广西大瑶山濒危物种金斑喙凤蝶(广西亚种)的形态学、生物学特征

金斑喙凤蝶Teinoplpus aureus Mell分布于亚洲东南部沿海地区,已报道有5个地理亚种。在世界保护协会(IUCN)2004年濒危物种红色名录中金斑喙凤蝶被列为DD(Data deficient)物种,在我国动物保护名录(1989)中在我国动物保护名录(1989)中被列为一级保护物种被列为一级保护物种。自从1923年以来,由于数据欠缺,尤其是生物学方面的数据,使得金斑喙凤蝶的研究工作一直难以深入开展,保护工作更是难以做到实处。作者于2003年3月至2005年11月在广西大瑶山开展了对金斑喙凤蝶(广西亚种)的自然形态学、生物学研究,通过野外实地观察、跟踪与记录等方法,结果首次揭示:在大瑶山金斑喙凤蝶1年发生2代,少数1年1代,以蛹越冬。成虫活动时间为每年的4月上旬至6月上旬和8月上旬至9月中旬,雌虫产卵方式为散产,通常为"一枝一叶一卵"式。已确认其寄主植物有两种:光叶拟单性木兰(Parakmeria nitida)与广东含笑(Michelia chapensis)。幼虫共5龄,老熟幼虫离开寄主植物,在林下层各类植物上化蛹。文章首次对金斑喙凤蝶物种在自然栖境中的形态学、生物学特征进行详尽描述。     

太白山大熊猫的分布与保护

该文主要以1993年对太白山大熊猫资源调查和1996年对大熊猫资源调查为基础,对太白山大熊猫的分布与保护进行了分析研究,结果表明:太白山的大熊猫主要分布在秦岭南坡的海棠河、大干沟、小干沟、欠开营河、太白河、龙洞沟和太白山主峰拔仙台东南、秦岭北坡的万泉沟,栖息地面积14?898hm2.分布大熊猫为11只,栖息在海拔1?800～2?900m之间的落叶阔叶林带、桦木林带、巴山冷杉林带下,为我国大熊猫的一块新的栖息地,也是分布的最北界.这块栖息地目前正受到采伐、割竹、旅游、采药等人为活动的干扰和威胁,必须采取保护措施,阻止栖息地的进一步恶化和对大熊猫的干扰.     

A butterfly hotspot in western China,its environmental threats and conservation

A butterfly species inventory of the Bifeng Valley within the Baishuijiang Natural Reserve in Gansu Province in China was conducted and several aspects of biodiversity were analyzed in a biogeographical context. One hundred and eighty-four species have been encountered belonging to 12 families and 99 genera. According to the total area of the Bifeng Valley of 30 km2, an estimated density of six butterfly species per km2 can be regarded as particularly high. A transect study in Bifeng Valley, aimed to quantify anthropogenic impact and the influence of remaining natural habitat on the occurrence of butterfly species and individuals. With higher levels of human disturbance and corresponding decreasing amount of natural habitat species numbers and overall butterfly abundance decreased. First suggestions on the inclusion of the rarest species in the area into certain conservation categories are provided. This is intended as a starting point to highlight conservation necessities and deficiencies in areas which are easily ignored as these are only rarely highlighted in an national and even more so in an international context.     

Interactions between habitat quality and connectivity affect immigration but not abundance or population growth of the butterfly, Parnassius smintheus

Habitat geometry has been a primary focus in studies of spatially structured systems. Recent studies have indicated that a more comprehensive approach including habitat quality may be needed, however most previous studies have neglected potential interactions between quality and geometry. We investigated the effects of habitat quality for the butterfly Parnassius smintheus among a series of 17 sub‐populations. Specifically, we examined how habitat connectivity and local nectar flower density affect dispersal, and local population abundance and growth. We first determined which flower species were potentially important by examining nectar flower electivity and then quantified nectar flower density in meadows over a five year period (2003–2007). These data along with meadow connectivity were compared to local population statistics derived from mark–recapture over the same time period. The number of immigrants to a meadow increased as meadow connectivity increased, but showed no direct relationship with nectar flower density; however, there was a significant interaction between meadow connectivity and nectar flower density such that meadows with high connectivity and a high density of nectar flowers received the greatest number of immigrants. The number of emigrants from a meadow increased with increasing habitat quality and connectivity, but showed no interactive effect. The abundance of butterflies increased with meadow connectivity, but showed no relationship with habitat quality or any interactive effect. Separate experiments showed that access to nectar flowers significantly increased female reproductive output, but not lifespan. Despite the effects on immigration and reproductive output, local population growth rates also showed no relationship to nectar flower density. Our results indicate that habitat quality can be important for immigration in spatially structured populations; however, effects of habitat quality may not necessarily translate into higher abundance or population growth. Additionally, habitat quality should not be considered independently from habitat isolation, particularly if it directly affects dispersal. Preserving or augmenting habitat quality will do little to bolster immigration or colonization without adequate connectivity.     

