OAZ在果蝇大脑发育中的功能研究

OAZ基因编码在进化上保守的C2H2型O/E相关锌指蛋白,参与基因转录的调控。TGF-β信号传导通路中OAZ通过与SMAD4/R-SMAD结合形成转录复合物发挥作用;Olf1/EBF作为转录因子与OAZ相互作用来调控嗅觉上皮细胞和B淋巴细胞的分化。此外,OAZ是JAK/STAT信号通路的下游候选靶基因。但是迄今为止OAZ在果蝇大脑发育的功能还没有研究。果蝇大脑视叶作为一个相对简易操作的模型为我们揭示早期神经干细胞的增殖和转化机制创造了条件,为加快理解哺乳动物早期神经发生过程以及进一步开展神经干细胞治疗提供可能。本研究通过RNA干扰来研究OAZ在果蝇大脑发育中的作用。我们的初步实验结果表明,OAZ对果蝇大脑视叶神经上皮细胞的维持可能不是必需的,OAZ对果蝇大脑视叶神经板和脑髓神经节的发育也可能不是必需的。     

Visualization of endogenous BMP signaling during Xenopus development

The TGF-beta superfamily of growth factors is known to transmit signals to the nucleus mainly through the Smads, intracellular signaling components that are highly conserved from nematodes to humans. The signaling activity of the Smads is regulated by their ligand-stimulated phosphorylation through Ser/Thr kinase receptors. Here, to examine the in vivo role of BMP, we investigated the spatio-temporal activation of BMP-regulated signals during Xenopus development, using a polyclonal antibody that specifically recognizes the phosphorylated form of BMP-regulated Smads. BMP signaling was observed uniformly in embryos as early as stage 7, but was restricted to the ventral side of the embryo at the late blastula stage, supporting the proposed role of BMP4 as a ventralizing factor in Xenopus embryos. In addition, localized staining was detected in several developing organs, consistent with the predicted function of BMP family members in organogenesis.     

Visualization of endogenous BMP signaling during Xenopus development

Abstract The TGF-β superfamily of growth factors is known to transmit signals to the nucleus mainly through the Smads, intracellular signaling components that are highly conserved from nematodes to humans. The signaling activity of the Smads is regulated by their ligand-stimulated phosphorylation through Ser/Thr kinase receptors. Here, to examine the in vivo role of BMP, we investigated the spatio-temporal activation of BMP-regulated signals during Xenopus development, using a polyclonal antibody that specifically recognizes the phosphorylated form of BMP-regulated Smads. BMP signaling was observed uniformly in embryos as early as stage 7, but was restricted to the ventral side of the embryo at the late blastula stage, supporting the proposed role of BMP4 as a ventralizing factor in Xenopus embryos. In addition, localized staining was detected in several developing organs, consistent with the predicted function of BMP family members in organogenesis.     

The RING domain of PIASy is involved in the suppression of bone morphogenetic protein-signaling pathway

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play central roles in differentiation, development, and physiologic tissue remodeling. Recently, we have demonstrated that a protein inhibitor of activated STAT, PIASy, suppresses TGF-beta signaling by interacting with Sma and MAD-related protein 3 (Smad3). In this study, we examined a PIASy-dependent inhibitory effect on BMP signaling. PIASy expression was induced by BMP-2 stimulation and suppressed BMP-2-dependent Smad activity in hepatoma cells. Furthermore, BMP-2-regulated Smads directly bound to PIASy. We also demonstrated that the RING domain of PIASy played an important role in PIASy-mediated suppression of Smad activity. We here provide evidence that the inhibitory action of PIASy on BMP-regulated Smad activity was due to direct physical interactions between Smads and PIASy through its RING domain.     

Tob proteins enhance inhibitory Smad-receptor interactions to repress BMP signaling

Tob inhibits bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling by interacting with receptor-regulated Smads in osteoblasts. Here we provide evidence that Tob also interacts with the inhibitory Smads 6 and 7. A yeast two-hybrid screen identified Smad6 as a protein interacting with Tob. Tob co-localizes with Smad6 at the plasma membrane and enhances the interaction between Smad6 and activated BMP type I receptors. Furthermore, we have isolated Xenopus Tob2, and show that it cooperates with Smad6 in inducing secondary axes when expressed in early Xenopus embryos. Finally, Tob and Tob2 cooperate with Smad6 to inhibit endogenous BMP signaling in Xenopus embryonic explants and in cultured mammalian cells. Our results provide both in vitro and in vivo evidence that Tob inhibits endogenous BMP signaling by facilitating inhibitory Smad functions.