Morphofunctional transformations of the blood vessels in the transplantation of syngeneic normal tissue and of a tumor

In 360 Fisher rats dynamics of changes in blood vessels, the microcirculatory bed vessels included, have been investigated. An original model of the experiment at implantation of syngenic tissues of the fetus normal intestine and tumorous adenocarcinoma of the small intestine has been used. Specific changes of the blood vessels have been revealed around and in the capsule of the implant, depending on their morphological reorganization. The blood vessels changes can serve as a prognostic sign of possible alterations in the implant structure.     

Vital microscopy and histochemical study of the autonomic nervous system of the small intestine in animals with thermal burns

By means of vital microscopy a possibility of histochemical detection of redox enzymes and of study of changes in their activity in intramural nerve plexuses of the small intestine on a live animal was demonstrated. Severe thermal trauma induced a disturbance of permeability of mitochondrial membranes of the Auerbach's plexus nerve cells; as a result, there was a change in the activity of redox enzymes localized within the mitochondria. Lumbar novocain block performed soon after the burn trauma normalized the state of the mitochondrial membranes of the nerve cells.     

A functional-morphologic analysis of reactive changes in nerve fibers during development of collateral circulation in nerves]

After stopping the blood circulation along the femoral artery the collateral blood circulation is developing unevenly in different nerves. It depends on the architectonics of blood vessels of the zone. In time the intravenous anastomosis in the distal part of the ischiatic nerve sharply increases. It is pulsing and compressing the nerve bundles and may have a negative influence on nerve fibres. Reactive morphological changes of the axis cylinder, myelin incisions and Ranvier's constrictions are found in such a nerve. The analysis has shown that the changes noted have a character of local non-specific process accompanying physiological manifestations of parabiosis.     

Selective sympathetic denervation induced by 6-hydroxy-dopamine in the small intestine.

The structure of the nerve fibres in the intact and neurally isolated intestine of the cat was studied after 6-OHDA treatment by fluorescence and electron microscopy. A gradual disappearance of green fluorescence in the monoaminergic fibers was observed. Degeneration of nerve fibres containing 30--60 nm agranular and 30--60 nm densecore (granular) vesicles could be seen in all layers of the small intestine. Sporadically, degeneration of the presynaptic elements occurred also in the synapses of myenteric ganglia. A large number of degenerating fibres could be observed in close relation to blood vessels. These were thought to be monoaminergic because 6-OHDA selectively affected their terminals. In the chronically isolated small intestine degenerated nerve processes could not be observed following 6-OHDA treatment. It is concluded that the intrinsic nerve elements do not contain monoamines. Accordingly, the previously observed yellow fluorescence of the nerve elements of the isolated small intestine might be due to some other kind of neurotransmitter, possibly tryptamine.     

刺激家兔腹部迷走神经外周端引起的降压作用

本文对电刺激家兔腹部的迷走神经外周端所引起的降压反应进行了研究。在121只家兔中的实验结果表明:电刺激腹部迷走神经外周端可引起动脉压、小肠和后肢的灌流压同时降低,而心率则无明显变化。这一降压反应发生时,小肠静脉血中的组织胺含量较刺激前明显升高,然后恢复;将小剂量的组织胺 H_1受体阻断剂扑尔敏、非乃根和 H_2受体阻断剂甲氰咪胍(Cimetidine)分别注入肠系膜上动脉均能减弱刺激腹部迷走神经外周端引起的动脉压和小肠灌流压的降低。心得安能削弱此降压反应,而阿托品无效;切断两侧内脏大神经能显著削弱刺激腹部迷走神经外周端引起的降压反应。此残余的降压反应在注入抗组织胺剂后完全消失。由此推论,刺激家兔腹部迷走神经外周端引起的降压反应是通过中枢和外周两方面因素的作用,使血管舒张,外周阻力降低而实现的。     

Blood vascular system of the sea cucumber,Stichopus moebii

Stichopus moebii, a sea cucumber, has a closed circulatory system which is unique in its degree of development for the phylum Echinodermata. The gross anatomy, histology and fine structure of the system were studied. Blood vessels consist of a coelomic surface of ciliated epithelium, a layer of muscle and nerve cells, followed by connective tissue and luminal lining of endothelium. Basically the blood vascular system consists of two major vessels running parallel to the gut: the dorsal vessel pumps colorless blood via the vessels within the walls of the intestine into the ventral vessel. There are two specialized areas of the circulation: (1) At the upper small intestine 120 to 150 muscular single-chambered hearts pump blood from the dorsal vessel into a series of intestinal plates. (2) At the lower region of the small intestine the vasculature is associated with the left respiratory tree. Blood passing from the dorsal pulmonary vessel can take two routes to the gut, it either passes through myriads of minute respiratory shunt vessels entangled with the respiratory tree or it passes through a unique follicle network consisting of tiny channels periodically dilated into chambers filled with iron deposits, necrotic cells and developing coelomocytes.     

