圆斑弯叶毛瓢虫对湿地松粉蚧捕食作用研究

在室内试验条件下,研究了圆斑弯叶毛瓢虫Nephus ryuguus(Kamiya)对湿地松粉蚧Oracella acuta(Lobdell)的捕食功能反应和干扰反应,结果表明瓢虫的捕食功能反应符合Holling-Ⅱ型模型,捕食量随猎物密度的增加而增大;1～4龄幼虫和成虫理论最大捕食量分别为13.63头/d、21.57头/d、55.07头/d、66.39头/d和93.40头/d;对猎物的寻找效应随自身密度的增大而下降.在猎物密度不变的情况下,捕食率随自身密度的增加而减少,成虫个体之间的干扰反应经检验,符合Hassell-Varley干扰反应模型.     

弯叶毛瓢虫属一新记录种

报道采自海南印度紫檀和番石榴上的弯叶毛瓢虫属Nephus Mulsant 1中国新记录种:斐济弯叶毛瓢虫Nephus(Geminosipho)fijiensis(Sicard),并绘制了重要的形态特征图.本种瓢虫可捕食螺旋粉虱Aleurodicus dispersus Russell.观察标本保存于北京市农林科学院植物保护环境保护研究所.     

温度对黑襟毛瓢虫发育的影响

(1)Schoolfield等(1981)导出的建立在酶促反应机理上的温度与变愠动物发育速率关系的模型能很好的拟合黑襟毛瓢虫的发育速率与温度的相互关系,变温对其发育速率没有显著影响.(2)高温对黑襟毛瓢虫种群动态的主要影响是在其发育过程中的存活率而不是发育速率.(3)黑襟毛瓢虫在中温(26℃)下完成幼虫期发育所需蚜量最低.(4)不同温度下黑襟毛瓢虫的成虫寿命与产卵期均不同,但这对成虫的产卵量并无直接影响.(5)给出了实验室条件下,温度与黑襟毛瓢虫的净生殖率(R₀)、平均世代周期(T)及内禀增长率的关系.     

温度对红点唇瓢虫实验种群的影响

在７种温度下测定了红点唇瓢虫（Ｃｈｉｌｏｃｏｒｕｓ ｋｕｗａｎａｅ Ｓｉｌｖｅｓｔｒｉ）发育速率,并求得各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温。其发育速率与温度的关系能很好地用王如松等（１９８２）提出的模型进行拟合。由此模型估计出最低、最高临界温度和最适发育温度,分别为１０．４２－１３．０１－℃、℃３３．５３－３７．０３℃和２４．９９－３０．１２℃。卵期忍耐温度变化的能力最强。４龄幼虫最弱。温度明显地影响     

温度对异色瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

为探索饲养异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis（Pallas）的最适温度,了解其对高温的耐受性,组建了异色瓢虫在15,20,25,30和35℃下的实验种群生命表。结果表明：各虫态的发育速率随温度的升高而加快,在15℃下世代的发育历期最长（65.5d）,而30℃时仅为22.4d,20℃和25℃时分别为39.0d和23.0d。卵、幼虫、蛹和世代的发育起点温度分别为9.8,8.2,11.6和8.5℃,有效积温分别为41.1,225.6,81.6,432.6日.度。成虫寿命随温度升高而逐渐缩短,15℃时最长,为77.7d,在30℃下最短,为36.3d;单雌产卵量在25℃时最高,平均为2193.0粒,15℃时最低,为626.0粒。在25℃下,异色瓢虫的种群趋势指数和内禀增长力均较高,分别为916.7和0.15,表明25℃是异色瓢虫生长、繁殖的最适温度。     

温度对深点食螨瓢虫实验种群的影响

在５种温度下观察了深点食螨瓢虫各虫态的生长发育及成虫产卵的情况,由此拟合了各虫态的发育速率和温度的关系模型,求出了各阶段的发育起点温度和有效积温,组建了４种温度下的实验种群繁殖特征生命表,并算出了内禀增长能力、稳定年龄组配、瞬时出生率和瞬时死亡率等参数值。     

