Photosynthetic Units of Phototrophic Organisms

Photoautotrophic organisms play a key role in the biosphere of the Earth, converting solar energy of the 350-1000 nm range into biochemically available form. In contemporary aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, the dominating groups are the oxygen evolving cyanobacteria, algae, and higher plants. Anoxygenic phototrophic microorganisms occupy mainly ecological niches with extreme environmental conditions. Despite diverse evolution of all these taxonomic groups, their photosynthetic apparatus has a similar molecular design and identical principles of operation. This review covers recent data about features of the structural and functional organization of pigment-protein complexes of the basic types of photosynthetic units in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. A correspondence between the optical properties of various photosynthetic units and the natural light conditions is discussed.     

Primary Events, Energy Transfer, and Reactions in Photosynthetic Units: Quantum Accumulation in Photosynthetic Oxygen Evolution

Three independent methods have been used to determine the size of the quantum accumulation unit in green plant photosynthesis. This unit is defined as that group of pigment molecules within which quantal absorption acts must take place leading to the evolution of a single O₂ molecule. All three methods take advantage of the nonlinearity of oxygen yield with light dose at very low dosages. The experimental values of this unit size, based on an assumed model for the charge cooperation in O₂ evolution, ranging from 800 to 1600, suggest that there is either limited energy transfer between energy-trapping units or chemical cooperation among oxygen precursors formed in several neighboring energy-trapping units. Widely diffusible essential precursors to molecular oxygen are ruled out by these results. Inhibition studies show that O₂ evolution is blocked when 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) is added to chloroplasts after two preliminary flashes and before a third flash which would have yielded O₂ in the absence of DCMU. This experiment is interpreted as evidence that the site of DCMU inhibition is on the oxidizing side of system II. Pretreatment of chloroplasts with large concentrations of Tris, previously believed to destroy O₂ evolution by blocking an essential reaction in the electron chain between water and system II, may be alternately interpreted as promoting the dark reversal of the system II light-induced electron transfer.     

Primary Events, Energy Transfer, and Reactions in Photosynthetic Units: A Connected Model of the Photosynthetic Unit

The concept of photosynthetic unit (PSU) is reviewed in the light of the authors' results in the fields of fluorescence and luminescence (delayed light). Models of PSU are mainly distinguished by the amount of exciton exchange which is allowed between units. The “separate” model, with its “first-order” character, is not consistent with fluorescence kinetic data. The sigmoidal rise of fluorescence under actinic light is best explained by “nonseparate” models; however, most of these models assume a delocalization of excitons or centers. The “connected” model introduced here is not subject to this criticism. It discloses a new effect (the “îlot” effect): a nonrandom grouping of fluorescent units the consequences of which are discussed. It is noted that a “two-quantum” model for the photochemical reaction gives results very similar to those of the connected model. A relation between luminescence intensity and fluorescence yield is seen as a necessary consequence of the PSU concept. Its meaning is different in separate and nonseparate models. This relation is discussed in connection with the true system II fluorescence emission.     

Photosynthetic Units and Carbon Assimilation in Leaves of Grain Sorghum under Different Light Intensities

The Cyt f and P700 contents in leaves of three Sorghum, varietieswere measured, in relation to their carbon assimilation, underdifferent light intensities during growth. At the maximum irradiationused (1,800 µE m^–2 s^–1) the ratio of P700to Cyt f was close to unity, whereas under low irradiation (450µE m^–2 s^–1) the ratio of P700 to Cyt f rangedfrom two to three. A strikingly positive correlation existedbetween the P700 contents of the leaves and their rates of carbondioxide fixation, dry matter production and Cyt f contents,only when the plants were grown under high light intensities.The P700 content of the leaves in plants grown under low irradiationwas unrelated to the contents of Cyt f. Thus, at a high lightintensity there is a close relationship between the Cyt f andP700 levels, but at low intensities the amounts of electroncarriers and the reaction centre are independent. (Received March 7, 1983; Accepted August 24, 1983)     

Primary Events, Energy Transfer, and Reactions in Photosynthetic Units: The Relationship between P-680 and C-550

The published reports of flash-induced absorbance changes in the 680-690 nm spectral region, which have been attributed to bleaching of the primary reaction center chlorophyll of photosystem II (PSII) P-680, are discussed in light of what is known about the primary electron acceptor of PSII, C-550. The question of whether the fluorescence yield changes, which accompany the photoreduction of C-550, might influence the measurements of chlorophyll bleaching is examined. The responses attributed to P-680 and their relationship to C-550 indicate that, if the absorbance measurements are valid, P-680 probably functions as the primary electron donor to PSII rather than as a photochemical sensitizer of the primary redox reaction.     

