Production, Application, and Field Performance of AbietivTM, the Balsam Fir Sawfly Nucleopolyhedrovirus

Beginning in the early 1990s, the balsam fir sawfly (Neodiprion abietis) became a significant defoliating insect of precommercially thinned balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) stands in western Newfoundland, Canada. In 1997, a nucleopolyhedrovirus (NeabNPV) was isolated from the balsam fir sawfly and, as no control measures were then available, NeabNPV was developed for the biological control of balsam fir sawfly. In order to register NeabNPV for operational use under the Canadian Pest Control Products Act, research was carried out in a number of areas including NeabNPV field efficacy, non-target organism toxicology, balsam fir sawfly ecology and impact on balsam fir trees, and NeabNPV genome sequencing and analysis. As part of the field efficacy trials, approximately 22 500 hectares of balsam fir sawfly-infested forest were aerially treated with NeabNPV between 2000 and 2005. NeabNPV was found to be safe, efficacious, and economical for the suppression of balsam fir sawfly outbreak populations. Conditional registration for the NeabNPV-based product, Abietiv(, was received from the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (Health Canada) in April 2006. In July 2006, Abietiv was applied by spray airplanes to 15 000 ha of balsam fir sawfly-infested forest in western Newfoundland in an operational control program.     

Production,application, and field performance of Abietiv™, the balsam fir sawfly nucleopolyhedrovirus

Beginning in the early 1990s, the balsam fir sawfly (Neodiprion abietis) became a significant defoliating insect of precommercially thinned balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) stands in western Newfoundland, Canada. In 1997, a nucleopolyhedrovirus (NeabNPV) was isolated from the balsam fir sawfly and, as no control measures were then available, NeabNPV was developed for the biological control of balsam fir sawfly. In order to register NeabNPV for operational use under the Canadian Pest Control Products Act, research was carried out in a number of areas including NeabNPV field efficacy, non-target organism toxicology, balsam fir sawfly ecology and impact on balsam fir trees, and NeabNPV genome sequencing and analysis. As part of the field efficacy trials, approximately 22 500 hectares of balsam fir sawfly-infested forest were aerially treated with NeabNPV between 2000 and 2005. NeabNPV was found to be safe, efficacious, and economical for the suppression of balsam fir sawfly outbreak populations. Conditional registration for the NeabNPV-based product, Abietiv™, was received from the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (Health Canada) in April 2006. In July 2006, Abietiv was applied by spray airplanes to 15 000 ha of balsam fir sawfly-infested forest in western Newfoundland in an operational control program.      

转基因小麦“中间试验”与农艺性状评价

在湖北武汉对3个转基因小麦品系连续2次进行了"中间试验".结果表明在田间栽培条件下,转基因小麦植株个体生长发育正常,但转基因小麦主要农艺性状与对照间存在差异;特别是小区产量与本地小麦品种之间存在极显著差异;转基因小麦品系与其受体品系之间千粒重和小区产量上存在显著差异或极显著差异.组织化学和SDS-PAGE检测结果表明,外源基因能够稳定遗传,功能得到正确表达.     

Winter Forage Selection in White-Tailed Deer at High Density: Balsam Fir is the Best of a Bad Choice

Abstract: We assessed winter forage selection by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on Anticosti Island, Quebec, Canada, using cafeteria-feeding trials. Winter habitat on Anticosti is degraded and free-ranging deer at high densities consume 70% balsam fir (Abies balsamea) and 20% white spruce (Picea glauca), even though spruce is much more available than fir. Deer ate 89.9% balsam fir and 10.1% white spruce when the availability of both trees was equal. Deer did not eat shredded twigs more than intact twigs. Fiber content and condensed tannins were greater in white spruce than in balsam fir. Deer preference for fir was not based on texture but, more likely, on plant constituents, so we concluded that deer will nearly eliminate fir before they use any significant amount of white spruce. Management actions, therefore, need to be undertaken to enhance balsam fir regeneration.     

杉木育种亲本生长和结实性状早期测评与选择

为推进杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)育种进程,对广东乐昌市龙山林场和韶关市曲江区国有小坑林场杉木第3代育种园亲本群体的早期(3 a生)生长和结实性状进行分析.结果表明,同一育种园亲本无性系在生长性状(树高、胸径、单株材积、冠幅)和结实能力上存在显著差异,生长性状的差异甚至达到极显著水平(P<0....     

斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒几丁质酶基因上游4.0kb的序列分析

本文报道了斜 诳蛾核多角体病毒几丁质酶基因（chiA）上游约4.0kb范围内的序列,它包括了六个读码框（ORF1－6）,其长度分别为156bp、279bp、540bp、369bp、1281bp和228bp,可编码的氨基酸长度分别为51、98、179、122、426和75个,分子量分别为6.15kD、11.46kD、21.70kD、14.69kD 、47.59kD和9.09kD。在ORF1ORF2、ORF3起始密码前分别有一个、二个及一个杆状病毒早期启动子基序CAGT;在ORF4、ORF5起始密码前各有一个及二个杆状病毒晚期启动子基序TAAG。在ORF1、ORF4、ORF5终止密码下游有真核生物mRNA转录poly（A)加尾信号。ORF4为AcMNPV ORF53、BmNPV ORF42、OpMNPV ORF56、LdMNPV ORF54的同源基因。ORF1、ORF2、ORF6与已知的杆状病毒基因沿有同源性,可能为三个新的基因。     

柞蚕核型多角体病毒载体在培养细胞和休眠蛹中的基因表达效果

柞蚕核型多角体病毒（AnpeNPV）作为基因表达载体在柞蚕培养细胞（AnPe细胞）和柞蚕蛹中已经成功地表达出了外来基因,并生产出了大量蛋白质。本文比较了AnpeNPV与苜蓿尺蠖核型多角体病毒(AcMNPV)、家蚕核型多角体病毒(BmNPV)和美国白蛾核型多角体病毒(HycuNPV)基因表达载体在培养细胞和昆虫活体组织内的β-半乳糖苷酶基因表达效果。结果显示,5×105个细胞中β-半乳糖苷酶的最高酶活性分别是AnpeNPV在AnPe细胞为40.9 units/ml （TC-100培养液,FBS10%）和59.9 units/ml（SF-900Ⅱ培养液）,AcMNPV在Sf9细胞为72.4 units/ml（TC-100,FBS10%）和66.4 units/ml（SF-900Ⅱ）、在High5细胞为326 units/ml（EX-CELL 405培养液）,BmNPV在Bm4细胞为15.1 units/ml（TC-100,FBS10%）,HycuNPV在SpIm细胞为68.6 units/ml（SF-900Ⅱ）。活体组织内β-半乳糖苷酶的最高酶活性分别是柞蚕雌蛹为14.3 units/g、雄蛹为11.7 units/g,家蚕幼虫是10.1 units/g。实验证明AnpeNPV/AnPe的外来基因表达水平与AcMNPV/ Sf9和HycuNPV/SpIm相似、比BmNPV/ Bm4高、不及AcMNPV/ High5;AnpeNPV/柞蚕蛹,其雌蛹比BmNPV/家蚕5龄幼虫的外来基因表达效果好、雄蛹与之无明显差异,说明AnpeNPV基因表达载体无论是在培养细胞还是昆虫活体组织中均可与其他NPV基因表达载体相媲美。柞蚕蛹由于可以机械化、大规模地操作,显示对于大量生产蛋白质具有更好的应用前景。     

Preference and performance linkage in aPhyllocolpa sawfly on the willow,Salix miyabeana,on Hokkaido

A leaf-folding sawfly in the genusPhyllocolpa (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) attackingSalix miyabeana (Salicaceae) was studied near Sapporo, Hokkaido, along the Ishikari River in 1993. Host plant individuals were young trees 4–7 years old which were growing rapidly, producing some long shoots with large leaves. On a gradient of shoot length classes from 0–5 cm long to over 80 cm long, shoots were much more abundant in the shorter shoot length classes. However, attacks by ovipositing females increased as shoot length increase from 0 attacks on the shortest shoots to 5.17 attacks per shoot on the longest shoots. The frequency of attack per leaf increased from 0 to 0.13 over the same range of shoot lengths. This pattern of attack resulted in a high frequency of larval establishment in feeding sites, between 0.96 and 1.00, in all attacked shoot length categories. However, probability of survival to a late instar larva increased with shoot length and corresponded to the attack pattern, indicating a preference-performance linkage between female ovipositional decisions and larval survival. The patterns found for thisPhyllocolpa species are similar for galling sawflies in North America and Europe, especially in the genusEuura, members of which make stem, bud and leaf midrib galls. Extending the pattern to aPhyllocolpa species broadens identification of pattern and ultimately the generality of the emerging theory on populations of galling sawflies.     

斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒DNA XbaI 4.0 kb片段锌指蛋白基因及重复序列分析

测定了斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒 (Spodopteralituranucleopolyhedrovirus,SpltNPV)中山大学分离株基因组DNAXbaI4.0kb片段全序列 ,该片段包括一个锌指蛋白基因及三个区域的DNA重复序列 (SR1、SR2、SR3)。该锌指蛋白基因读码框为 2 196个核苷酸 ,编码 731个氨基酸的蛋白质 ,分子量为 83 .0 9kD ,该蛋白的等电点为 4.6 1。在其 5′非编码区内有一个杆状病毒早期启动子基序GAGT及一个TATA盒 ,在其终止密码的下游有 5个真核生物转录mRNA时poly(A)加尾信号AATAAA。在 2 2 3～ 2 41氨基酸残基之间有一个锌指蛋白基序 ,这一基序属于锌指蛋白基序中的C3HC4类 ,即环指 (Ringfinger)类基序。在 32 3～ 340氨基酸残基区域为一个核定位信号。该蛋白可能为一个高度折叠的蛋白质。在该片段中存在三个DNA重复序列区域 (SR1、SR2、SR3) ,其中SR1与SR3区域存在更大量的重复序列 ,SR1区域其中的一个重复序列长达 41bp ,SR1、SR3重复序列区域可能作为该病毒转录的增强子 ,或者作为DNA复制的起始点。     

棉铃虫单核衣壳核多角体病毒(HaSNPV)Hind III-L片段的序列分析

本文报道了棉铃虫单核衣壳核多角体病毒 (Helicoverpaarmigerasingle nucleocapsidnucleopolyhedrovirus,HaSNPV)基因组的HindIII L片段的全序列。该片段全长 2 6 35bp ,包括 5个有意义的开放阅读框 :HaSNPVORF2 2 7,晚期表达因子 10基因 (lef10 ) ,vp10 5 4基因 ,Ac5 5 (AcMNPVORF5 5的同源基因 ) ,Ac5 6 (AcMNPVORF5 6的同源基因 )。与其它 6种杆状病毒的氨基酸序列比较表明 ,HaSNPV的lef10基因与甜菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒 (SeMNPV)的同源性最高 ,为6 4 % ,与冷杉毒蛾核型多角体病毒 (OpMNPV)的同源性最低 ,为 4 3% ;HaSNPV的vp10 5 4基因与SeMNPV的同源性最高 ,为 6 5 % ,与OpMNPV的同源性最低 ,为 4 9%。序列比较表明 ,HaSNPV的LEF10与VP10 5 4蛋白与其它 6种杆状病毒具有相同的保守区和亮氨酸拉链 (leucinezipper)     

Water holdup capacity and residence time of red spruce and balsam fir branches

Summary This study examined the throughfall dynamics of high-elevation red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.] branches. A site was established at an elevation of 1160 m on Mt. Washington, New Hampshire, USA, and branches were collected from the canopies of mature trees. Throughfall water dynamics of branches collected in September 1988 and March 1989 were determined using a fluorescent tracer in an artificial precipitation apparatus. Water holdup capacities of spruce and fir branches from different canopy positions were similar. Spruce retained more water per unit area than fir. For rain, a three-compartment model that was used to analyze water dynamics showed that the bulk of water initially on the branch experienced very slow turnover, while intercepted water left the branch quickly. There did not appear to be any difference in throughfall dynamics between spruce and fir. Our results suggest that the initial composition of rain and mobilized dry deposition will influence the composition of water in contact with the branch for a relatively long time, as branch water composition will respond slowly to changes in precipitation composition. These predictions require field testing where sequential sampling of throughfall and precipitation occurs on a time scale equivalent to 0.1–0.2 mm of precipitation.     