Somatostatin-immunoreactive nerve fibers in close association with capillaries in the small intestine

Electron microscopic immunocytochemistry was used to identify somatostatin-immunoreactive nerve profiles around the capillary system of the small intestine in the rat and cat. The highest density of somatostatin-immunoreactive nerve profiles was seen in the mucosa, and 25-30% of all immunoreactive profiles were found immediately adjacent to the endothelial cells of capillary blood vessels. About half of the capillary endothelial cells were fenestrated. The majority of the immunoreactive nerve profiles were varicosities, containing synaptic vesicles. These observations suggest that somatostatin might be released from varicose nerve fibers and may contribute to the elevated levels of the peptide measured in portal blood as compared to peripheral blood.     

Vascular-nervous relationships in the valves of the heart]

Method of silver nitrate impregnation was used in order to study 50 preparations of not-changed atrioventricular valves of the heart of domestic bulls and 30 preparations of the same valves of adult humans. It has been shown that in heart valves there are certain relationships between striated muscle fibres, blood vessels and nerve elements. The nerve structures of the valves are represented by nerve bundles of different thickness. In their composition there are comparatively thin non-myelinated and thicker myelinated fibres. Towards the free edge of cusps the nerve bundles become thinner and the nerve trunks give off separate thin nerve fibres disposed along the vessels of a capillary type and in some places getting around them. In certain portions of cusps the nerve bundles, some of which have zigzag sinuosity, cross blood vessels in different directions. In man the major mass of blood vessels and nerve elements are disposed near the base of the valve cusps, accompanying the muscle fibre bundles penetrating from the base side. In the bull heart valves an amount of blood vessels and nerve elements is found in considerable portions of the cusps not connected with muscle fibres.     

The blood microcirculatory bed of the small intestine, liver and pancreas after resection of the stomach and small intestine

As demonstrate the experiments performed on dogs and rats, after surgical intervention to the stomach and small intestine, other organs of the digestive system experience an increased functional loading, that results in noticeable changes in the intraorganic blood vessels and the blood microcirculatory bed organs. The course of the compensatory processes occurs with a definite regularity--as stages. The first stage is characterized with a predominance of the pathological reactions over the compensatory ones, in the second stage certain compensatory possibilities of the organism are noted. In the third stage the compensatory-adaptive reactions prevail over the pathological processes in the blood vessels and blood microcirculatory bed.     

Compensatory-adaptive processes in the nervous elements of the intramural plexuses of the small intestine following resection of half of it]

A complicated morphological reconstruction, phasic in character, occurred in the nervous plexuses of the small intestine after resection of half of it. Neurons of both the muscular and the submucosal plexus reacted in a similar way at various stages of the compensatory-adaptive changes in the remaining intestine. The principal form of the morpho-functional normalization of the nerve cells after the development in them of dystrophic changes was apparently the intracellular regeneration.     

Systemic and organic changes in the microcirculatory bed in experimental dehydration of the body

Among systemic mechanisms of microvascular reactivity of the musculus spinotrapezius, pancreas and small intestine mesentery at dehydration, a special role play the changes directed to maintenance of harmony between the capacity of the blood bed and volume of the circulatory blood, morpho-functional factors on regulation of hemodynamics, as well as mechanism of liquor resource++ elimination from the blood bed. The organic peculiarities of the microvascular reactivity at dehydration are determined by topic and quantitative character of their changes.     

Study of the innervation of blood vessels of the digestive organs by fluorescence microscopy]

The blood vessels of the samll intestine and the gallbladder were shown to possess a great amount of adrenergic nerve fibres which, when penetrating the thickness of the wall of the above organs, become thinner and the distributed between the tissue structures of the organs as the thinnest monoaxonal network. The method of Falck--Hillarp--Krokhina was used. Among the vessel nerves there are perivascular nerves accompanying the vessels along their total legnth, juxtavascular and intramural nervous bundles of the sumpathetic nature detected by the fluorescent-microscopy method. Large arteries are disposed in a considerably thicker network of specifically fluorescing fibres than veins and small arteries.     