温度对沙巴拟刀角瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】明确不同温度对沙巴拟刀角瓢虫Serangiellasababensis生长发育和繁殖的影响,为烟粉虱天敌的应用提供理论依据。【方法】在17、20、25、30和32℃的恒温条件下,测定沙巴拟刀角瓢虫的存活率和发育历期,计算出发育起点温度、有效积温和生命表参数。【结果】成虫前期存活率和产卵量在25℃时最高,分别为80.78%±6.42%和（284.00±59.71）粒。从卵发育至成虫的发育历期在17℃时最长（57.06±1.28）d,30℃时最短（13.85±0.12）d。成虫前期的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为（11.29±1.86）℃和（271.40±34.44）日·度。在25℃时,沙巴拟刀角瓢虫种群的净增殖力R0最高,内禀增长率rm在30℃最高。【结论】沙巴拟刀角瓢虫的最适温区为25-30℃,与烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)的最适温区相近,可以在烟粉虱暴发的时期大量应用。     

多异瓢虫的发育与温度的关系

测定多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata(Goeze)在13,17,21,25,29和33℃下各虫态的发育历期。结果表明,在不同温度梯度下,多异瓢虫全世代历期依次为:(62.23±3.42)d,(48.31±2.96)d,(25.01±2.53)d,(20.78±1.83)d,(13.68±0.67)d和(10.92±0.58)d。利用最小二乘法确定出多异瓢虫各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温,其全世代的分别为10.85℃和249.79日.度;由微分法求出Logistic曲线方程中的最大发育速率K,进而由最小二乘法求出a、r,从而确定出多异瓢虫各虫态的发育速率与温度的Logistic曲线关系,其全世代的为:V=0.101156/[1+exp(3.905041-0.183509T)];由Lagrangc中值定理求出各虫态的发育最适温度、适宜温区,其全世代的分别为:Tmid(最适温度)=21.28℃、Tmin(适宜温区下限)=11.55℃、Tmax(适宜温区上限)=31.01℃。     

日本刀角瓢虫对不同叶毛密度茄子品种的产卵选择性

【目的】产卵是昆虫发育过程中繁衍后代、维持种群数量的重要环节。在前期研究发现日本刀角瓢虫Serangium japonicum喜欢在茄子Solanum melongena叶片上产卵的前提下,本研究旨在深入探究日本刀角瓢虫对不同叶毛密度茄子品种的产卵选择性,以期进一步明确植物叶毛介导的日本刀角瓢虫产卵选择机制。【方法】观察日本刀角瓢虫雌成虫在4个茄子品种(黑到底、黑妞、日友长直壮、络星)叶碟和植株上的产卵选择性,测定不同茄子品种上日本刀角瓢虫后代的生长发育及成虫的繁殖力、捕食能力和对叶片的附着力,观察4个茄子品种叶片背面超微结构,测定日本刀角瓢虫雌成虫对茄子叶片的气味选择,测量茄子叶片上烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci卵粒的长度和宽度,测定日本刀角瓢虫卵被其雌成虫的同类捕食风险。【结果】日本刀角瓢虫偏好在黑到底上产卵,后代个体在黑到底品种上总发育历期(15.41±0.21 d)最短,亲代单雌产卵量(877.44±15.27粒/头)最高。但是,日本刀角瓢虫的产卵量占比与子代生长表现(发育历期、存活率和成虫体重)和成虫生存表现(繁殖力和捕食能力)均无显著相关性,而与叶片背面叶毛密度和长度存在显著正相关性;日本刀角瓢虫在茄子叶碟上的产卵量占比与日本刀角瓢虫雌成虫附着力存在显著正相关性。日本刀角瓢虫雌成虫附着力与叶毛密度显著正相关,而与亲代生长表现无显著相关关系。茄子叶片气味、猎物质量以及被同类捕食风险均不显著影响日本刀角瓢虫的产卵选择。【结论】茄子叶片背面叶毛密度及叶毛介导的日本刀角瓢虫附着力在日本刀角瓢虫对茄子叶片的产卵选择性中起重要作用。     

温度对食蚜瘿蚊生长发育的影响

在19,22,25,28,31℃和RH为80%的组合下,测定食蚜瘿蚊Aphidoletes aphidimyza Rondani的发育历期,分析发育速率与温度的关系,并且测定各温度下食蚜瘿蚊的化蛹率和羽化率等生物学参数。实验结果表明:温度对食蚜瘿蚊的生长发育有较大影响。在19~28℃范围内,食蚜瘿蚊各虫态的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,而在28~31℃范围内,食蚜瘿蚊各虫态的发育历期随着温度的升高而略为延长。采用线性日度模型和Logistic模型对卵期、幼虫期、蛹期和全世代的发育速率进行模拟分析,2种模型均能较好地反映各虫态的发育速率。不同温度下食蚜瘿蚊的5天化蛹率和总羽化率差别较大,但以25℃下为最高,分别为88.00%和94.70%;而22℃下的化蛹率和羽化率与25℃下较为接近,分别为84.00%和90.66%,经分析差异不显著。食蚜瘿蚊最适生长发育温度为22~25℃。     

