1-甲基环丙烯处理对采后杨桃果实软化和细胞壁代谢的影响

为探讨1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene, 1-MCP)延缓采后杨桃果实软化的作用机理,本文研究了0.6 μL/L 1-MCP处理对在(15±1)℃、相对湿度90%下贮藏的‘香蜜’甜杨桃(Averrhoa carambola Linn. cv. Xiangmi)果实软化和细胞壁代谢的影响。结果表明：与对照果实相比,1-MCP处理可保持较高的杨桃果实硬度,有效降低果胶酯酶(pectinesterase, PE)、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(polygalacturonase, PG)、纤维素酶等细胞壁降解酶活性,延缓原果胶、纤维素、半纤维素含量的下降和水溶性果胶含量的增加。因此认为,0.6 μL/L 1-MCP处理能有效控制采后‘香蜜’甜杨桃果实的软化进程,延长果实保鲜期。     

桃果实采后贮藏过程中细胞壁多糖的变化

以‘雨花三号’水蜜桃果实为试材,分别在5℃（低温）和20℃（常温）贮藏一段时间后,研究桃果实采后细胞壁多糖降解、硬度以及乙烯释放速率的变化特征。结果表明,乙烯释放高峰明显滞后于果实采后硬度的快速下降期。不同温度下贮藏过程中果实细胞壁多糖变化的对比表明,低温抑制了细胞壁果胶和细胞壁其余组分的变化,从而抑制了果实的软化。富含半乳糖醛酸的果胶主链断裂。果胶和细胞壁其余组分也发生了半乳糖和阿拉伯糖等中性糖的损失,说明果胶和细胞壁其余组分的增溶及其侧链中性糖的降解也是桃果实采后软化的重要因素,这可能是由多种相关多糖降解酶的作用所导致的。但半纤维素多糖中中性糖的降解对桃果实采后软化的进程并没有影响。     

人工脱涩处理对广西野生柿种质果实贮藏性的影响

为研究广西野生柿种质资源果实采后软化机制,该研究以广西特有的野生柿种质‘油柿''(YS)、‘农家栽培柿''(ZP)和主栽品种‘恭城月柿''为材料,分析了人工脱涩乙烯利处理的果实采后贮藏中可滴定酸含量、可溶性糖含量、硬度、乙烯生物合成量、色差、可溶性单宁含量、果胶及细胞壁降解酶活性的变化。结果表明:(1)与‘恭城月柿''相比,‘油柿''可滴定酸含量高,可溶性糖含量低,转色缓慢,果实易软化。其中,YS-4最不耐贮藏,乙烯利处理后,贮藏第4天硬度降至1.620 N,第6天可溶性单宁含量下降至2.398 mg·g^-1,整个贮藏期原果胶含量下降最慢,末期可溶性果胶值最低,为0.832%; YS-2最耐贮藏,乙烯利处理第8天硬度为YS-4的3.6倍,贮藏末期硬度在所有‘油柿''中最高。(2)‘农家栽培柿''中乙烯利处理贮藏末期ZP-2可滴定酸含量最高,可溶性糖含量低,转色最缓慢,原果胶降幅最小,可溶性果胶含量最高; 相反ZP-3果实转色快且易软化,可滴定酸含量最低,可溶性糖含量低,原果胶降幅最大,可溶性果胶含量低。(3)‘恭城月柿''PG酶活性和Cx酶活性远远高于‘油柿'',各‘油柿''种质的果实软化程度与细胞壁降解酶活性的相关性不同,β-D-Gal酶和Cx酶在‘农家栽培柿''贮藏前期起作用,PG酶在贮藏前期和后期对果实软化起作用,说明不同柿种质品种在软化过程中起主导作用的酶不同。综上认为,与‘恭城月柿''相比,‘油柿''耐贮性差,其中YS-4极不耐贮藏,而‘农家栽培柿''ZP-2极耐贮藏,这为研究柿果实软化机制提供了基础的种质材料。     

