雪松松针挥发油化学成分及抗氧化活性研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取雪松松针挥发油,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析其化学成分。使用维生素C为阳性对照,以DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基和羟基自由基清除作用为指标评价挥发油的抗氧化活性。从雪松松针挥发油中鉴定了37种化学成分,占挥发油总量的95.10%,以烃类和醇类为主;挥发油对DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基和羟基自由基有明显的清除作用,其IC₅₀分别为0.30、0.22及0.96 μg·mL^-1,且呈现一定的量效关系。可见,雪松松针挥发油中含有多种有应用价值的化学成分,具有显著的抗氧化活性。     

不同提取方法对印度紫檀叶片挥发性成分的GC-MS分析

采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)分析同时蒸馏萃取法(SDE)、固相微萃取法(SPME)和动态顶空吸附法(DHA)三种方法提取的印度紫檀挥发性成分。结果表明:三种方法提取印度紫檀挥发油的化学成分有差异。同时蒸馏萃取法提取印度紫檀挥发油鉴定出25种化合物,主要成分为2-硝基乙醇,相对含量为35.29%;固相微萃取法提取印度紫檀挥发油鉴定出27种化合物,主要成分为乙酸叶醇酯,相对含量为33.62%;动态顶空吸附法提取印度紫檀挥发油鉴定出27种化合物,主要成分为2-硝基乙醇,相对含量为30.42%。三种方法共检测到2种相同组分,检出的主要物质是醇类、酯类和缩醛。     

火棘花挥发油化学成分的GC-MS分析及抗氧化活性研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取火棘花挥发油,利用气相色谱—质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析其化学成分。使用维生素C和BHT为阳性对照,以DPPH自由基、亚硝酸钠清除作用为指标评价挥发油的抗氧化活性。从挥发油中鉴定了77个化合物,占挥发油总量的83.77%,含有多种生物活性成分,以萜类及其含氧衍生物(50.31%)、烷烃(18.52%)、醛(5.54%)为主;挥发油对DPPH自由基、亚硝酸钠有明显的清除作用,清除率为50%时,其体积分别为43.51、79.48μL,样品量与清除率间呈量效关系;挥发油对DPPH自由基的清除效果略低于1 mg·mL-1维生素C,对亚硝酸钠的清除效果优于1 mg·mL-1的BHT。     

丹桂4个花期挥发性成分GC-MS分析及清除DPPH自由基活性的研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取丹桂花不同时期的挥发油,结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术对其进行分析和鉴定,用面积归一化法测定各组分的相对百分含量,并对该挥发油清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基能力进行了研究。结果表明:丹桂初花期、盛花初期、盛花期和末花期4个时期分别鉴定出29、30、34和27种化学成分,共鉴定出61种化合物,包括萜烯类15种、醇类15种、醛类6种、酮类9种、酯类8种、烷烃类6种、炔烃1种及氧化物类化合物1种,它们共有成分有8种,此外还检测到一些特有成分,初花期14种、盛花初期5种、盛花期5种和末花期4种。丹桂花挥发油具有一定清除DPPH自由基的能力,但其清除能力低于同质量浓度的Vc。     

不同干燥方法对珠兰花挥发油成分及其生物活性的影响

为了研究不同干燥方法对珠兰花中成分种类及其功能的影响,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取珠兰花中的挥发油,通过气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)对不同干燥方法获得的挥发油进行化学成分分析,同时研究其对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基和2,2′-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸(ABTS)自由基除能力、抑制微生物生长为评价指标及酪氨酸酶抑制作用,研究不同方法干燥后珠兰花挥发油抗氧化和抑菌作用、抑制酪氨酸酶作用。结果表明:2种干燥处理后珠兰花的挥发油共鉴定出62种化合物,鼓风加热干燥法鉴定出58种,阴干法鉴定出56种,共有物质52种,烯类化合物含量最高。珠兰花挥发油抗氧化活性鼓风加热干燥优于阴干,均具有一定的抑菌性,酪氨酸酶抑制作用也是鼓风加热干燥方式较优,挥发油的功能性都具有浓度效应,也表明珠兰花具有美白产品研发价值。综合而言,珠兰花挥发油成分种类丰富,鼓风加热干燥处理后其挥发油萃取效果较佳。     

