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1.
Summary. The article is reviewing some significant features and issues in the process of haploid formation in two important monocotyledonous
crop plants – maize and barley – and in two dicotyledonous plants – flax and potato. Exotic maize lines with higher androgenic
response turned up as a good source for this heritable trait and this valuable trait can be incorporated into elite maize
lines via crossing. Lots of attempts were devoted to identifying some cytological and/or morphological markers for androgenic
response in maize microspore cultures. The “starlike” organization of the cytoplasm inside the induced maize microspores together
with the enlarged size of induced microspores can be considered as morphological markers for androgenic response. In barley,
microspores with rich cytoplasm that was of granular appearance with the nucleus located near the cell wall and with no visible
vacuole had the largest survival rate and many of these cells continued in development and produced embryos. In flax, a dramatic
increase of induction rate in anther cultures (up to 25%) was achieved when flax anthers were pretreated for 3 days at 4 °C
and afterwards kept for 1 day at 35 °C. Also gynogenesis in flax has been reported already and complete plants were obtained.
In potato microspore cultures, formation of two dissimilar cells indicated a strong polarization in the system and as a result
of this polarization a prominent suspensor developed that persisted until the torpedo stage of the androgenic embryo. This
was the first time the formation of a well developed suspensor was described in connection with androgenesis.
Correspondence and reprints: Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 39A, 950
07 Nitra, Slovak Republic. 相似文献
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Andrea Michaela Bauer F. Hoti M. von Korff K. Pillen J. Léon M. J. Sillanpää 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2009,119(1):105-123
A common difficulty in mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) is that QTL effects may show environment specificity and thus
differ across environments. Furthermore, quantitative traits are likely to be influenced by multiple QTLs or genes having
different effect sizes. There is currently a need for efficient mapping strategies to account for both multiple QTLs and marker-by-environment
interactions. Thus, the objective of our study was to develop a Bayesian multi-locus multi-environmental method of QTL analysis.
This strategy is compared to (1) Bayesian multi-locus mapping, where each environment is analysed separately, (2) Restricted
Maximum Likelihood (REML) single-locus method using a mixed hierarchical model, and (3) REML forward selection applying a
mixed hierarchical model. For this study, we used data on multi-environmental field trials of 301 BC2DH lines derived from a cross between the spring barley elite cultivar Scarlett and the wild donor ISR42-8 from Israel. The
lines were genotyped by 98 SSR markers and measured for the agronomic traits “ears per m2,” “days until heading,” “plant height,”
“thousand grain weight,” and “grain yield”. Additionally, a simulation study was performed to verify the QTL results obtained
in the spring barley population. In general, the results of Bayesian QTL mapping are in accordance with REML methods. In this
study, Bayesian multi-locus multi-environmental analysis is a valuable method that is particularly suitable if lines are cultivated
in multi-environmental field trials.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
5.