赤霉素和萘乙酸对柿果实采后成熟软化生理指标的影响

以采后'富平尖柿'果实为试材,常温下用60 mg/L赤霉素(GA3)和20 mg/L α-萘乙酸(NAA)进行处理,考察柿果实成熟软化相关生理指标及果胶物质代谢在贮藏过程中的变化,以明确GA3和NAA处理对柿果实贮藏效果的影响.结果显示:GA3、NAA处理果实的贮藏时间分别比对照延长了4 d和10 d;GA3和NAA处理可显著延缓果实硬度的下降进程,有效降低果实呼吸强度和乙烯释放量,且呼吸高峰和乙烯高峰的出现明显迟于对照;果实多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性的升高受到抑制,从而延缓了原果胶的降解以及水溶性果胶含量的增加,阻碍了果实的软化进程.试验表明,GA3和NAA处理可有效延缓柿果实的后熟软化,延长其贮藏期限, 并以GA3的效果尤为明显.     

柿果实采后软化过程中细胞壁组分代谢和超微结构的变化

柿果实采后果胶酯酶活性迅速上升,其活性与果实硬度的下降呈明显的负相关。多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性增加缓慢,但其活性与果实硬度的下降无明显相关性。β-半乳糖苷酶活性迅速增加,其活性与果实硬度的下降呈明显的负相关。纤维素酶活性呈逐渐上升趋势,与果实硬度的下降也呈明显的负相关。伴随着细胞壁水解酶活性的增加,果实原果胶和纤维素含量迅速下降,而水溶性果胶含量则迅速上升。柿果刚采收时细胞壁结构完整,3d后细胞壁中胶层基本被溶解,甚至初生壁也局部发生降解。     

柿果实采后氧化还原电位与乙烯合成和相关酶活性的关系

该研究以广西特色柿品种‘恭城月柿''为材料,在采后贮藏过程中对其氧化还原电位(ORP)、乙烯生物合成量、硬度、色差、抗氧化酶及细胞壁降解酶活性的变化进行了测定,初步探讨柿果实氧化还原电位与乙烯生物合成和相关酶活性的关系。结果表明:贮藏期果实的硬度整体呈下降趋势,乙烯利处理果实的硬度从采后3 d即急速下降,至贮藏末期始终显著低于对照。贮藏前14 d果实转色较缓慢,采后15 d乙烯利处理果实的总色差ΔE值快速上升至29.6,转色完全,显著高于对照的11.9。在贮藏前期处理和对照果实的ORP均稳定在7.5 mv·g^-1,采后15 d乙烯利处理果实的ORP快速上升至11.9 mv·g^-1,是对照组的1.4倍。乙烯利处理果实的乙烯生物合成量在贮藏前期呈较低水平,采后15 d乙烯生成量急剧增加至0.372 μL·kg^-1·h^-1的高峰,对照乙烯生成量则始终维持在0.033 μL·kg^-1·h^-1的较低水平。可见,乙烯生成量的增加与ORP的上升关系密切。此外,抗氧化酶中的过氧化物酶(POD)和细胞壁降解酶中的β-D-半乳糖苷酶(β-D-Gal)活性与ORP呈极显著正相关,表明二者受果实ORP变化的影响。因此,经乙烯利处理柿果实的ORP贮藏末期显著上升,促进乙烯生物合成量的急剧增加,诱导抗氧化酶POD和细胞壁降解酶 β-D-Gal活性增强,导致果实急速后熟软化。柿果实ORP可能作为开关调控1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)生成乙烯这一生物化学反应,即打破ORP的稳定状态引发乙烯合成的启动。     