不同提取方法对黔产水香薷挥发性成分的影响

比较不同提取方法对黔产水香薷挥发性成分影响。采用固相微萃取法、水蒸气蒸馏法提取水香薷挥发性成分,用GC-MS联用仪进行测定,结合NIST05和WILEY275谱库鉴定各化合物,峰面积归一化法测定各成分相对含量。利用两种提取方法供从水香薷中鉴别出67个化合物。从固相微萃取法提取物中检测并鉴定了45个化合物,而从水蒸气蒸馏法提取物种检测并鉴定了55个化合物。其中挥发性相同的化合物有33种,两种不同提取方法得到的挥发性成分虽有差异,但主要成分变化不大。体外抗菌试验表明,水香薷挥发性成分具有抑菌作用。这些研究结果为香料植物水香薷的开发提供了科学依据。     

Effects of different extraction methods on volatile chemical constituents of the Elscholtzia kachinensis distributed in Guizhou Province

比较不同提取方法对黔产水香薷挥发性成分影响.采用固相微萃取法、水蒸气蒸馏法提取水香薷挥发性成分,用GC-MS联用仪进行测定,结合NIST05和WILEY275谱库鉴定各化合物,峰面积归一化法测定各成分相对含量.利用两种提取方法供从水香薷中鉴别出67个化合物.从固相微萃取法提取物中检测并鉴定了45个化合物,而从水蒸气蒸馏法提取物种检测并鉴定了55个化合物.其中挥发性相同的化合物有33种,两种不同提取方法得到的挥发性成分虽有差异,但主要成分变化不大.体外抗菌试验表明,水香薷挥发性成分具有抑菌作用.这些研究结果为香料植物水香薷的开发提供了科学依据.     

芫荽茎叶精油的消除DPPH自由基作用

用GC-MS对超声波法提取的芫荽茎叶精油成分进行了分析,检测出154个成分,解析出70种物质,占精油93．643％,含量最多的是酯类化合物47．569％,其次为饱和与非饱和烃类化合物19．897％,醛类化合物和醇类化合物含量分别为13．406％,12．595％。探讨了精油对DPPH的清除作用,结果显示,用超声波萃取法获得的精油对DPPH自由基（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl）具有一定的消除作用,最高消除率62．9％,水蒸汽蒸馏法获得的芫荽茎叶精油的DPPH自由基清除率最大为84．2％。     

2种方法提取绒毛香茶菜精油成分及体外抗氧化能力的比较研究

分别采用微波辅助水蒸气蒸馏法和超声波辅助水蒸气蒸馏法,从新鲜的绒毛香茶菜叶片中提取精油,用GC-MS对精油化学成分进行测定,且对比了2种不同方法提取的精油对DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基、超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力。结果表明:微波辅助水蒸气蒸馏法优于超声波辅助水蒸气蒸馏法,提取率达到0.56%。绒毛香茶菜精油主要成分为烯烃类及酮类,2种方法提取的绒毛香茶菜精油成分中,4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮最多(相对含量在23.23%～42.53%之间),其次是α-萜品烯、萜品油烯、双戊烯和D-柠檬烯。在不同的抗氧化能力评价体系中证实,2种方法提取的绒毛香茶菜精油在(200～1 000)μg/mL浓度梯度范围内均有较强的抗氧化活性,且与精油浓度梯度成正相关。综上所述,2种提取法所得绒毛香茶菜精油的提取率、成分、含量及抗氧化活性等方面均存在一定差异,为绒毛香茶菜精油的深入研究提供了理论基础。     

大葱挥发油的提取工艺、GC-MS分析及抗菌活性研究

为优化大葱挥发油提取工艺并建立气相-质谱联用法(GC-MS)分析大葱挥发油成分,并研究大葱挥发油的抗菌活性。本研究通过单因素实验和正交实验对超声时间,料液比和提取时间的考察,采用超声辅助水蒸气蒸馏的方法提取大葱挥发油,优化出大葱挥发油提取最佳工艺为超声40 min,料液比1∶3,蒸馏时间3 h。大葱挥发油实际提取率为0. 042 96%。运用GC-MS对其主要化学成分进行鉴定,通过NIST质谱库检索,鉴定了其中42个主要化合物,运用峰面积归一法确定各个组分的含量,其中主要物质为含硫化合物,含量较多的是氟胞嘧啶、烯丙基异丙基硫醚、丙烯基甲基硫醚,二甲基三硫化物、二丙基三硫化物、四硫化物、噻吩、噻烷和噻唑类。抗菌实验表明大葱挥发油对所选取得8种菌株均有很好的活性。本实验提取工艺优化后使提取率增加,抗菌实验表明大葱的挥发油具有抗菌作用,而成分分析鉴定出大量硫化物,可能为抑菌有效成分。     

