain. Over-expression of Sca in a wild-type background, leads to increased spacing between bristles, suggesting that the range of signalling has been increased. scabrous acts nonautonomously, and we present evidence that, during bristle precursor segregation, Sca is required to maintain the normal adhesive properties of epithelial cells. The possible effects of such changes on the range of signalling are discussed. We also show that the sensory organ precursors extend numerous fine cytoplasmic extensions bearing Dl molecules, and speculate on a possible role for these structures during signalling.     

Characterization of a region of the X chromosome of Drosophila including multi sex combs (mxc), a Polycomb group gene which also functions as a tumour suppressor

Genetic analysis of the 8D3;8D8-9 segment of the Drosophila melanogaster X chromosome has assigned seven complementation groups to this region, three of which are new. A Polycomb group (Pc-G) gene, multi sex combs (mxc), is characterized and mutant alleles are described. Besides common homeotic transformations characteristic of Pc-G mutants that mimic the ectopic gain of function of BX-C and ANT-C genes, mxc mutants show other phenotypes: they zygotically mimic, in males and females, the characteristic lack of germ line seen in progeny of some maternal effect mutants of the so-called posterior group (the grandchildless phenotype). Loss of normal mxc function can promote uncontrolled malignant growth which indicates a possible relationship between Pc-G genes and tumour suppressor genes. We propose that gain-of-function of genes normally repressed by the wild-type mxc product could, in mxc mutants, give rise to an incoherent signal which would be devoid of meaning in normal development. Such a signal could divert somatic and germ line developmental pathways, provoke the loss of cell affinities, but allow or promote growth.     

Indirect evidence of alteration in the expression of the rDNA genes in interspecific hybrids betweenDrosophila melanogaster andDrosophila simulans

Crosses betweenDrosophila melanogaster females andD. simulans males produce viable hybrid females, while males are lethal. These males are rescued if they carry theD. simulans Lhr gene. This paper reports that females of the wild-typeD. melanogaster population Staket do not produce viable hybrid males when crossed withD. simulans Lhr males, a phenomenon which we designate as the Staket phenotype. The agent responsible for this phenomenon was found to be the StaketX chromosome (X ^mel ,Stk). Analysis of the Staket phenotype showed that it is suppressed by extra copies ofD. melanogaster rDNA genes and that theX ^mel ,Stk chromosome manifests a weak bobbed phenotype inD. melanogaster X ^mel ,Stk/0 males. The numbers of functional rDNA genes inX ^mel ,Stk andX ^mel ,y w (control) chromosomes were found not to differ significantly. Thus a reduction in rDNA gene number cannot account for the weak bobbedX ^mel ,Stk phenotype let alone the Staket phenotype. The rRNA precursor molecules transcribed from theX ^mel ,Stk rDNA genes seem to be correctly processed in both intraspecific (melanogaster) and interspecific (melanogaster-simulans) conditions. It is therefore suggested that theX ^mel ,Stk rDNA genes are inefficiently transcribed in themelanogaster-simulans hybrids.     

Paucimannose N-glycans in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster

There is a rich diversity of paucimannose N-glycans in worms and flies, and these may play a role in the survival of these organisms. Although paucimannose N-glycans are not expressed in vertebrates, complex N-glycans may take over some of the functions of paucimannose N-glycans. Identification of the target proteins of β-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GnTI) in worms and flies and elucidation of their functions may thus lead to a better understanding of the role of GnTI-dependent glycoproteins in the survival/longevity of both invertebrates and vertebrates.