Lingna Feng Jia Zhu Gang Wang Yuanping Tang Hanjun Chen Weibo Jin Fei Wang Bing Mei Zhengkai Xu Rentao Song 《Plant molecular biology》2009,69(6):649-659
The α-zein super gene family encodes the most predominant storage protein in maize (Zea mays) endosperm. In maize inbred line B73, it consists of four gene families with 41 member genes. In this study, we combined
quantitative real-time PCR and random clone sequencing to successfully profile the expression of α-zein super gene family
during endosperm development. We found that only 18 of the 41 member genes were expressed, and their expression levels diverge
greatly. At the gene family level, all families had characteristic “up-and-down” oscillating expressional patterns that diverged
into two major groups. At the individual gene level, member genes showed dramatic divergence of expression patterns, indicating
fast differentiation of their expression regulation. A comparison study among different inbred lines revealed significantly
different expressed gene sets, indicating the existence of highly diverged haplotypes. Large gene families containing long
gene clusters, e.g. z1A or z1C, mainly contributed the highly divergent haplotypes. In addition, allelic genes also showed
significant divergence in their expressional levels. These results indicated a highly dynamic and fast evolving nature to
the maize α-zein super gene family, which might be a common feature for other large gene families.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Lingna Feng and Jia Zhu contributed equally to this work. 相似文献
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Gabriele Delp Therese Gradin Inger Åhman Lisbeth M. V. Jonsson 《Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG》2009,281(3):233-248
The bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) is an important pest on cereals causing plant growth reduction without specific leaf symptoms. Breeding of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) for R. padi resistance shows that there are several resistance genes, reducing aphid growth. To identify candidate sequences for resistance-related
genes, we performed microarray analysis of gene expression after aphid infestation in two susceptible and two partially resistant
barley genotypes. One of the four lines is a descendant of two of the other genotypes. There were large differences in gene
induction between the four lines, indicating substantial variation in response even between closely related genotypes. Genes
induced in aphid-infested tissue were mainly related to defence, primary metabolism and signalling. Only 24 genes were induced
in all lines, none of them related to oxidative stress or secondary metabolism. Few genes were down-regulated, with none being
common to all four lines. There were differences in aphid-induced gene regulation between resistant and susceptible lines.
Results from control plants without aphids also revealed differences in constitutive gene expression between the two types
of lines. Candidate sequences for induced and constitutive resistance factors have been identified, among them a proteinase
inhibitor, a serine/threonine kinase and several thionins.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
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Sadanand A. Dhekney Zhijian T. Li Dennis J. Gray 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2011,47(4):458-466
Cisgenic engineering involves isolation and modification of genetic elements from the host genome, which are reinserted to
develop plant varieties with improved characteristics. As a first step toward production of fungal-disease resistant cisgenic
grapevines, the Vitis vinifera thaumatin-like protein (vvtl-1) gene was isolated from “Chardonnay” and reengineered for constitutive expression. Embryogenic cultures of “Thompson Seedless”
were initiated from leaves and transformed with Agrobacterium to regenerate cisgenic VVTL-1 plants. Cisgene presence and copy number were confirmed by PCR and quantitative real-time PCR.
Protein expression was measured using ELISA. Among the plant lines tested, two exhibited a 7–10 day delay in powdery mildew
disease development during greenhouse screening and decreased severity of black rot disease in field tests. Berries exhibited
a 42.5% reduction in sour-bunch rot disease incidence compared to non-transformed controls after 3 wk of storage at room temperature.
Although plants recovered in this study contain viral promoters and reporter/marker genes, this is the first report of a cisgenic
approach to obtain broad-spectrum fungal-disease resistance in genetically engineered grapevine. 相似文献
10.
Plant acyl-CoA dependent acyltransferases constitute a large specific protein superfamily, named BAHD. Using the conserved
sequence motifs of BAHD members, we searched the genome sequences of Populus and Arabidopsis, and identified, respectively, 94- and 61-putative genes. Subsequently, we analyzed the phylogeny, gene structure, and chromosomal
distribution of BAHD members of both species; then, we profiled expression patterns of BAHD genes by “in silico” northern- and microarray-analyses based on public databases, and by RT-PCR. While our genomic- and bioinformatic- analyses
provided full sets of BAHD superfamily genes, and cleaned up a few existing annotation errors, importantly it led to our recognizing
several unique Arabidopsis BAHD genes that inversely overlapped with their neighboring genes on the genome, and disclosing a potential natural anti-sense
regulation for gene expressions. Systemic gene-expression profiling of BAHD members revealed distinct tissue-specific/preferential
expression patterns, indicating their diverse biological functions. Our study affords a strong knowledge base for understanding
BAHD members’ evolutionary relationships and gene functions implicated in plant growth, development and metabolism.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
11.