Antimicrobial,Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils from Five Selected Herbs

Eucalyptus bridgesiana, Cymbopogon martinii, Thymus vulgaris, Lindernia anagallis, and Pelargonium fragrans are five species of herbs used in Asia. Their essential oils were analyzed by GC-MS, and a total of 36 components were detected. The results of our study indicated that, except for the essential oil of P. fragrans, all of the essential oils demonstrated obvious antimicrobial activity against a broad range of microorganisms. The C. martinii essential oil, which is rich in geraniol, was the most effective antimicrobial additive. All of the essential oils demonstrated antioxidant activities on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay, β-carotene/linoleic acid assay, and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay. Furthermore, the T. vulgaris essential oil, which possesses plentiful thymol, exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. For P. acnes-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the essential oils of P. aeruginosa, C. martinii, and T. vulgaris reduced the TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 secretion levels of THP-1 cells.     

Chemical Composition,Antioxidant and Anti‐melanogenic Activities of Essential Oils from Chrysanthemum boreale Makino at Different Harvesting Stages

In the present study, the chemical compositions and skin whitening‐related antioxidant and anti‐melanogenic effect of essential oils (EOs) extracted from Chrysanthemum borealeMakino (CBM) (CBMEOs) at vegetative, pre‐flowering and full‐flowering are investigated and contrasted among the three stages. The yields and components of the CBMEOs were different at each stage. The CBMEOs increased DPPH and ABTs scavenging activities and attenuated the α‐melanocyte stimulating hormone (α‐MSH)‐induced tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis in B16BL6 cells. Among CBMEO components, eugenol had the highest DPPH and ABTs scavenging activities and cuminaldehyde was the strongest inhibitor of α‐MSH‐induced tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis. The CBMEOs in each stage showed the different levels of phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase1/2 and p38 MAPK. These findings demonstrate that the CBMEOs have antioxidative and anti‐melanogenic activities in all the CBM harvesting stages, resulting in skin‐whitening biological activities and that the levels of their component contents and bioactivities differ among the CBM harvesting stages. The CBMEOs may have the potential for use in cosmetics and alternative medicine.     

陕甘花楸果实多糖的结构表征及抗氧化活性研究

陕甘花楸(Sorbus koehneana)是我国西北地区特有的灌木之一,主要被用于观赏和制作家具,但对其有效成分的研究却鲜见报道,从而限制了陕甘花楸产业的进一步开发和利用。该研究以陕甘花楸果实为原料,经石油醚脱脂后,采用超声辅助水提醇沉法提取、Sevag法脱蛋白,得到了较纯的花楸果实多糖(SSP),并对其进行结构表征和抗氧化活性研究。结果表明:(1)经苯酚-硫酸法测得多糖纯度为65.8%;FT-IR检测官能团,发现在3 420 cm~(-1)、2 929 cm~(-1)和1 733 cm~(-1)处存在多糖的典型吸收峰;用SEC-LLS测得重均分子量(Mw)为1.739×105,数均分子量(Mn)为5.052×104,多分散系数为3.443,表明分子量分布较为均一;经三氟乙酸酸解、糖腈衍生化等处理及气相-质谱联用法测定SSP的单糖组成,表明SSP由甘露糖、葡萄糖和未知单糖等3种单糖组成,摩尔比为2.2∶1.4∶6.4。(2)体外抗氧化活性实验表明:SSP具有很好的DPPH清除活性、超氧阴离子清除活性以及较强的还原力;当SSP浓度为2 mg·mL-1时,SSP对DPPH自由基的清除能力相当于BHT的96%,对超氧阴离子自由基清除能力为Vc的76.07%,还原能力等价于Vc的92%。以上表明该多糖可以用于抗衰老和抗炎等方面,是一种优良的天然抗氧化剂,为花楸资源的进一步开发利用提供了更为广阔的前景。     

