临床标本钩端螺旋体L型的分离与形态学鉴定

应用钩体Ｌ型培养基成功地从钩体病神经系统后发症患者的血液和／或脑脊液标本中分离到钩体Ｌ型。将Ｌ型阳性培养物转种于钩体Ｌ型固体平板培养,发现基落形态呈丝状（Ｆ）型。对所分离到的Ｌ型进行形态学鉴定表明：Ｌ型呈球状体、螺旋状的丝状体等多形性改变,电镜下见Ｌ型推动部分或全部细胞壁,Ｌ型经免疫标记技术鉴定证实为钩体的Ｌ型。     

钩端螺旋体的几种检测方法

钩端螺旋体的几种检测方法万成松张文炳曹虹（第一军医大学微生物学教研室,广州５１０５１５）钩端螺旋体（简称钩体,Ｌｅｐｔｏｓｐｉｒａ）是一类细长、弯曲、两端呈钩状的螺旋体,钩体种类很多,分类学上归细菌范畴,可分致病性和非致病性两大类。钩体病是由致病性钩...     

人感染钩体菌群与免疫血清群及交叉凝集关系研究

为了解人间自然感染各群钩端螺旋体（钩体）后产生的免疫抗体血清群、交叉凝集（交凝）、效价及相互关系,作者对病原学阳性并做过双份血清ＭＡＴ的６４份资料作了综合分析,结果表明：６４株钩体属于１２个群,其中１３株菌的感染者血清呈阴性反应,占２０．３１％;５１例呈阳性,占７９．６９％,有１４个血清群,效价１∶１００～１∶６４００;１２个菌群感染者的血清交凝反应较为普遍,效价１∶１００～１∶３２００;效价高低及交凝群数,因感染菌群而异。较为特殊的是１１个菌群感染者的血清中均不见与流感伤寒群钩体的交凝现象。本文对人间分离钩体菌群与免疫血清群构成比例互不吻合的问题作了解释,为钩体病的免疫及血清流行病学补充了新论据     

钩端螺旋体病神经系统后发症患者L型检测及其意义

为探讨钩端螺旋体病神经系统后发症与钩体Ｌ型密切关系,本文采用显微镜凝集试验（ＭＡＴ）、钩体普通培养和Ｌ型培养方法对１８６例钩体病神经系统后发症患者共２０６份标本（血液１３５份,脑脊液７１份）进行了检测。结果：血液Ｌ型培养阳性率（２７．４％）明显高于血液ＭＡＴ阳性率（１７．０％）（０．０２〈Ｐ〈０．０５）,脑脊液Ｌ型培养阳性率（３０．９％）显著高于脑脊液ＭＡＴ阳性率（１２．７％）（Ｐ〈０．０１）,钩     

青霉素对患者血内钩端螺旋体的消减

为了研究青霉素治疗中患者体内钩端螺旋体(简称钩体)的动态变化,我们于1974年7—9月检测了23例疑似钩体病患者,在青霉素治疗过程中进行钩体分离培养,获得8例阳性,现将分离情况报告如下。     

20例脑动脉炎钩端螺旋体L型的调查报告

本文报道２０例钩端螺旋体（简称钩体）Ｌ型脑动脉炎,其中右侧偏瘫８例、左侧偏瘫５例、双侧瘫２例,共济失调２例。血培养原形钩体阳性２例、钩体Ｌ型阳性１４例;ＣＳＦ培养原形钩体阳性１例、Ｌ型阳性７例。脑ＣＴ证实脑出血２例、脑梗塞８例。研究表明本病的发生可能与钩体Ｌ型直接损伤脑血管密功相关。甲硝哒唑易透过血脑屏障,能损伤钩体ＤＮＡ结构,疗效显著,可减少钩体病后发症。     