Concentration Units

Most people are familiar with the concept that animals come in all shapes and sizes and that the body plan of some animals can completely transform during their lifetime. Well-known examples of such complex life cycles of terrestrial animals include butterflies and frogs. Many people are unaware, however, that complex life cycles are exceedingly prevalent in marine environments. Marine invertebrates, such as sea urchins, sea stars, and crabs, all have a microscopic pelagic larval stage that looks nothing at all like the familiar adult form. The authors have developed a lesson to teach students about complex life cycles using crab larvae and adult crabs. This lesson allows 3rd- to 6th-grade students to compare and contrast body plans while learning about adaptations the larvae and adults have made to their respective habitats. Throughout the lesson, students practice skills important for scientific inquiry: making observations, drawing what they see, asking and answering questions, and learning to use scientific tools such as microscopes.     

Primary Events, Energy Transfer, and Reactions in Photosynthetic Units: The Ratio between Delayed Light and Fluorescence Emitted by Chloroplasts

Electric fields of a few hundred volts per centimeter greatly stimulate the emission of delayed light from “broken” chloroplasts. At low intensities of exciting light the fluorescence of these chloroplasts is also stimulated by the electric field, but to a lesser extent. Assuming that the electric field has no effect on prompt fluorescence, and has the same effect on the delayed light emission during illumination as in the dark, we can determine the ratio of delayed light to fluorescence under steady-state illumination.     

Photosynthetic phosphorylation

A brief history of the discovery of photosynthetic phosphorylation by chloroplasts and bacterial chromatophores is presented. Arnon early introduced the terminology of Cyclic and Non-cyclic photophosphorylation and Cyclic and Non-Cyclic electron transport to the processes observed in illuminated chloroplasts. He made major contributions to the elucidation of these processes and stressed their great biological significance. Investigations of the electron transport components of chromatophores have led to the isolation, purification and crystallization of bacterial reaction centers. The development of three-dimensional molecular structures, and the characterization of their electron transfer components have provided a great deal of information about the early reactions of bacterial photosynthesis. The electron transfer schemes presented clearly support the cyclic nature of light-induced electron transfer. Recent developments in the understanding of ATP synthesis in oxidative phosphorylation by mitochondria and in photophosphorylation by chloroplasts and bacterial chromatophores are discussed.Abbreviations ADP, ATP adenosine 5-di- and triphosphates - NADP⁺, NADPH oxidized and reduced Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate - RC reaction center - EPR electron paramagnetic resonance - F₀F₁ ATP-synthase (synthetase) of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and of chromatophores - F₀ membrane portion of ATP-synthase - F₁-ATPase water soluble sector of ATP-synthase     

Photosynthetic efficiency

Summary The efficiency of photosynthesis is discussed in analogy to the solar cell. The total efficiency can be written as a product of factors _i concerning different loss processes. The fraction of photon energyhv which is available for photosynthesis in the membrane, usually called the thermodynamic efficiency _th, is calculated. An upper limit of _th is found by means of the second law of thermodynamics. Other factors take into account losses by reflection, absorption and by various irreversible processes of the photochemical pathways.     

光合细菌光合产氢的研究进展

光合细菌 (Photosyntheticbacteria ,PSB)光合产氢的研究是国内外普遍关注的热点问题。就PSB光合产氢的机理、条件及光合细菌生态应用等方面进行综述 ,并着重论述了光合细菌产氢过程中两种主要的酶—固氮酶和氢酶以及影响酶活性的因素。