In vitro Biological Activities of Seed Essential Oils from the Cameroonian Spices Afrostyrax lepidophyllus Mildbr. and Scorodophloeus zenkeri Harms Rich in Sulfur‐Containing Compounds

The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from the seeds of bush onion (Afrostyrax lepidophyllus) and tropical garlic tree (Scorodophloeus zenkeri), plants used as spices in the traditional African cuisine, was determined by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. Moreover, in vitro biological properties of the oils, namely, the cytotoxic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities, were investigated by the MTT, the DPPH^. and ABTS^.+ scavenging, and the agar disc‐diffusion methods, respectively. Both oils were composed mainly by S‐containing compounds, accounting for 91.0–96.1% of the total oil compositions, which provided them the typical garlic‐ and onion‐like odors of spices. The predominant compound in both oils, 2,4,5,7‐tetrathiaoctane ( 1 ; 51.5–52.9%), was isolated by preparative TLC and structurally elucidated by ¹H‐ and ¹³C‐NMR data. The oils exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of human cancer cells, namely, T98G (human glioblastoma multiforme cell line), MDA‐MB 231 (human breast adenocarcinoma cell line), A375 (human malignant melanoma cell line), and HCT116 (human colon carcinoma cell line) cells, and a good DPPH^.‐ and ABTS^.+‐scavenging activity, while the antimicrobial effects were negligible. The volatile compositions of A. lepidophyllus and S. zenkeri oils supported their use as odorous spices. The significant inhibition activities detected make these oils worthy of further investigation as promising chemopreventive agents to be exploited in the African pharmaceutical market.     

Biochemical Characterization of Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G.Don subsp. italicum (Asteraceae) from Montenegro: Phytochemical Screening,Chemotaxonomy, and Antioxidant Properties

The chemical composition and antioxidant properties of the essential oil and EtOH extract of immortelle (Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G.Don subsp. italicum, Asteraceae) collected in Montenegro were evaluated. The essential oil was characterized by GC/MS analysis, and the content of total phenolics and flavonoids in the EtOH extract was determined using the Folin? Ciocalteu reagent. The free‐radical‐scavenging capacity (RSC) of both the essential oil and the EtOH extract was assessed with the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Moreover, the inhibition of hydroxyl radical (^.OH) generation by the EtOH extract of immortelle was evaluated for the first time here. Neryl acetate (28.2%) and γ‐curcumene (18.8%) were the main compounds in the essential oil, followed by neryl propionate (9.1%) and ar‐curcumene (8.3%). The chemical composition of the oils of the examined and additional 16 selected Helichrysum italicum taxa described in literature were compared using principal component (PCA) and cluster (CA) analyses. The results of the statistical analyses implied the occurrence of at least four different main and three subchemotypes of essential oils. Considering the antioxidant properties, the EtOH extract of immortelle exhibited similar potential as propyl gallate and quercetin, while the essential oil exhibited relatively weak DPPH^.‐scavenging capacity.     

Chemical Composition,Antibacterial, Antioxidant and in Vitro Antidiabetic Activities of Essential Oils from Eruca vesicaria

This work describes the study of the chemical composition and bioactivity of the essential oils (EOs) of the different organs (leaves, flowers, stems and roots) from Eruca vesicaria. According to the GC and GC/MS analysis, all the EOs were dominated by erucin (4‐methylthiobutyl isothiocyanate) with a percentage ranging from 17.9 % (leaves) to 98.5 % (roots). The isolated EOs were evaluated for their antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS and β‐carotene/linoleic acid), antibacterial and inhibitory property against α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase. Most EOs exhibited an interesting α‐glucosidase and α‐amylase inhibitory potential. The roots essential oil was found to be the most active with IC₅₀ values of 0.80±0.06 and 0.11±0.01 μg mL^?1, respectively. The essential oil of roots exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (DPPH, PI=92.76±0.01 %; ABTS, PI=78.87±0.19; and β‐carotene, PI=56.1±0.01 %). The isolated oils were also tested for their antibacterial activity against two Gram‐positive and three Gram‐negative bacteria. Moderate results have been noted by comparison with Gentamicin used as positive control.     