间接FLISA法检测钩端螺旋体特异性IgM方法的探讨

为研制钩端螺旋体（钩体）特异性IgM检测试剂,并用于早期诊断钩体病,以钩体外膜蛋白为抗原,探索间接ELISA法检测钩体特异性IgM的各项实验条件,并对钩体病患者血清标本进行检测,结果,１０５份健康人血ＩgM阴性,钩体IgM阳性血清可被特异性阻断,２－巯基乙醇破坏试验阳性,试剂存放４℃和３７℃4天的检测结果基本一致,检测临床钩体病人112份血清,IgM阳性83份,阳性率74．11％,与常规TAT法基本一致,0－7病日的阳性率明显高于MAT法,说明该法检测钩体病IgM具有特异,敏感,快速,稳定,简便等优点,对钩体病早期诊断有一定的价值。     

河南省分离发现纳姆型钩端螺旋体

河南省分离发现纳姆型钩端螺旋体秦进才王岳竹蒲丛高吉元（中国药品生物制品检定所,北京１０００５０）分类号Ｒ５１４．４１９９５年２月和１９９６年５月,流研所和河南省防疫站先后２次从河南省新乡、信阳地区患者和各种宿主动物采集１０株钩体菌株,送检定所进行血清...     

钩端螺旋体的研究进展

广义上钩端螺旋体是指螺旋体目钩端螺旋体科钩端螺旋体属的微生物,随着研究的深入,现该属微生物被划分为钩端螺旋体属（Leptospira）和细丝体属（Leptonema）17个种。由于钩端螺旋体具有独特的形态结构、进化上特殊的地位和医学上的重要意义,一直是研究者和医务工作者关注的对象。钩端螺旋体可引起钩端螺旋体病,该病是一个潜在的、严重的世界性公共卫生问题。其典型症状是黄疸、肾衰竭、出血及心肌炎与心律不齐,     

钩刺目纤毛虫--多核前裂虫的超微结构研究

对钩刺目－土壤纤毛虫－多核前裂虫的超微结构做了透射电镜观察。该种表现了与其他钩刺目种类相似的特征,包括体表分布的粘泡以及扁平的表膜泡,其主要细胞结构特征为：（１）－一层连续的支状内质网将虫体细胞质分成内外两部分;（２）线粒体仅密集于内层细胞质;（３）平行唇突表面的特殊的前列横微管敕纱由胞口发出,沿唇突表层向体后发出并纵行环绕于胞咽外侧,此前列横微管束明显地呈片层状构造;（４）射出体包括位于口区的两     

Serovars and biovars of Campylobacter strains isolated from humans and slaughterhouse animals in northern Germany

A total of 318 Campylobacter strains from sporadic cases of human enteritis (109 strains) and healthy slaughterhouse animals in northern Germany (209 strains) were bio- and serotyped according to the Lior typing schemes. Three hundred strains were typable (94.3%) and 38 serovars were identified. Among human strains 28 serovars were identified with 30% of them belonging to serovar 4. Strains from pigs were associated with 25 serovars, the most frequent being serovar 20 (21.2%). Fourteen serovars were identified in the ovine strains of which 31.1% were of serovar 49, and 22.2% of serovar 4. All of the strains from one chicken farm were of serovar 11, whereas in those from another serovar 1 was predominant (85.4%). Twenty-five of the 38 serovars identified were associated with at least two different biovars. Campylobacter jejuni biovar I was predominant in humans, sheep and chickens and Campylobacter coli biovar I in pigs. The results suggest that the combined use of bio- and serotyping according to the Lior typing schemes would be of use in studies on the epidemiology of human campylobacteriosis in Germany.     