Morphologic changes in the microcirculatory bed at stages of prolonged experimental fasting in animals

In 40 white male rats with body mass 180-200 g, by means of silver nitrate impregnation, morphological changes have been studied in the blood microcirculatory bed of the small intestine mesentery, spinal trapezoid muscle and eye ball conjunctiva at various stages of a prolonged fasting. With an increasing time of the experiment, a gradual undirected character of the changes in the microvessels is noted. After 3 days of fasting the changes in diameters of the microvessels, comparing to the control ones, have not any significant values in all the organs studied. After 6 days of fasting significant changes in diameters in all the links of the microcirculatory bed of the eye ball conjunctiva and in that of the spinal trapezoid muscle are observed. The microvascular changes are mostly pronounced on the 9th day of fasting. The maximal decrease of the microvessel diameters is noted in the eye ball conjunctiva, and the minimal--in the small intestine mesentery. The changes in the spinal trapezoid muscle are of intermediate character. The highest points of the structural lability gradient fall on the capillary and postcapillary-venular links of the blood microcirculatory bed.     

Nerve elements of the heart in aorto-coronary by-pass conditions.

Experiments were conducted on 100 dogs with creation of autovenous aortocoronary shunts in the coronary artery. The hearts were examined 1 year following surgery by routine histological, neurohistological, histochemical and electron-microscopic techniques. No severe destructive changes were revealed in the shunting system. The main process develop in the heart very early following surgery and consist in reactive changes in the intramural nerve elements, elevation of the phosphatase activity in the walls of the microcirculatory bed, redistribution of acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides and changes of permeability of the haematohistiocytic barriers; they are an adaptation response of the myocardium to operative stress and new conditions of influx of blood to the cardiac muscle.     

猕猴发育过程中肠肝组织血管活性肠肽及其受体的变化

本文旨在探讨猕猴发育过程中血管活性肠肽(vasoactive intestinal polypeptide,VIP)及其受体在肠肝组织的变化。通过手术途径获得胚胎6月、新生2 d、新生45 d和成年猕猴的回肠、肝脏、门静脉和外周血等标本,应用放射免疫分析法测定各标本中的VIP含量;通过免疫组化方法观察VIP在肠、肝组织内的分布;利用原位杂交法检测VIP受体1(VIP receptor 1,VIPR1)的表达。结果显示:(1)胚胎6月的猕猴小肠VIP含量为(20．7±14．3)ng／mg蛋白;小肠绒毛根部及黏膜下层可见少量的VIP阳性染色颗粒;在发育过程中,小肠VIP含量逐渐增加,成年期时达(514．8±49．2)ng／mg蛋白,较胚胎6月显著增加(P<0．01)。(2)成年猕猴小肠VIP主要分布于绒毛隐窝部、黏膜下层神经及环、纵行肌间神经丛及环行肌,在发育过程中相应部位的VIPR1表达逐渐上调。(3)肝脏在发育过程中VIP及VIPR1含量逐渐降低。(4)发育的各个时期,小肠组织的VIP含量均明显高于肝脏组织,门静脉VIP水平也始终高于外周血。结果提示,小肠绒毛隐窝部、黏膜下层神经及环、纵行肌间神经内VIP及VIPR1含量足在出生以后才迅速增加的;不论是在胚胎还是成年期,VIP均不在肝中代谢和分解,VIPR1仅见于胚胎肝脏血管。     

Neuronal distribution and subcellular localization of HCNP-like immunoreactivity in rat small intestine