GC-MS analysis and in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of essential oil from aerial parts of endemic Thymus spathulifolius Hausskn. et Velen

We investigated the antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities and chemical composition of the hydro-distilled essential oil (0.35% yield) from aerial parts of Thymus spathulifolius. Antioxidant capacity of the oil was assessed by different methods including free radical scavenging (DPPH and ABTS), reducing power (FRAP and CUPRAC) and phosphomolybdenum assay. Inhibitory activities were analyzed against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and tyrosinase. Twenty-one constituents were identified representing 97.2% of the total oil with thymol (50.5%), borneol (16.7%) and carvacrol (7.7%) as the major components. The essential oil exhibited good antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ values of 3.82 and 0.22?mg/mL determined by free radical scavenging DPPH and ABTS, respectively. EC₅₀ values of FRAP and CUPRAC were found to be 0.12 and 0.34?mg/mL, respectively. The results of the present study support the uses of T. spathulifolius essential oil as a source of natural antioxidants and bioactivities for functional foods and phytomedicines.     

Free radical and reactive oxygen species scavenging activities of the extracts from seahorse, Hippocampus kuda Bleeler

Seahorse, Hippocampus kuda (SH) a marine teleost fish, is well known not only for its special medicinal composition and used as one of the most famous and expensive materials of traditional Chinese medicine. It was extracted with water (SHW), methanol (SHM), and ethanol (SHE), respectively and evaluated by various antioxidant assays. The including reducing power, total antioxidant, DPPH radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, alkyl radical scavenging, and protective effect on DNA damage caused by hydroxyl radicals generated. Further, the ROS level was detected using a fluorescence probe, 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA), which could be converted to highly fluorescent dichlorofluorescein (DCF) with the presence of intracellular ROS on mouse macrophages, RAW264.7 cell and inhibited myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in human myeloid, HL60 cells, respectively. Those various antioxidant activities were compared to standard antioxidants such as α-tocopherol. Among SHM exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in linoleic acid system, effective reducing power, DPPH radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, superoxide radical scavenging, alkyl radical scavenging, inhibitory intracellular ROS, and inhibited MPO activity. Furthermore, MTT assay showed no cytotoxicity on mouse macrophages cell (RAW264.7) and human cell lines (MRC-5, HL60, U937). This antioxidant property depends on concentration and increasing with increased amount of extracts. The results obtained in the present study indicated that the see horse (Hippocampus kuda Bleeker) is a potential source of natural antioxidant.     

Radical scavenging activities of Heracleum aquilegifolium Wight (Apiaceae) fruit oils in vitro

The fruits of Heracleum aquilegifolium Wight (Apiaceae) were collected from Western Ghats of the Indian Peninsula. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation. The chemical composition of the essential oils was analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Beta-Pinene (22.3%), 1,8-cineole (20.3%), and beta-phellandrene (12.4%) were the main components of H. aquilegifolium fruit oils. The antioxidant properties of essential oils of H. aquilegifolium were examined by different procedures namely reducing power ability, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion scavenging activity, and metal chelating activity. The antioxidant activities were compared with those of synthetic antioxidants and standard drugs such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, curcumin, and quercetin. The study confirmed the possible antioxidant potential of essential oils tested with various in vitro antioxidant methods. The presence of monoterpenes in combination with other components in the oils could be responsible for the activity.     

Study on the Composition and Physiological Activity of the Essential Oils and Extracts of Cinnamomum camphora Fruit

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂), hydrodistillation (HDO), ethanol extraction (EE), and petroleum ether extraction (PE) were used to extract the essential oil and extracts of Cinnamomum camphora fruit in this study. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify the volatile components of essential oils and extracts, and 63 compounds were identified. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay and Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assays and the inhibition experiment of bacteria and fungi (Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Hay bacillus (H. bacillus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Aspergillus niger (A. niger), Candida albicans (C. albicans)) showed these essential oils and extracts indicated antioxidant and antibacterial activities. S. aureus was the most sensitive to the essential oil (MIC=0.08 mg/ml). Combined with the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) experiment, HDO (LD₅₀=68.21 μg/ml) was considered to have the most potential natural preservative. Subsequently, the inhibitory mechanism of HDO on bacteria and fungi was explored through extracellular conductivity and SEM, and the possibility of HDO to preserve the freshness of bananas was verified through banana shelf-life experiments. The results suggested these essential oils and extracts of Cinnamomum camphora fruit indicated effectively inhibit the growth of microorganisms on the surface of bananas, extend the shelf-life, and have the potential to become a natural antiseptic ingredient.