Potential metapopulation structure and the effects of habitat quality on population size of the endangered False Ringlet butterfly

The False Ringlet (Coenonympha oedippus) is a European butterfly species, endangered due to the severe loss and fragmentation of its habitat. In Hungary, two remaining populations of the butterfly occur in lowland Purple Moorgrass meadows. We studied a metapopulation occupying twelve habitat patches in Central Hungary. Our aim was to reveal what measures of habitat quality affect population size and density of this metapopulation, estimate dispersal parameters and describe phenology of subpopulations. Local population sizes and dispersal parameters were estimated from an extensive mark–release–recapture dataset, while habitat quality was characterized by groundwater level, cover of grass tussocks, bush cover, height of vegetation and grass litter at each habitat patch. The estimated size of the metapopulation was more than 3,000 individuals. We estimated a low dispersal capacity, especially for females, indicating a very low probability of (re)colonization. Butterfly abundance and density in local populations increased with higher grass litter, lower groundwater level and larger area covered by tussocks. We suppose that these environmental factors affect butterfly abundance by determining the microclimatic conditions for both larvae and adult butterflies. Our results suggest that the long-term preservation of the studied metapopulation needs the maintenance of high quality habitat patches by appropriate mowing regime and water regulation. Management also should facilitate dispersal to strengthen metapopulation structure with creating stepping-stones or gradually increase habitat quality in present matrix.     

甘肃小陇山林区不同生境类型蝶类多样性研究

于2006～2008年对甘肃小陇山林区不同生境类型中蝴蝶多样性进行了调查研究,研究中依据植被的不同将该林区的蝴蝶生境划分为6种类型:人工林、灌木丛和次生林、居民农田、针阔混交林、落叶阔叶林、针叶林。共获得蝴蝶标本5365只,隶属于11科116属210种。计算了6种生境类型中蝶类物种丰富度、相似性系数和多样性指数。不同生境中,灌木丛和次生林蝶类物种的多样性指数、丰富度和个体数量较高,人工林物种多样性指数、丰富度和个体数量较低;人工林与针叶林之间的相似性系数(0.4194)最高,针阔混交林与落叶阔叶林的相似性系数(0.2951)次之,人工林与灌木丛和次生林之间的相似性系数(0.0769)最低,表明各生境之间蝶类相似性系数很低。     

麦积山风景区不同生境类型蝶类的多样性

于2003~2004年对麦积山地区不同生境类型中蝴蝶多样性进行调查研究。依据海拔高度、气候、土壤和植被的不同将该地区的蝴蝶生境划分为3种类型:林缘山地、森林林地、裸岩。共收集蝴蝶3950只,隶属8科43属64种。计算了3种生境类型中蝶类物种丰富度、相似性系数、多样性指数。其中,蝴蝶物种丰富度由大到小为森林林地(8·8359)>林缘山地(6·1442)>裸岩(1·4711),物种多样性指数由大到小为森林林地(H'=1·4068)>裸岩(H'=0·9746)>林缘山地(H'=0·9201);森林林地和林缘山地的相似性系数最高(0·2221),其次是林缘山地和裸岩(0·0869),森林林地和裸岩相似性系数最低(0·0656)。     

The population ecology of a natural population of the pierid butterfly Colias alexandra

Summary Key factor analysis techniques were used to examine factors determining the abundance of a population of non-pest Colias. The number of individuals entering each successive life stage in the sample population are summarized in life tables for 1975 to 1979. Survivorship to the adult is a relatively consistent proportionality (-x=1.2%, S.D.=1.14; 1975–1979). Factors resulting in reduced natality and, less importantly, mortality during larval diapause determine the population trends for C. alexandra. Egg mortality, pre-diapause larval mortality and postdiapause mortality contribute little to these trends. Possible key sources contributing to reduced natality are examined. Mortality of adults (including removal by collectors), poor weather conditions during the oviposition period, unseasonal snow or drought which affect nectar sources or oviposition sites are among the factors which cause reduced natality and result in population depression.     