Serovars and biovars of Campylobacter strains isolated from humans and slaughterhouse animals in northern Germany

A total of 318 Campylobacter strains from sporadic cases of human enteritis (109 strains) and healthy slaughterhouse animals in northern Germany (209 strains) were bio- and serotyped according to the Lior typing schemes. Three hundred strains were typable (94.3%) and 38 serovars were identified. Among human strains 28 serovars were identified with 30% of them belonging to serovar 4. Strains from pigs were associated with 25 serovars, the most frequent being serovar 20 (21.2%). Fourteen serovars were identified in the ovine strains of which 31.1% were of serovar 49, and 22.2% of serovar 4. All of the strains from one chicken farm were of serovar 11, whereas in those from another serovar 1 was predominant (85.4%). Twenty-five of the 38 serovars identified were associated with at least two different biovars. Campylobacter jejuni biovar I was predominant in humans, sheep and chickens and Campylobacter coli biovar I in pigs. The results suggest that the combined use of bio- and serotyping according to the Lior typing schemes would be of use in studies on the epidemiology of human campylobacteriosis in Germany.     

The gene identification of bacterial species and serovariants by the polymerase chain reaction with universal oligonucleotides: the reidentification of earlier isolated strains of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis]

Genetic analysis of 19 standard strains belonging to 6 Yersinia species (Y. pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, Y. enterocolitica, Y. kirstensenii, Y. frederiksenii, Y. intermedia) revealed that gene typing by the method of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the use of universal primers permitted the identification of species in bacterial cultures by PCR patterns and the determination of Y. pseudotuberculosis serovars within 4 hours. By this method 23 Y. pseudotuberculosis strains (serovar 1), earlier isolated in different regions of the USSR from humans and rodents, were studied. The study showed that out of 14 strains of human origin only two strains could actually be classified with serovar 1, while the remaining strains were reidentified as belonging to serovar 5. Among 9 strains isolated from rodents those of serovar 1 prevailed (8 strains). The authors suppose that strains of serovar 5 cause outbreaks and sporadic cases of pseudotuberculosis, occurring considerably more often than it is commonly believed in the USSR.     

Identification of DNA sequences specific for Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 strains by suppression subtractive hybridization

Vibrio vulnificus can be divided into three biotypes, and only biotype 2, which is further divided into serovars, contains eel-virulent strains. We compared the genomic DNA of a biotype 2 serovar E isolate (tester) with the genomic DNAs of three biotype 1 strains by suppression subtractive hybridization and then tested the distribution of the tester-specific DNA sequences in a wide collection of bacterial strains. In this way we identified three plasmid-borne DNA sequences that were specific for biotype 2 strains irrespective of the serovar and three chromosomal DNA sequences that were specific for serovar E biotype 2 strains. These sequences have potential for use in the diagnosis of eel vibriosis caused by V. vulnificus and in the detection of biotype 2 serovar E strains.     

Identification of DNA Sequences Specific for Vibrio vulnificus Biotype 2 Strains by Suppression Subtractive Hybridization

Vibrio vulnificus can be divided into three biotypes, and only biotype 2, which is further divided into serovars, contains eel-virulent strains. We compared the genomic DNA of a biotype 2 serovar E isolate (tester) with the genomic DNAs of three biotype 1 strains by suppression subtractive hybridization and then tested the distribution of the tester-specific DNA sequences in a wide collection of bacterial strains. In this way we identified three plasmid-borne DNA sequences that were specific for biotype 2 strains irrespective of the serovar and three chromosomal DNA sequences that were specific for serovar E biotype 2 strains. These sequences have potential for use in the diagnosis of eel vibriosis caused by V. vulnificus and in the detection of biotype 2 serovar E strains.     

Leptospire genomic diversity revealed by microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization

Comparative genomic hybridization was used to compare genetic diversity of five strains of Leptospira (Leptospira interrogans serovars Bratislava, Canicola, and Hebdomadis and Leptospira kirschneri serovars Cynopteri and Grippotyphosa). The array was designed based on two available sequenced Leptospira reference genomes, those of L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni and L. interrogans serovar Lai. A comparison of genetic contents showed that L. interrogans serovar Bratislava was closest to the reference genomes while L. kirschneri serovar Grippotyphosa had the least similarity to the reference genomes. Cluster analysis indicated that L. interrogans serovars Bratislava and Hebdomadis clustered together first, followed by L. interrogans serovar Canicola, before the two L. kirschneri strains. Confirmed/potential virulence factors identified in previous research were also detected in the tested strains.     