Fan Jia Srinivas S. L. Gampala Amandeep Mittal Qingjun Luo Christopher D. Rock 《Plant molecular biology》2009,70(6):693-708
The 14,200 available full length Arabidopsis thaliana cDNAs in the universal plasmid system (UPS) donor vector pUNI51 should be applied broadly and efficiently to leverage a “functional
map-space” of homologous plant genes. We have engineered Cre-lox UPS host acceptor vectors (pCR701- 705) with N-terminal epitope
tags in frame with the loxH site and downstream from the maize Ubiquitin promoter for use in transient protoplast expression assays and particle bombardment transformation of monocots. As an example
of the utility of these vectors, we recombined them with several Arabidopsis cDNAs encoding Ser/Thr protein phosphatase type 2C (PP2Cs) known from genetic studies or predicted by hierarchical clustering
meta-analysis to be involved in ABA and stress responses. Our functional results in Zea mays mesophyll protoplasts on ABA-inducible expression effects on the Late Embryogenesis Abundant promoter ProEm:GUS reporter were consistent with predictions and resulted in identification of novel activities of some PP2Cs. Deployment
of these vectors can facilitate functional genomics and proteomics and identification of novel gene activities.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
12.
Summary In tis androgenic response, maize is considered to be a recalcitrant plant. We used mechanically isolated microspores of maize
genotype A18 to establish a responsive microspore culture of maize. Morphological events occurring during the first days of
maize androgenesis in a microspore culture were observed and described, and some morphological markers for distinguishing
between embryogenic microspores and nonembryogenic microspores were identified. It was found that the enlargement of microspores
during the first days in culture and the ‘star-like’ organization of the cytoplasm inside the microspore are connected with
reprogramming of the developmental pathway in maize microspores. Some differences were also found in the surface wall architecture
of embryogenic microspores. Fertile plants were successfully recovered from microspore-originated structures. 相似文献
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Atmospheric culturable bacteria associated with meteorological conditions at a summer-time site in the mid-Willamette Valley,Oregon 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bruce Lighthart Brenda T. Shaffer A. Shelby Frisch Dorothea Paterno 《Aerobiologia》2009,25(4):285-295
A set of simultaneously collected quantitative measurements of 12 meteorological and 6 culturable atmospheric bacterial (CAB)
variables was made over a grass seed field during several early, mid, and late summer days. The observation site was located
between the Cascade and Coastal Mountain Ranges near Corvallis in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Principal component analysis
identified those meteorological variables that had the highest loadings in six eigenvectors that account for 95.9% of variation
in the data factors, i.e., temperature @ 6.3 m above ground level (AGL), wind velocity @ 10.0 m AGL, wind velocity difference
@ 1.7–10.0 m, barometric pressure, wind direction standard deviation, and wind direction. When these variables were used in
a cluster analysis, they formed three statistically distinct meteorological variable clusters with means at ca. “midnight”,
ca. “midday”, and ca. “evening.” The highest mean density of CAB (i.e., 153.4 ± 162.5 CFU/m3) was associated with the “midday” meteorological Cluster-1 that had warm, dry “gentle breezes” from the southeast, in the
relatively bacteria loaded Willamette Valley air. The lowest mean density of CAB (i.e., 35.5 ± 24.1 CFU/m3) was associated with meteorological Cluster-3 in the late afternoon and “evening” occurring during the hottest and driest
part of the day with “fresh breezes” coming from the north northwest in air off the Pacific Ocean. Finally, the last cluster,
Cluster-2 occurred about midnight and had an intermediate density of CAB (74.2 ± 76.2 CFU/m3) in “light air” coming from the northwest, perhaps off the Pacific Ocean. The CAB associated with each of the three meteorological
clusters was only partially statistically distinct. Partially because the CAB in both the Pacific Ocean derived air masses
of the “evening” Cluster-3 and “midnight” Cluster-2 were not statically separable, though both were statistically separable
from the midday, Willamette Valley derived Cluster-1. Further indicating their common source, both Pacific Ocean derived air
masses had very similar percentages of pigmented bacteria, which were dissimilar to the pigmented bacterial population density
in the Willamette Valley air masses. In short, it is speculated that “midnight” atmosphere may simply contain the settling
concentrated residual bacterial particles in the abated fresh Pacific Ocean breezes after sundown. It is clearly shown that
with the methods employed, it is possible to associate the uniqueness of the quantity, and to a lesser extent the quality,
of the CAB population with the atmospheric conditions reported herein. From this project comes speculation that the strategies
relating the quasi-conservative bacterial populations associated with distinct but nonconservative air mass properties can
help to better understand more of the bacterial dynamics found in such situations. And to a further extent, molecular biological
methods could be applied to identify bacterial taxa in specific air masses. 相似文献
15.
