中国狗寄生虫名录

1.本文将中国已发现之狗寄生虫,列成名录。 2.迄目前止,中国已知之狗寄生虫自然感染者有原虫12种、线虫18种、吸虫34种、絛虫17种、蛭1种,蜱25种、螨4种、舌形虫2种、昆虫18种,计131种;实验感染者有线虫2种、棘头虫1种、吸虫13种,计16种,共147种。 3.上海发现的马氏斜睾吸虫Plagiorchis(M.)massino Petrov and Tichonov,1927及Alaria sp.均为国内狗寄生虫之新纪录。     

Radiocarbon wiggle-dating of elm declines in northwest Denmark and their significance

Four elm declines were found in a pollen diagram from a small lake in northwest Denmark. Matching consecutive radiocarbon dates with the dendro-chronological calibration curve indicated a reservoir effect of 120 years, and dates for the four elm declines were obtained (4530, 4130, 3870, 3410 cal B.C.). The occurrence of apophytes (native plants encouraged by human activities) and increased vegetation diversity during the four elm declines indicates human disturbance. The first and second elm declines coincide with traces of early agriculture in northern Germany. The third and fourth elm declines are contemporary with the transitions to the Early Neolithic and the Middle Neolithic Funnel Beaker Culture in Denmark. The possible influence of outbreaks of elm disease is discussed.     

川东南小型水库营养结构特征的稳定C、N同位素分析

为了解我国水库生态系统营养结构特征, 研究应用稳定同位素技术分析了四川省东南部的典型小型水库松林水库中不同水生生物碳、氮稳定性同位素比值。基于Bayesian混合模型(SIAR)分析了不同消费者基础碳来源, 并计算了δ13C–δ15N同位素生态位中6个营养结构量化指标。结果表明: 调查期间松林水库处于富营养化状态; 初级生产者POM(主要成分为浮游藻类)、固着藻类、喜旱莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides和水蓼Polygonum hydropiper的δ13C值范围为–29.20‰—18.81‰, δ15N值范围为4.01‰—12.73‰; 其中POM和固着藻类是多数消费者的主要碳源; 松林水库食物网营养级长度为3级, 以杂食性鱼类为优势类群并存在营养冗余现象, 暗示了该生态系统鱼类群落结构的相对稳定性; 入侵物种福寿螺Pomacea lineata、罗非鱼Oreochromis spp.与土著物种铜锈环棱螺Bellamya aeruginosa、鲫Carassius auratus等之间存在明显的同位素生态位重叠现象。建议加强水生生物资源管理, 减少外来物种入侵对当地土著物种的保护具有重要意义。     

渤海沿岸湿地生物多样性变化特征

全球气候变化和人类活动干扰的加强,对全球生物多样性造成了前所未有的干扰和破坏。近年来随着我国东部沿海的人口经济快速增长、资源需求进一步增大,生物多样性保护面临着巨大的挑战,进而影响地区经济和生态环境的可持续发展。在区域尺度上评估我国滨海湿地生态系统生物多样性空间格局及其变化特征,对于科学认识和合理保护滨海湿地生态系统生物多样性,和制定生态环境保护决策具有十分重要的意义。以渤海沿岸湿地生态系统生物多样性为研究对象,通过InVEST模型,和物种丰富度指数,评价了该地区生物多样性现状及其变化。结果表明:(1)渤海沿岸湿地生态系统主要以水库坑塘为主,其次为草本沼泽。在2000—2010年期间,渤海沿岸湿地生态系统总面积几乎不变,主要为草本沼泽和水库坑塘之间的转换。(2)湿地生物多样性较高的区域主要分布在辽东湾中部、渤海湾东南部和莱州湾西北部。由于城市化进展的加快,人类活动的干扰加强,近10年来,渤海沿岸湿地生境质量逐渐降低,生物多样性呈退化趋势。频繁的人类活动对该地区湿地生物多样性产生巨大的负面影响,应多建立自然保护区加以保护。(3)生物多样性变化热点区主要分布在渤海湾东南部和莱州湾西北部。冷点区域主要集中在渤海湾的中北部。在渤海湾东南部和莱州湾西北部的变化热点区内,生物多样性呈改善趋势,说明有效的生态系统转换和湿地保护区的建立,可以实现发展与保护共存,达到了双赢的效果。     