Testing the ecophysiological basis for the control of monoterpene concentrations along canopy profiles in thinned and unthinned balsam fir stands

To determine which ecophysiological factors appear to control monoterpene concentrations in balsam fir foliage [Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.], the percentage of photosynthetically active radiation (%PAR), specific leaf area (SLA), light-saturated photosynthesis (A _max), and concentrations per unit leaf area of foliar nitrogen (N), total soluble sugars (TSS), starch and monoterpenes were measured on current-year needles from three canopy levels (upper, middle and lower) the year following a pre-commercial thinning. The thinning only modestly changed the light profile within the canopy. %PAR was negatively correlated with SLA (r ²=0.62 in June, r ²=0.53 in July and August) and positively correlated with foliar nitrogen concentrations (r ²=0.51) within the crown profile. The positive relationship between N and A _max was quite weak (r ²=0.15), suggesting significant variations in non-photosynthetic N within the canopies. Total monoterpenes were positively correlated with both %PAR (r ²=0.29) and A _max (r ²=0.27), and negatively correlated with SLA (r ²=0.30). Contrary to that predicted by the carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis, total monoterpenes were negatively and only very weakly correlated with the starch/N ratio (r ²=0.06) and were not significantly correlated with either the TSS/N or the [TSS+starch]/N ratios. Monoterpenes were positively correlated with both N and TSS, although the relationship varied with the phenological state of the foliage, i.e., monoterpenes were more highly correlated with TSS (r ²=0.67) (immature foliage) in June, and in July and August with N (r ²=0.63) (mature foliage). Thus, it appears that monoterpene concentrations may be controlled primarily by carbohydrate supply in the early growing season and later by enzymatic capacity. Data expressed on a dry weight basis showed a similar pattern. Received: 29 July 1999 / Accepted: 2 March 2000     

锌钼营养对苦瓜产量、叶片多胺、激素含量与活性氧代谢的影响

苦瓜(株洲长白Momordica charantia cv．Zhuzhou Changbai)叶片喷施硫酸锌和钼酸钠均可显著增加苦瓜产量,提高叶片多胺(PAs)、抗坏血酸(ASA)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,减少脱落酸(ABA)、丙二醛(MDA)含量和自动氧化速率(AOR),从而抑制膜脂过氧化,延缓叶片衰老。苦瓜产量与叶片IAA、GA3、PAs、SOD、POD、CAT呈极显著正相关,而与MDA、AOR、ABA呈极显著负相关,叶片MDA含量与ABA、AOR呈极显著正相关,而与PAs、IAA、GA3、SOD、POD、CAT呈显著负相关。     

科云牌棉铃虫核型多角体病毒生物农药的规模化生产和应用

昆虫病毒生物农药是纯天然无公害生物农药产品,本文介绍了中国科学院动物研究所同河南省济源白云实业有限公司合作,成功开发并商业化棉铃虫病毒生物农药的基本情况。我们开发的棉铃虫病毒生物农药注册商标"科云牌",包括两个产品:科云牌5 000亿PIB/g棉铃虫病毒原粉和科云牌600亿PIB/g棉铃虫病毒水分散粒剂。原粉产品已出口到欧洲,制剂产品用于棉铃虫防治,2006至2007年在棉田累计推广应用10万hm~2次。     

早期断奶对犊牛生产性能和母牦牛繁殖性能的影响

本试验旨在研究早期断奶对犊牛生产性能和母牦牛繁殖性能的影响。试验组采取"全哺乳+早期诱饲+补饲+放牧+早期断奶"的模式进行饲养,对照组采取传统放牧。实验表明:试验组犊牛5月龄实现早期断奶,体重极显著高于对照组(p<0.01)((53.13±12.34) kg VS (23.44±9.38) kg);试验组犊牛7月龄时体重达71.42 kg,比对照组提高了1.36倍;血液检测分析:与对照组相比,试验组显著提高了牛表皮生长因子(p<0.05);12月龄时体重极显著高于对照组(p<0.01)((87.25±23.43) kg VS (39.51±17.28) kg);当年生犊牦牛实施早期断奶,母牦牛进入下一个繁殖周期,其"一年一胎"比例达68.6%。因此,早期断奶尚未影响犊牦牛生长发育,同时有利于母牦牛年产犊的提高。     

杉木种子与幼苗不同发育期的耐旱性研究

以广东杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)第二代改良种子园种子为试材,利用不同浓度聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)溶液(5%、10%、20%和40%)模拟不同程度(轻度、中度、较强、重度)干旱胁迫,并对不同干旱条件下的种子萌发、幼苗子叶期和真叶期不同发育阶段的形态变化进行测定分析。结果发现,杉木种子萌发初期对水分尤为敏感,耐旱性不强,尤其是随干旱程度的加剧,种子起始萌发时间不断后延且发芽率显著降低。子叶后期的杉木幼苗较子叶前期耐旱,真叶期的杉木幼苗对轻度和中度干旱胁迫具有较强的耐受性。     