甜柿采后生理特性及对1-MCP处理的反应

以甜柿品种‘阳丰’为材料,在20℃和0℃贮藏条件下研究了1-MCP(1-甲基环丙烯)处理对不同成熟度甜柿果实采后乙烯释放速率、呼吸速率和品质特性的影响。结果表明:1-MCP处理可延缓贮藏和货架期间甜柿果实的软化、抑制呼吸速率和可溶性固形物含量(SSC)的变化,但对乙烯释放速率的作用不一致。1-MCP处理对成熟度I果实的效果优于成熟度Ⅱ。低温贮藏虽然能显著延缓果实硬度的下降,但在0℃贮藏30、60和90 d后7 d货架期结束时,对照果完全软化,而经1-MCP处理后果实果肉硬度仍保持“脆”性。因此,贮前0.50μL.L-11-MCP处理结合低温贮藏是延长‘阳丰’甜柿贮藏期的有效途径,具有广泛的应用前景。     

幼果期喷钙对‘黄金梨’采后果实贮藏性能的影响

以‘黄金梨’(Pyrus pyrifolia cv.‘Whangkeumbae’)为试材,研究幼果期喷0.5%氨基酸钙和0.5%硝酸钙对套袋果实采后相关生理指标的影响,旨在为延长‘黄金梨’果实贮藏期提供理论依据及技术途径。结果表明,在‘黄金梨’幼果期喷钙可以有效保持贮藏期间果实硬度,降低乙烯释放量;减少丙二醛(MDA)含量的积累,提高过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;两种钙处理均可以增加贮藏期‘黄金梨’果实中原果胶含量,降低可溶性果胶含量,对多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和纤维素酶活性有明显的抑制作用,改善了果实的贮藏性能。两种喷钙处理中,氨基酸钙的综合效果优于硝酸钙。因此,在幼果期喷钙(尤其是氨基酸钙)是有效延缓采后‘黄金梨’果实衰老、提升贮藏性能的重要措施,具有较高的应用价值。     

桃果实成熟前后细胞壁成分和降解酶活性的变化及其与果实硬度的关系

比较桃品种‘双久红’和‘川中岛白桃’果实成熟前后20 d内果肉硬度、细胞壁成分和细胞壁降解酶活性变化的结果表明,桃果实成熟5 d后,‘双久红’桃果实的硬度、纤维素含量和原果胶含量均极显著高于‘川中岛白桃’:从成熟前15 d开始,‘双久红’的水溶性果胶含量、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性和纤维素酶活性均极显著低于‘川中岛白桃’;整个成熟期间,‘双久红’的果胶甲酯酶活性明显低于‘川中岛白桃’。相关分析表明,果实硬度与原果胶、纤维素含量呈极显著正相关,而与可溶性果胶含量、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性和纤维素酶活性呈极显著负相关。     

CO2和1-MCP组合处理对磨盘柿贮藏效果的影响

以磨盘柿采后果实为材料,研究1-MCP的处理以及CO2脱涩与1-MCP组合处理对磨盘柿室温和0~1℃贮藏过程中果实硬度、可溶性单宁含量、总抗坏血酸(TAA)含量以及抗氧化活性的影响。结果显示:(1)贮藏过程中柿果实硬度随时间延长呈下降趋势,室温贮藏CO2处理5 d、CO2处理后进行1-MCP(CO2//1-MCP)处理10 d、1-MCP处理后进行CO2(1-MCP//CO2)处理15 d、CO2与1-MCP同时(CO2+1-MCP)处理30 d均完全软化,0~1℃贮藏75 d后硬度最高的是CO2+1-MCP处理(12.43 kg.cm-2),最低的是CO2//1-MCP处理(2.80 kg.cm-2),甚至低于CO2处理(5.71 kg.cm-2);(2)柿果实可溶性单宁和总抗坏血酸(TAA)含量与脱涩有关,CO2处理、CO2//1-MCP处理、1-MCP//CO2处理和CO2+1-MCP处理大幅低于CK和1-MCP处理,1-MCP处理抑制了可溶性单宁和TAA含量的下降;(3)室温贮藏中除CO2处理之外的处理柿果实总酚含量呈小幅上升趋势,0~1℃贮藏中CK、1-MCP处理、1-MCP//CO2处理和CO2+1-MCP处理的总酚含量稳定在9.91~12.38 mg.g-1FW之间,CO2处理和CO2//1-MCP处理于30 d之后迅速下降,至75 d时分别只有6.83和6.32 mg.g-1FW;(4)各组处理柿果实ABTS自由基清除能力和氧自由基清除能力值(ORAC)的变化趋势与总酚含量大致相当。研究发现,1-MCP能有效阻止磨盘柿果实贮藏期间的硬度、可溶性单宁含量、TAA含量以及抗氧化活性的下降,CO2脱涩与1-MCP处理的不同顺序对硬度和抗氧化活性影响巨大,但对可溶性单宁和TAA含量影响甚微;先CO2脱涩后1-MCP处理对磨盘柿贮藏效应影响不大,1-MCP处理和高浓度CO2脱涩同时进行是磨盘柿脱涩保鲜的最优方案。     