A novel peptide, hippocampal cholinergic neurostimulating peptide (HCNP), originally purified from young rat hippocampus, affects the development of specific cholinergic neurons of the central nervous system in vitro. In this study, HCNP-like-immunoreactive nerve processes and nerve cell bodies were identified by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry in the rat small intestine. Labeled nerve processes were numerous in the circular muscle layer and around the submucosal blood vessels. In the submucosal and myenteric plexuses, some HCNP-like-immunopositive nerve cell bodies and nerve fibers were present. The reaction product was deposited on the membranes of various subcellular organelles, including the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi saccules, ovoid electron-lucent synaptic vesicles in axon terminals associated with submucosal and myenteric plexuses, and the outer membranes of a few mitochondria. The synaptic vesicles of HCNP-like-positive terminals were 60–85 nm in diameter. The present data provide direct immunocytochemical evidence that HCNP-like-positive nerve cell bodies and nerve fibers are present in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses of the rat small intestine. An immunohistochemical light microscopic study using mirror-image sections revealed that in both the submucosal and myenteric ganglia, almost all choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunoreactive neurons were also immunoreactive for HCNP. These observations suggest (i) that HCNP proper and/or HCNP precursor protein is a membrane-associated protein with a widespread subcellular distribution, (ii) that HCNP precursor protein may be biosynthesized within neurons localized in the rat enteric nervous system, and (iii) that HCNP proper and/or HCNP precursor protein are probably stored in axon terminals.     

Methods of selection, preparation and evaluation of the viability of small-intestinal fragments suitable for transplantation

In the experiment performed on cats, using histological, histochemical and impregnative techniques it has been stated that choose of the small intestine area, suitable for transplantation should be based on counting straight vessels ramified in it. In order to ensure viability of the small intestine fragment the method of its preliminary treatment is recommended, based on training blood vessels. For estimating viability of the transplant it is possible to ascertain SDG activity in neurons of the intramural nervous ganglia and estimate amount of secreting gobletlike cells in mucous membrane of the small intestine loop.     

Somatostatin in human enteric nerves

Summary Somatostatin-immunoreactive nerves and endocrine cells were localized by use of immunohistochemistry in human stomach, small and large intestine. The nature of the immunoreactivity in acid extracts of separated layers of intestine was determined with separation by high pressure liquid chromatography followed by detection with radioimmunoassay; authentic somatostatin-14 was found in the external musculature, which contains nerves, and in the submucosa and mucosa, which contain both nerve fibres and endocrine cells.The distribution of somatostatin nerves in the gastric antrum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending and sigmoid colon, and rectum is described. In the intestine many positive perikarya and fine varicose fibres were seen. Mucosal fibres formed a sub-epithelial plexus and a looser network in the lamina propria; this nerve supply was less dense in the large intestine. Submucous ganglia contained positive perikarya and terminals; many terminals formed pericellular baskets, mainly around non-reactive cells. A small number of nerve fibres were associated with submucosal blood vessels. The innervation of the circular and longitudinal muscle was sparse. Positive nerve terminals were seen in the myenteric plexus, although fewer than in the submucous ganglia; positive perikarya were scarce in myenteric ganglia. Somatostatin-immunoreactive nerves were found in the muscle layers and myenteric plexus of the gastric antrum, but were not detected in the antral mucosa and all layers of the gastric body.The distribution of human enteric somatostatin nerves is compared to that in small laboratory animals, and possible roles for these nerves are discussed.     

The role of adrenergic structures in the control of cerebral circulation]

A study of the cerebral blood flow carried out by the thermoelectric method demonstrated that stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve led to marked changes in the cerebral blood supply. The blood flow changes were two-stage in character: an initial slight increase changed to a decrease below the initial level. Pharmacological analysis with the use of alpha- and beta-adrenoblockers showed a constrictor reaction of the cerebral vessels to be caused by excitation of the alpha-adrenoreactive structures, and the dilatator reaction - by the beta-adrenoreactive structures. An opinion is put forward on a possible mechanism of these changes.     

VIP-, Bombesin- and Neurotensin-Like Immunoreactivity in Neurons of the Gut of the Holostean Fish,Lepisosteus platyrhincus

VIP-like immunoreactivity was found in nerve fibres in all layers of the gut wall in both stomach and intestine, and was abundant in the myenteric and submucous plexuses. A few fibres were associated with blood vessels. Nerve cells showing VIP-like immunoreactivity were found in the myenteric plexus. Neurotensin-like immunoreactivity was found in nerve cells and numerous nerve fibres in the myenteric plexus of both stomach and intestine and in nerve fibres of the circular muscle layer, while bombesin-like immunoreactivity was confined to a low number of nerve fibres in the myenteric plexus of the stomach. The results indicate that a VIP-like, a neurotensin-like and a bombesin-like peptide are present in neurons of the gut of Lepisosteus.