Effects of Single Chinese Fir and Mixed Leaf Litters on Soil Chemical, Microbial Properties and Soil Enzyme Activities

The quality of leaf litter can control decomposition processes and affect the nutrient availability for plant uptake. In this study, we investigated the effect of single leaf litter (Chinese fir – Cunninghamia lamcealata (Lamb.) Hook) and mixed leaf litters (C. lamcealata, Liquidamba formosana Hance and Alnus cremastogyne Burk) on soil chemical properties, soil microbial properties and soil enzyme activities during 2 years decomposition. The results showed that soil microbial biomass C, the ratio of soil microbial biomass C to total soil organic C (soil microbial quotient, Cmic/Corg) and soil enzymes (urease, invertase, dehydrogenase) activities increased significantly in mixed leaf litters treatments whereas soil chemical properties remained unchanged. However, soil microbial metabolic quotient (qCO₂) values and soil polyphenol oxidase activity were higher in the single Chinese fir leaf litter treatment that had a higher C:N (carbon:nitrogen) ratio (79.53) compared with the mixed leaf litter (C:N ratios of 76.32, 56.90, 61.20, respectively). Our results demonstrated that the mixed leaf litter can improve forest soil quality, and that soil microbial properties and soil enzyme activities are more sensitive in response to litter quality change than soil chemical properties.     

Application of Weak Sinusoidal Magnetic Field on Flavobacterium Species in the Treatment of Paper Mill Effluent

This paper presents the results of a preliminary study on the effects of sinusoidal magnetic fields on the growth and degradation potential of Flavobacterium species in paper mill effluents. The paper presents a brief account of the experimental set-up, protocol and the essential parameters employed. The study was carried out using a pure colony of Flavobacterium species and subjecting them to Sinusoidal Magnetic Fields (SMF) at different frequencies, intensities and duration of exposure in order to obtain the “frequency window” of optimum response. The organisms were subjected to 1 Hz (100 nT, 1500 nT and 4000 nT) for 5 hours per day for 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 20 days and to 10 Hz (100 nT, 1500 nT and 4000 nT) for 5 hours per days for 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 20 days. The organism has been primarily analyzed for its efficacy in the treatment of paper mill effluent by using a sinusoidal magnetic field. The growth kinetics of the bacterium with the application of sinusoidal magnetic fields was studied. As judged from the physico-chemical properties of the effluent, Flavobacterium species was found to have a four fold increase with respect to growth when exposed to SMF of 10 Hz, 100 nT for 30 hrs (5 hours per day for 6 days). The BOD, COD, lignin, phenol and protein content were found reduced in the effluent using SMF treated cells.

Pre-treatment of Flavobacterium species with Sinusoidal Magnetic Fields (SMF) appears to result in more effective degradation of the paper mill effluents.     

杉木人工林木材力学性质与纤维形态关系的研究

应用正交试验设计方法对不同林龄、立地条件和林分密下杉木人林木材力学性质,纤维形态的测定结果为基础,采用多元线性回归方法,对杉木人工林木材力学性质与纤维形态的关系进行相关分析和回归分析,结果表明：杉木人工林木材顺纹抗压强度,抗弯强度等十一项力学性质指标与纤维长度,纤维宽度、壁厚、腔径、壁腔比之间存在极显著的相关关系。     

杉木半同胞家系生长和材性遗传变异研究

对 1 0年生杉木半同胞家系的生长和木材品质性状的遗传变异的研究表明 ,树高、胸径和材积、管胞长度、管胞宽度在家系间存在显著差异 ,木材基本密度和管胞长宽比在家系间差异不显著。树高、胸径、材积、木材基本密度、管胞长度、管胞宽度和管胞长宽比的家系遗传力分别为 0 .697、0 .841、0 .836、0 .31 7、0 .462、0 471和 0 .2 49,单株遗传力分别为 0 .42 5、0 .671、0 .71 6、0 .2 49、0 .437、0 l45、0 .1 81。木材基本密度与树高、胸径、材积、管胞长度、管胞宽度和管胞长宽比都呈负相关 ,只有基本密度与管胞长度的负相关达到显著水平。选出的 4个优良家系 ,树高、胸径、材积、基本密度、管胞长度、管胞宽度和管胞长宽比的遗传增益分别为 3 96%、4.31 %、1 2 .69%、0 .1 2 %、 0 .65 %、 0 .69%和 0 0 3%。