成串采收对番茄果实采后乙烯合成及贮藏品质的影响

为研究成串采收对番茄果实采后乙烯合成及贮藏品质的影响,对广西田阳县两个栽培区两种嫁接砧木的串收番茄的采后生理指标进行测定,探讨了该采收方式对番茄果实采后保鲜的作用机制。结果表明:整个贮藏期,不同栽培区不同嫁接砧木的番茄成串采收的果实,乙烯生成量明显低于对照的常规单果采收。其中,砧木1号Ⅰ区的串收番茄的乙烯生成量,采后5 d即下降至最低点(0.35 nL·g~(-1)·h~(-1)),显著低于其对照(1.36 nL·g~(-1)·h~(-1)),其他栽培区和砧木组合的串收番茄,在采后15 d乙烯生成量达到最低值。串收番茄的类胡萝卜素、番茄红素和抗坏血酸等果实内天然抗氧化物质的含量,在贮藏前期快速升高,且峰值显著高于对照。此外,成串采收处理还一定程度抑制了果实后熟阶段可溶性糖的积累和可滴定酸的分解。因此,番茄成串采收处理,可能通过抑制果实采后乙烯的合成,同时提高类胡萝卜素、番茄红素和抗坏血酸的水平,并且推迟糖和酸等营养物质的后熟变化进程,实现其延长果实货架期,提高商品品质的作用。     

Ethylene regulation of fruit softening and cell wall disassembly in Charentais melon

Cell wall disassembly in ripening fruit is highly complex, involving the dismantling of multiple polysaccharide networks by diverse families of wall-modifying proteins. While it has been reported in several species that multiple members of each such family are expressed in the same fruit tissue, it is not clear whether this reflects functional redundancy, with protein isozymes from a single enzyme class performing similar roles and contributing equally to wall degradation, or whether they have discrete functions, with some isoforms playing a predominant role. Experiments reported here sought to distinguish between cell wall-related processes in ripening melon that were softening-associated and softening-independent. Cell wall polysaccharide depolymerization and the expression of wall metabolism-related genes were examined in transgenic melon (Cucumis melo var. cantalupensis Naud.) fruit with suppressed expression of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO) gene and fruits treated with ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). Softening was completely inhibited in the transgenic fruit but was restored by treatment with exogenous ethylene. Moreover, post-harvest application of 1-MCP after the onset of ripening completely halted subsequent softening, suggesting that melon fruit softening is ethylene-dependent. Size exclusion chromatography of cell wall polysaccharides, from the transgenic fruits, with or without exogenous ethylene, indicated that the depolymerization of both pectins and xyloglucans was also ethylene dependent. However, northern analyses of a diverse range of cell wall-related genes, including those for polygalacturonases, xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases, expansin, and beta-galactosidases, identified specific genes within single families that could be categorized as ethylene-dependent, ethylene-independent, or partially ethylene-dependent. These results support the hypothesis that while individual cell wall-modifying proteins from each family contribute to cell wall disassembly that accompanies fruit softening, other closely related family members are regulated in an ethylene-independent manner and apparently do not directly participate in fruit softening.     