Differences in gene content between Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolates and comparison to closely related serovars Gallinarum and Dublin

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is often transmitted into the human food supply through eggs of hens that appear healthy. This pathogen became far more prevalent in poultry following eradication of the fowl pathogen S. enterica serovar Gallinarum in the mid-20th century. To investigate whether changes in serovar Enteritidis gene content contributed to this increased prevalence, and to evaluate genetic heterogeneity within the serovar, comparative genomic hybridization was performed on eight 60-year-old and nineteen 10- to 20-year-old serovar Enteritidis strains from various hosts, using a Salmonella-specific microarray. Overall, almost all the serovar Enteritidis genomes were very similar to each other. Excluding two rare strains classified as serovar Enteritidis in the Salmonella reference collection B, only eleven regions of the serovar Enteritidis phage type 4 (PT4) chromosome (sequenced at the Sanger Center) were absent or divergent in any of the other serovar Enteritidis strains tested. The more recent isolates did not have consistent differences from 60-year-old field isolates, suggesting that no large genomic additions on a whole-gene scale were needed for serovar Enteritidis to become more prevalent in domestic fowl. Cross-hybridization of phage genes on the array with related genes in the examined genomes grouped the serovar Enteritidis isolates into two major lineages. Microarray comparisons of the sequenced serovar Enteritidis PT4 to isolates of the closely related serovars Dublin and Gallinarum (biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum) revealed several genomic areas that distinguished them from serovar Enteritidis and from each other. These differences in gene content could be useful in DNA-based typing and in understanding the different phenotypes of these related serovars.     

Pathogenic properties of freshly isolated strains of the pertussis microbe

The serovar composition, toxicity, virulence and lymphocytosis stimulating activity (LSA) of B. pertussis strains circulating in the 1980-ies were studied in comparison with the strains circulating in previous years. The study revealed changes in the toxic properties of B. pertussis: their decrease in the years of the intensive immunization of children against whooping cough and rise at the period when the number of immunized children was reduced. The toxic properties and LSA in most B. pertussis strains were less pronounced in the 1980-ies than in the 1960-ies. The serovar composition of the circulating strains remained stable for 15 years with the prevalence of serovar 1.0.3.     

Characterization of Vibrio anguillarum and closely related species isolated from farmed fish in Norway.

A total of 264 bacterial strains tentatively or definitely classified as Vibrio anguillarum were examined. The strains were isolated from diseased or healthy Norwegian fish after routine autopsy. With the exception of five isolates from wild saithe (Pollachius virens), the strains originated from nine different species of farmed fish. The bacteria were subjected to morphological, physiological, and biochemical studies, numerical taxonomical analyses, serotyping by slide agglutination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, DNA-plasmid profiling, and in vitro antimicrobial drug susceptibility testing. The results of the microbiological studies were correlated to anamnestic information. The bacterial strains were identified as V. anguillarum serovar O1 (n = 132), serovar O2 (n = 89), serovar O4 (n = 2), serovar O8 (n = 1), and not typeable (n = 1) as well as Vibrio splendidus biovar I (n = 36) and biovar II (n = 1), Vibrio tubiashii (n = 1), and Vibrio fischerii (n = 1). V. anguillarum serovar O1 or O2 was isolated in 176 out of 179 cases of clinical vibriosis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). V. anguillarum serovar O1 was the only serovar isolated from salmonid fish species other than Atlantic salmon, while V. anguillarum serovar O2 was isolated from all marine fish suffering from vibriosis. A 48-Mda plasmid was isolated from all V. anguillarum serovar O1 isolates examined. Serovar O2 isolates did not harbor any plasmids. Resistance against commonly used antibiotic compounds was not demonstrated among V. anguillarum isolates. Neither V. splendidus biovar I nor other V. anguillarum-related species appeared to be of clinical importance among salmonid fish.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)