密云水库上游径流变化趋势及影响因素

对径流演变规律的认识和研究是水资源得到有效利用的前提。密云水库是北京市唯一的地表水源地,水库的正常运行对北京市供水安全有重要的意义。2015年9月,南水北调的水开始进入密云水库,对密云水库上游径流量的研究可以使南水北调的水与其相互配合,有效补充密云水库的水资源,研究上游河流的径流变化趋势很有必要。以密云水库白河(张家坟站)和潮河(下会站)水文站1960—2014年的月径流数据为基础,采用年内径流不均匀系数、滑动平均法、Mann-Kendall突变检验法、小波分析方法、双累积径流曲线法分析了密云水库入库径流的年内分配特征和年际变化特征,径流变化周期趋势及降雨和人类活动对径流变化的影响。结果表明:密云水库入流径流量主要分布在7—9月之间,占全年径流量的70%;白河流域年内径流变化较为剧烈。50年来白河与潮河径流量有减少趋势,递减率分别为3.24m~3s~(-1)(10a)~(-1)和1.60m~3s~(-1)(10a)~(-1)。白河流域和潮河流域径流量存在周期为7a的变化特征。利用累积径流曲线分析降雨和人类活动对密云水库上游径流量的影响,结果表明人类活动是影响密云水库径流变化的主要原因,为71.36%—91.39%,其中白河流域受人类活动干扰更为剧烈。     

北京野鸭湖湿地自然保护区越冬灰鹤觅食栖息地选择研究

2006年12月～2007年2月,采用秩变换分析法对北京野鸭湖湿地自然保护区越冬灰鹤群的觅食栖息地选择规律进行了研究.在保护区18种土地利用类型中,灰鹤的觅食柄息地主要为玉米地、沼泽草甸、水库冰面和草场等4种.越冬灰鹤对玉米地的选择性最高,草场的选择性最低,说明北京地区越冬灰鹤对人类活动的依赖性很大.同时发现,烧荒、翻地等耕作方式会大大降低食物的可获得性,影响灰鹤的觅食效率.     

Abyssal food limitation, ecosystem structure and climate change

The abyssal seafloor covers more than 50% of the Earth and is postulated to be both a reservoir of biodiversity and a source of important ecosystem services. We show that ecosystem structure and function in the abyss are strongly modulated by the quantity and quality of detrital food material sinking from the surface ocean. Climate change and human activities (e.g. successful ocean fertilization) will alter patterns of sinking food flux to the deep ocean, substantially impacting the structure, function and biodiversity of abyssal ecosystems. Abyssal ecosystem response thus must be considered in assessments of the environmental impacts of global warming and ocean fertilization.     

三峡库区景观格局变化及其影响因素——以重庆市云阳县为例

从20世纪90年代中期至今是三峡库区生态-经济系统与景观格局发生重大变化的一段时期。论文通过对库区重庆市云阳县1994年与2002年遥感影像的解译,分析景观格局的变化,探讨生态建设、城镇化、基础设施建设、生态移民、农业产业结构调整等短时期内高强度的人类活动对该区域景观格局的影响。地形破碎、高差悬殊的山地特点以及在亚热带湿润气候主导下的山地立体气候分异等自然因素造成了景观格局的基本分异;有限的土地资源及其利用与分布状况是控制景观格局变化的主导因子;为保证三峡工程的顺利建设和安全运行而采取一系列生态经济建设活动成为促使景观格局变化的最重要的驱动因素;政治、经济和社会决策对景观格局变化具有重要影响。     

Abundance and diversity of phytoplankton in the Paraná River (Argentina) 220 km downstream of the Yacyretá reservoir.

Patterns in the temporal composition, abundance and diversity of the phytoplankton community of the Paraná river prior to and after the initial filling phase of the Yacyretá reservoir are analyzed. The study site is located 220 km downstream from the Yacyretá reservoir and 30 km downstream from the confluence with the Paraguay river. Because both rivers remain separate and unmixed at the study site, we compared the possible effects of the impoundment on both river banks (left and right banks) in hydrological periods with similar duration and magnitude of the low and high water phases. Physical and chemical conditions measured on the right bank (water from the Paraguay river) were similar at both periods (pre and post-impoundment) whereas conductivity, pH and orthophosphate concentration increased on the left bank (water from the High Paraná river and Yacyretá reservoir) after the impoundment. Changes in phytoplankton density and diversity were observed only in samples collected from water flowing from the reservoir (left bank). The density of Chlorophyceae (Chloromonas acidophila, Chlamydomonas leptobasis, Choricystis minor, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus ecornis, Monoraphidium minutum, M. contortum and M. pusillum) and Cryptophyceae (Rhodomonas minuta, Cryptomonas marssonii and C. ovata) increased while Cyanophyceae (Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Raphidiopsis mediterranea and Planktolyngbya subtilis) and Bacillariophyceae (Aulacoseira granulata and its bioforms) decreased compared to previous studies conducted on the left bank of the Paraná river. Phytoplankton collected from the right bank of the river did not differ in pre and post- impoundment samples because they originate from the Paraguay river, which remains relatively unaffected by human activities.     