温度对中华锉叶蜂发育和存活的影响及药剂防治效果

中华锉叶蜂Pristiphora sinensisWong是我国特有的害虫种类。在室内较系统地研究了温度对中华锉叶蜂发育和存活的影响,并进行了田间防治试验。结果表明,不同温度对中华锉叶蜂各虫态生长发育和存活具有明显不同的影响,在16,20,24,28℃条件下,卵、幼虫、蛹的存活率和发育历期均存在显著的差异,比较而言,以20~24℃较为适宜,温度过高或过低均有明显不利的影响。药剂防治试验表明,供试6种药剂处理对中华锉叶蜂幼虫均具有较好的防治效果。     

温度对大蜡螟生长发育和繁殖的影响

为明确不同温度对大蜡螟(Galleria mellonella L.)生长发育和繁殖的影响,在24℃、28℃和31℃三个温度条件下,采用人工饲料饲养观察了大蜡螟的生长发育和繁殖状况。结果表明,温度对大蜡螟发育历期、生长发育速率以及繁殖具有显著影响(P0. 05)。在24～31℃范围内,随着温度升高,各虫态发育历期缩短,幼虫体长增长加快,发育速率加快。在24℃下世代历期最长(47. 96 d),31℃下世代历期最短(33. 68 d)。在同一温度下,雄蛾的寿命明显较雌蛾的寿命长,但成虫寿命、产卵前期和产卵期均随着温度升高而缩短。在24℃下产卵量最高为2 781. 50粒/雌,而在31℃下产卵量最低为1 943. 17粒/雌。     

A general model for effects of temperature on ectotherm ontogenetic growth and development

The temperature size rule (TSR) is the tendency for ectotherms to develop faster but mature at smaller body sizes at higher temperatures. It can be explained by a simple model in which the rate of growth or biomass accumulation and the rate of development have different temperature dependence. The model accounts for both TSR and the less frequently observed reverse-TSR, predicts the fraction of energy allocated to maintenance and synthesis over the course of development, and also predicts that less total energy is expended when developing at warmer temperatures for TSR and vice versa for reverse-TSR. It has important implications for effects of climate change on ectothermic animals.     

Influence of temperature and photoperiod on embryonic development in the dragonfly Sympetrum striolatum (Odonata: Libellulidae)

Temperature and photoperiod play major roles in insect ecology. Many insect species have fixed degree‐days for embryogenesis, with minimum and maximum temperature thresholds for egg and larval development and hatching. Often, photoperiodic changes trigger the transfer into the next life‐cycle stadium. However, it is not known whether this distinct pattern also exist in a species with a high level of phenotypic plasticity in life‐history traits. In the present study, eggs of the dragonfly Sympetrum striolatum Charpentier (Odonata: Libellulidae) are reared under different constant and fluctuating temperatures and photoperiodic conditions in several laboratory and field experiments. In general, and as expected, higher temperatures cause faster egg development. However, no general temperature or light‐days for eyespot development and hatching are found. The minimum temperature thresholds are distinguished for survival (2 °C), embryogenesis (6 °C) and larval hatching (above 6 °C). Low winter temperatures synchronize hatching. Above 36 °C, no eyespots are visible and no larvae hatch. In laboratory experiments, light is neither necessary for eyespot development, nor for hatching. By contrast to the laboratory experiments, the field experiment show that naturally changing temperature and photoperiod play a significant role in the seasonal regulation of embryonic development. The post‐eyespot development is more variable and influenced by temperature and photoperiod than the pre‐eyespot development. This developmental plasticity at the end of the embryogenesis might be a general pattern in the Libellulidae, helping them to cope with variation in environmental conditions.     