Understanding the population dynamics of a rare, polyvoltine butterfly

Understanding the effects of endogenous and exogenous factors on population dynamics is essential for assessing the viability of populations, setting recovery goals for endangered species, and evaluating management options. Invertebrates are particularly difficult to monitor and few long-term datasets are available for these species. Additionally, limited resources make it necessary to perform monitoring as efficiently as possible. Here, I use the bivoltine Karner blue butterfly Lycaeides melissa samuelis to demonstrate how analyzing the effects of density-dependent factors and weather on separate life stages can be utilized to understand monitoring data, assess populations and identify critical life-history parameters. My first step was to compare the use of peak numbers as an index of population size with estimates obtained from a more data intensive methodology. Peak numbers proved to be an effective index, and so I utilized this index to analyze 10 and 13 years of monitoring data at two Karner blue butterfly sites in New York, USA. I modeled the effects of weather and density dependence on two distinct population growth rates ( λ ) per year. Analysis with Akaike's Information Criteria indicated that both sites were primarily influenced by density dependence during the summer period and by weather conditions during the winter period. Large population declines occurred in the winter period and were a result of the previous year's dry summer and cool spring weather. I conclude that recovery goals for this endangered species should include a second brood-carrying capacity, mean winter growth rate and multiple sites with independent populations. This study represents a rare, long-term study on the population dynamics of a polyvoltine species. Understanding the population dynamics of polyvoltine species, such as the Karner blue butterfly, will assist in the conservation of many invertebrate and small mammal species.     

太白山5种杜鹃属植物叶片光合特性及解剖结构的生态适应性研究

对分布于太白山海拔2 000～3 700 m的5种杜鹃属植物的叶片光合特性和形态解剖结构进行了研究.结果显示:头花杜鹃分布于高山灌丛,光饱和点、光补偿点高,强光适应性好,耐荫性差;爬枇杷分布于3 000～3 400 m的太白红杉林下,光饱和点较低,光补偿点最高,利用强光能力较弱,生态幅较窄;金背杜鹃、药枇杷、秀雅杜鹃分布于2 000～3 200 m的红桦、牛皮桦林下,光补偿点低,耐荫性强,生态幅宽.在形态结构上,5种杜鹃的栅海组织比均远小于1,属耐荫植物.头花杜鹃叶表密被鳞片,栅栏组织发达,通气组织发达;爬枇杷栅栏组织发达,排列紧密;金背杜鹃叶下表皮密被毛,气孔密度最高,海绵组织排列疏松;秀雅杜鹃叶上下表皮密被鳞片;药枇杷的栅栏组织厚度最小,栅海组织比最低.研究表明,5种杜鹃属植物叶片结构特征的形成是对生境条件长期适应的结果.     

The structure and genetics of a montane population of the checkerspot butterfly,Chlosyne palla

Summary The population structure, genetics and ecology of the checkerspot butterfly, Chlosyne palla, in an area of Gunnison County, Colorado were investigated. The population structure was found to be quite different from that of most butterflies and from all of those aspects known for its thoroughly studied relative, Euphydryas editha. The population unit of Chlosyne palla may cover an area some five to eight times the size of the largest known Euphydryas population and twice the size of an Erebia epipsodea population in the same county of Colorado.Genetic variation at eleven loci of Chlosyne palla was examined by electrophoresis. Three samples of Chlosyne palla separated by 1.6, 4.7, and 12.0 km were not significantly different. Comparison with Euphydryas editha yields a genetic similarity of 0.186, about the same level as found by Ayala (1975) for different genera of Drosophila. Euphydryas editha from the same Colorado location were more similar to California E. editha than to C. palla, showing concordance with the phenetic classification. Decreased heterozygosity was observed for the Colorado E. editha and C. palla compared to California populations of E. editha and E. chalcedona.     