Forestry is obliged to record as well as maintain and/or enhance biological diversity in forests due to national and international
agreements. Accordingly, it is necessary to work out methodological approaches for the assessment of biodiversity in forests.
In the study presented here, we focus on the total plant species pool (563 vascular plant and bryophyte species) of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests in NE Germany to identify indicators for plant species richness. We distinguished several groups like “herb”,
“grass-like”, “woody”, “endangered”, and “exotic species”, for which we detected indicators for low (class #1), intermediate
(class #2), and high (class #3) species numbers. From a total of 84 species, which were identified by a three-step procedure,
most indicators were found for class #3. Only few indicators have been revealed for intermediate species numbers, i.e. class
#2. With help of Ellenberg’s ecological indicator values and information on the main occurrence in Central European vegetation
types and plant communities, respectively, we characterized the indicator species ecologically. The ecological site preferences
of the indicator species in general reflect the fact that species richness is highest in base-rich, light, and anthropogenically
disturbed pine forests. On the contrary, species-poor forests were revealed by indicators, which mainly occur on acidic sites.
It is concluded that a considerable set of indicators for species richness can help facilitate biodiversity assessments in
forestry and ecosystem restoration practice.
Electronic Supplementary Material The online version of this article (doi: ) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
16.
Keith Johnson 《Journal of biological physics》2012,38(1):85-95
Water nanoclusters are shown from first-principles calculations to possess unique terahertz-frequency vibrational modes in
the 1–6 THz range, corresponding to O–O–O “bending,” “squashing,” and “twisting” “surface” distortions of the clusters. The
cluster molecular-orbital LUMOs are huge Rydberg-like “S,” “P,” “D,” and “F” orbitals that accept an extra electron via optical
excitation, ionization, or electron donation from interacting biomolecules. Dynamic Jahn–Teller coupling of these “hydrated-electron”
orbitals to the THz vibrations promotes such water clusters as vibronically active “structured water” essential to biomolecular
function such as protein folding. In biological microtubules, confined water-cluster THz vibrations may induce their “quantum
coherence” communicated by Jahn–Teller phonons via coupling of the THz electromagnetic field to the water clusters’ large
electric dipole moments. 相似文献
17.
Dadkhodaie NA Karaoglou H Wellings CR Park RF 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2011,122(3):479-487
The rust resistance genes Lr53 and Yr35, transferred to common wheat from Triticum dicoccoides, were reported previously to be completely linked on chromosome 6B. Four F
3 families were produced from a cross between a line carrying Lr53 and Yr35 (98M71) and the leaf rust and stripe rust susceptible genotype Avocet “S” and were rust tested using Puccinina triticina pathotype 53-1,(6),(7),10,11 and Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici pathotype 110 E143 A+. The homozygous resistant lines produced infection types of “;1−” and “;N” to these pathotypes, respectively.