赤眼蜂发育速率对梯度恒温的响应

赤眼蜂发育速率对梯度恒温的响应关系到生物防治效果问题,以稻螟赤眼蜂与玉米螟赤眼蜂为例,研究了两种赤眼蜂分别在10、15、20、25、30、35、37℃梯度恒温下的相应世代发育历期,并运用直线回归模型与王-兰-丁模型两种拟合法,对温度与发育速率的关系进行了拟合。研究结果表明:温度对两种赤眼蜂的世代发育历期有明显的影响,在试验梯度温度10-37℃范围内,两种赤眼蜂的世代发育历期随温度升高而逐渐缩短。在10℃至30℃范围内,两种赤眼蜂的发育历期迅速缩短。在30℃到37℃范围内,两种赤眼蜂的发育历期变化进入一个相对平稳时期。在试验温度为30、35、37℃,稻螟赤眼蜂与玉米螟赤眼蜂的发育历期分别为7.75、7.45、7.95d和8.05、7.50、7.90d,差异不显著。通过直线回归法,可得稻螟赤眼蜂与玉米螟赤眼蜂的发育起点温度分别为5.23℃和5.24℃,有效积温分别为212.77d·℃和217.39d·℃;利用王氏模型法,得到两种赤眼蜂的发育最低温、发育最适温和发育最高温分别为7.96、18.91、38.99℃和6.97、18.87、38.99℃。稻螟赤眼蜂与玉米螟赤眼蜂在10-37℃的试验温度范围内,发育速率随温度升高而相应增大。在10-30℃范围内,两种赤眼蜂的发育速率迅速增长;在30-35℃范围内,两种赤眼蜂的发育速率进入一个相对平稳时期,超过临界高温TH后,随温度升高发育速率最终降为0。讨论了赤眼蜂发育速率对梯度恒温响应研究中应注意的梯度恒温设计和数学模型选择问题。     

Prey preference and consumption capacity of Nephus arcuatus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): the influence of prey stage,prey size and feeding experience

This study examined the feeding habits of Nephus arcuatus Kapur (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), an important predator of mealybugs in south-western Iran. The consumption capacity of male and female N. arcuatus adults was determined by their feeding on eggs, first-instar nymphs, and adult females of two destructive mealybugs, Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) and Planococcus citri Risso, over a 24-h period. N arcuatus consumed significantly more first-instar nymphs than eggs, and more eggs than female adults of both prey species. In addition, we also studied the developmental stage prey preference of adults reared on either N. viridis or P. citri and found that the prey preference of females did not change with the developmental stage of the mealybug. Meanwhile, the males reared on either N. viridis or P. citri showed a significant preference for the first-instar nymphs of P. citri over first-instar nymphs of N. viridis, while a preference for the eggs or adult females of these two mealybugs was not observed. This selection of first-instar nymphs by males was not tied to its previous feeding experience. Our findings suggest that prey stage, prey size and previous feeding experience had no effect on the prey selection of N. arcuatus, making it a good candidate for the biological control of mealybugs.     

Influence of temperature and salinity on embryonic development ofParacentrotus lividus (Lmk, 1816)

The combined effects of temperature and salinity on early development of the sea urchinParacentrotus lividus (Lmk, 1816) are reported. The optimal temperature-salinity combinations for development are 18 °–20 °C and 34–35‰; there is a significant temperature-salinity interaction. The optimal conditions found in the experiments are above the mean yearly values for the sampled population's environment (North Adriatic Sea), being more similar to those of the Tyrrhenian Sea. These results suggest that embryonic tolerances to temperature and salinity are under genetic and not environmental control.     

温度对瓦氏黄颡鱼胚胎发育的影响

受精卵的孵化率、胚胎发育各阶段的存活率及发育速度是鱼类胚胎发育过程的重要生物学参数,各种内、外环境因素对这些参数均有不同程度的影响(Paninietal.,2001;ZachariaandKakati,2004)。水温、溶氧、pH值、光照及遗传变异等对鱼类胚胎发育均有影响(曹振东、谢小军,1994;吴贤汉     

红棕象甲发育起点温度及有效积温的测定

在室内恒温条件下,观察了不同温度对棕榈红棕象甲Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Fabricius生长发育的影响,并用直线回归法测得产卵前期、卵、幼虫、蛹和全世代的发育起点温度分别为(16.11±1.44)、(14.10±0.56)、(15.28±0.21)、(14.89±0.24)和(14.15±0.54)℃;有效积温分别为(31.86±1.65)、(748.60±15.79)、(417.94±20.80)和(1215.50±28.56)日·度。红棕象甲的各虫态和全世代发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,在测定的温度范围内,全世代发育历期与温度的关系符合指数函数:y=3343e-0.1279x。