Metapopulation structure and habitat quality in modelling dispersal in the butterfly Iolana iolas

Quantifying dispersal is fundamental to understanding the effects of fragmentation on populations. Although it has been shown that patch and matrix quality can affect dispersal patterns, standard metapopulation models are usually based on the two basic variables, patch area and connectivity. In 2004 we studied migration patterns among 18 habitat patches in central Spain for the butterfly Iolana iolas, using mark–release–recapture methods. We applied the virtual migration (VM) model and estimated the parameters of emigration, immigration and mortality separately for males and females. During parameter estimation and model simulations, we used original and modified patch areas accounting for habitat quality with three different indices. Two indices were based on adult and larval resources (flowers and fruits) and the other one on butterfly density. Based on unmodified areas, our results showed that both sexes were markedly different in their movements and mortality rates. Females emigrated more frequently from patches, but males that emigrated were estimated to move longer daily dispersal distances and suffer higher mortality than females during migration. Males were more likely to emigrate from small than from large patches, but patch area had no significant effect on female emigration. The effects of area on immigration rate and the within-patch mortality were similar in both sexes. Based on modified areas, the estimated parameter values and the model simulation results were similar to those estimated using the unmodified patch areas. One possible reason for the failure to significantly improve the parameter estimates of the VM model is the fact that resource quantity and butterfly population sizes were strongly correlated with patch area. Our results suggest that the standard VM modelling approach, based on patch area and connectivity, can provide a realistic picture of the movement patterns of I. iolas .     

The inheritance and population genetics of sex ratio in the butterfly Acraea encedon

In West and East Africa the butterfly, Acraea encedon , occurs in well-defined populations that are often predominantly female. Breeding the butterfly in the laboratory revealed the presence of an all-female strain, which is inherited directly through the female parent. It is probable that the inheritance is controlled by a Y-linked gene, causing meiotic drive in the Y chromosome, but the possibility of cytoplasmic inheritance has not been ruled out. A simple model for the population genetics of a predominantly female population indicates that such a population should rapidly become extinct due to the spreading of the all-female strain, but in most field populations studied extinction does not occur as quickly as predicted, if at all. Three factors which could enable populations to avoid extinction are investigated: suppressing systems, frequency-dependent mating preference and the sequence of emergence of the sexes in normal broods. No positive evidence has yet been found for the existence of a gene or genes capable of suppressing the sex ratio aberration, and no frequency-dependent mating preference was found, but an argument is presented which shows that the sequence of emergence in normal broods could be partly responsible for the maintenance of stable equilibria in predominantly female populations. Attempts to upset the sex ratio in the normal strain by making crosses between widely separated populations were not successful.     

秦岭太白山北坡土壤拮抗性放线菌分布及特性

以太白山北坡12个不同海拔高度的代表性土样为研究对象,采用皿内琼脂块法筛选拮抗性放线茵.结果表明:在太白山北坡不同海拔高度土壤中生存着大量拮抗性放线菌,在分离出的141株放线菌中,有82.3％的放线菌对21种靶标菌有拮抗作用.其中,海拔800～1845、3488、3655和3670 m土壤中的拮抗性放线菌分别占其总数73.7％～86.8％、81.3％、78.9％及82.3％,在海拔1200～2300及3400 m以上土壤中分离到的广谱强拮抗性放线菌占其总数的42.1％.在拮抗性放线菌中,对金黄色葡萄球菌有强拮抗性的放线菌占拮抗菌总数的24.1％,对棉花黄萎病、草莓疫霉及人参根腐病原菌等多种植物病原菌有强拮抗性的放线菌分别占拮抗菌总数的2.4％、6.9％和11.2％.土壤放线菌拮抗潜势SAAP可作为评价土壤中拮抗性放线菌资源蕴藏量的定量指标.     

Modelling the effect of habitat fragmentation on range expansion in a butterfly

There is an increasing need for conservation programmes to make quantitative predictions of biodiversity responses to changed environments. Such predictions will be particularly important to promote species recovery in fragmented landscapes, and to understand and facilitate distribution responses to climate change. Here, we model expansion rates of a test species (a rare butterfly, Hesperia comma) in five landscapes over 18 years (generations), using a metapopulation model (the incidence function model). Expansion rates increased with the area, quality and proximity of habitat patches available for colonization, with predicted expansion rates closely matching observed rates in test landscapes. Habitat fragmentation constrained expansion, but in a predictable way, suggesting that it will prove feasible both to understand variation in expansion rates and to develop conservation programmes to increase rates of range expansion in such species.