The Chi-squared tests indicated goodness-of-fit of the data for one leaf rust gene and one stripe rust gene segregation. Linkage
analysis using this population demonstrated recombination of 3% between the genes. Microsatellite markers located on the short
arm of chromosome 6B were used to map the genes, with the markers cfd1 and gwm508 being mapped approximately 1.1 and 4.5 cM, respectively, proximal to Lr53. Additional studies of the relationship between Lr36, also located on the short arm of chromosome 6B, and Lr53 indicated that the two genes were independent. 相似文献
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Hend Askri Samia Daldoul Anis Ben Ammar Saloua Rejeb Rahma Jardak Mohamed Nejib Rejeb Ahmed Mliki Abdelwahed Ghorbel 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2012,34(3):957-968
The physiological and molecular response to salt stress was studied in two wild grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. sylvestris or Vitis sylvestris) accessions “Khédhayria” and “Houamdia”, previously identified as salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive pair wise. Plants from
both accessions were subjected to a progressive salt stress by the use of a nutritional solution containing up to 150 mM NaCl
for 2 weeks. Salt stress adversely affected growth and water potential since the first day of exposure to 150 mM NaCl. However,
chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were unchanged until 14 days of salt exposure. At that time point the predawn water potential
(ΨPD), the non-photochemical quenching of fluorescence (NPQ) and the coefficient of photochemical quenching (qp) were significantly less altered in the tolerant accession. At the molecular level semi-quantitative RT-PCR assays revealed
a differential expression of (Vs α-gal/SIP and Vs DHN) genes within these contrasting accessions after exposure to 24 h and 14 days of salt. Comparably, the Vs RD22 gene had increased slightly after only 14 days of treatment in both accessions. These results were the first pieces of information
reported on the early and late regulation of salt response genes in wild grapevines. Furthermore, genotype-dependent parameters
such as NPQ, qp, mRNA levels of Vs α-gal/SIP and Vs DHN could be used to screen salt-tolerant wild grapevine genotypes. 相似文献
19.
Hoppe R Lambert TD Samollow PB Breer H Strotmann J 《Journal of molecular evolution》2006,62(4):460-472
Genes encoding the olfactory receptors of the “OR37” subfamily of the mouse are characterized by special features including
a clustered expression pattern, assembly in two distinct gene clusters, and highly conserved putative promoter motifs. Mining
the rat and dog databases revealed that these two species possess highly conserved clusters of OR37 genes at two syntenic
genomic loci. In a prototherian mammal, the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), none of the characteristic OR37 genes were found. Examination of a metatherian mammal, the gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica) revealed seven canonical OR37 genes, all phylogenetically related to cluster II genes and also organized similar to cluster
II of eutherian species. In addition, their 5′ upstream regions comprised sequence motifs related to the putative regulatory
sequences of cluster II genes. Typical cluster I OR37 genes were identified only in the eutherian mammals examined, including
the evolutionary ancient anteater, wherein OR37 genes related to both clusters were present. Together, these results reveal
novel information concerning the phylogenetic origin and important evolutionary steps of the mammalian-specific OR37 olfactory
receptor family.
[Reviewing Editor: Dr. Lauren Ancel Meyers]
Reiner Hoppe and Thomas D. Lambert are contributed equally to this work. 相似文献
20.
Janine S. Croser Monika M. Lulsdorf Ravinder K. Grewal Kayley M. Usher Kadambot H. M. Siddique 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2011,47(3):357-368
Routine production of haploid plants has not been reported for any legume, despite the major role these species play in sustainable
farming systems and human nutrition. It is within this context that we report a protocol for the induction of haploid development
in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) using isolated microspore culture. The cultivars “Rupali”, “Narayen”, and “Kimberley Large” were identified as responsive
to isolated microspore culture. Flower bud length and microspore developmental stage were correlated for these cultivars.
Depending on the cultivar, buds 2.85–3.5 mm in length contained uninucleate microspores. Microspores from donor plants grown
in winter and spring were more responsive than those grown in summer. A cold treatment (4°C) of between 24 and 48 h enhanced
microspore response in winter- and spring-grown material but was not effective in summer-grown material. A medium developed
by the authors was effective for microspore induction and early-stage embryo development. The addition of hormones to this
medium was promotive of microspore induction in winter- and spring-grown material, but not in summer-grown material. The initial
haploid division predominantly occurred via symmetrical division of the vegetative nucleus. Further research is under way
to convert pro-embryos into plants. 相似文献