薄膜包装对于柿果冷藏生理及品质变化的影响

冷藏条件下采用有孔的聚乙烯薄膜为包装材料贮藏‘尖柿’,研究了聚乙烯薄膜的保湿作用对果实质地、生理生化,以及失重、失鲜等变化进程的影响。结果表明：薄膜包装能有效地防止蒸腾失水、显著抑制失重率增加,减缓硬度下降,推迟呼吸、乙烯峰到来的时间,并降低峰值,抑制细胞膜透性的增大,使果实保持光洁、饱满的外观形态,县有良好的商品性。     

Effect of pre-treatment and extraction conditions on the antioxidant properties of persimmon (Diospyros kaki) leaves

Persimmon is a very delicious fruit and the leaves of this tree are used as a traditional drug. This study aimed to investigate the effects of drying method (hot air and freeze-drying), extraction temperature (80, 90 and 100 °C) and extraction time (10, 30, 60 and 120 min) and harvest stage (flowering and fruiting) on the antioxidant contents and antioxidant activity of persimmon leaves. The results showed that the highest antioxidants were obtained in both methods of drying. Also, 100 °C for 120 min of extraction gave the highest antioxidant contents, but with no significant difference compared to 90 °C for 60 min of extraction. Persimmon leaves collected during flowering stage had the maximum amount of antioxidants compared to the fruiting stage. Finally, it can be said that persimmon leaves harvested during flowering stage and treated by hot air drying with these extraction conditions (90 °C for 60 min) are richer in bioactive compounds.     

Analysis of Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylase/Hydrolase (XTH) Genes and Diverse Roles of Isoenzymes during Persimmon Fruit Development and Postharvest Softening

Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) enzymes have played a role in the remodeling of cell wall hemicelluloses. To investigate the function of XTHs in persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) fruit development and postharvest softening, five cDNAs (DkXTH1 to DkXTH5), whose putative proteins contained the conserved DEIDFEFLG motif of XTH, were cloned. Real time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that DkXTH1, DkXTH4, and DkXTH5 peaked in immature expanding fruit, and their higher expression was observed along with higher fruit firmness in cold-treated fruit or firmer cultivar fruit during storage. The opposite gene expression patterns were observed in DkXTH2 and DkXTH3, which reached maxima concomitance with pronounced fruit softening. Meanwhile, the xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET) enzymes play important roles in both the rapid growth and ripening of persimmon fruit. Furthermore, the recombined DkXTH1 and DkXTH2 proteins showed significant XET activity without any detected XEH activity. However, the XET activity of recombined DkXTH2 protein had a higher affinity for small acceptor molecules than that of recombined DkXTH1 protein. The former might prefer to participate in cell wall restructuring, and the latter is more inclined to participate in cell wall assembly. Besides, DKXTH proteins could function by targeting to the cell wall under regulation of a signal peptide. The data suggested that individual DKXTHs could exhibit different patterns of expression, and the encoded products possessed specific enzymatic properties conferring on their respective functions in growth and postharvest softening of persimmon fruit.     

Expressed sequence tags from persimmon at different developmental stages

Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) is an important fruit in Asian countries, where it is eaten as a fresh fruit and is also used for many other purposes. To understand the molecular mechanism of fruit development and ripening in persimmon, we generated a total of 9,952 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from randomly selected clones of two different cDNA libraries. One cDNA library was derived from fruit of “Saijo” persimmon at an early stage of development, and the other from ripening fruit. These ESTs were clustered into 6,700 non-redundant sequences. Of the 6,700 non-redundant sequences evaluated, the deduced amino acid sequences of 4,356 (65%) showed significant homology to known proteins, and 2,344 (35%) showed no significant similarity to any known proteins in Arabidopsis databases. We report comparison of genes identified in the two cDNA libraries and describe some putative genes involved in proanthocyanidin and carotenoid synthesis. This study provides the first global overview of a set of genes that are expressed during fruit development and ripening in persimmon.