Experimental evidence and ecological perspectives for the adaptation of Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907 (Digenea: Schistosomatidae) to a wild host,the water-rat,Nectomys squamipes Brants, 1827 (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae)

Due to the semi aquatic habits and the overlap of the geographical distribution of the water-rat, Nectomys spp., with schistosomiasis endemic areas, these wild rodents are very likely to acquire Schistosoma mansoni infection in their daily activities. The role of the water-rat in the S. mansoni cycle would be substantiated if one could prove that these rodents acquire the parasite during their own activity time, a completely independent time schedule of human activities. To pursue this goal, we performed two field experiments in the municipality of Sumidouro, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, a schistosomiasis endemic area where N. squamipes is found naturally infected. One experiment was devised as a series of observations of activity time of the water-rat. The other experiment was a test of the occurrence of late transmission of S. mansoni to the water-rat. The daily activity pattern showed that the water-rat is active chiefly just after sunset. At both diurnal and late exposition essays the water-rat sentinels got infected by S. mansoni. These findings clarify ecological and behavioral components necessary to the adaptation of S. mansoni to the water-rat as a non human definitive host and the existence of a transmission cycle involving this animals as a reservoir.     

人类免疫缺陷病毒潜伏库定量检测技术的研究进展

以静息CD4~+T细胞为主的人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)潜伏库的清除已成为治愈HIV-1感染的主要障碍,人们迫切需要建立一种高通量、可靠的、高灵敏度的方法来定量检测病毒潜伏库的真实大小。本文就目前关于HIV潜伏库的多种定量检测方法进行综述。     

朱鹮冬季觅食地的选择

在无线电遥测的基础上 ,采用样方法对朱冬季觅食地进行了调查。朱冬季觅食地有冬水田、河流浅滩和水库 3种类型。成鸟与幼鸟的主要觅食地类型及分布有明显的差别 ,位于海拔 6 0 0～ 10 0 0m的低山区冬水田是朱成鸟冬季最重要的觅食地 ,幼鸟多在汉江流域的河流及浅滩中觅食。对冬水田的主要栖息地特征的方差分析和因子分析的结果表明 :影响朱冬季觅食地选择的主要因子为觅食地的海拔高度、开阔度、面积及人类活动的干扰程度等。冬水田的恢复及保护对朱的保护有着重要的意义     

内源微生物驱油及其对油藏微生物活动的影响

【目的】新疆油田六中区为典型水驱普通稠油油藏，水驱效果较差，油藏具有丰富的内源微生物，本研究通过分析内源微生物驱油对油藏微生物活动的影响，确定内源微生物驱油技术在该类油藏的应用潜力。【方法】采用高通量测序及分析化学技术，系统研究实施内源微生物驱油技术后油藏细菌群落结构组成、细菌总数和功能菌群的浓度以及采出液的流体性质，总结内源微生物驱油对油藏微生物活动的影响。【结果】现场试验注入激活剂和空气后，内源微生物被显著激活，细菌群落结构发生明显变化，细菌总数及功能菌群浓度普遍提高了2–3个数量级；各种内源微生物代谢活动显著增强，与地层流体相互作用后，原油明显被乳化，最终石油采收率提高5.2%。【结论】对于内源微生物较为丰富的水驱普通稠油油藏，内源微生物驱油技术对油藏微生物活动的影响显著，具有显著的技术优势和较大的应用潜力，微生物群落结构、功能菌群浓度及其相关代谢产物可以作为评价内源微生物驱油现场激活效果的重要指标，为其他内源微生物驱油现场试验提供技术参考。     

Bridging the gap: Using reservoir ecology and human serosurveys to estimate Lassa virus spillover in West Africa

Forecasting the risk of pathogen spillover from reservoir populations of wild or domestic animals is essential for the effective deployment of interventions such as wildlife vaccination or culling. Due to the sporadic nature of spillover events and limited availability of data, developing and validating robust, spatially explicit, predictions is challenging. Recent efforts have begun to make progress in this direction by capitalizing on machine learning methodologies. An important weakness of existing approaches, however, is that they generally rely on combining human and reservoir infection data during the training process and thus conflate risk attributable to the prevalence of the pathogen in the reservoir population with the risk attributed to the realized rate of spillover into the human population. Because effective planning of interventions requires that these components of risk be disentangled, we developed a multi-layer machine learning framework that separates these processes. Our approach begins by training models to predict the geographic range of the primary reservoir and the subset of this range in which the pathogen occurs. The spillover risk predicted by the product of these reservoir specific models is then fit to data on realized patterns of historical spillover into the human population. The result is a geographically specific spillover risk forecast that can be easily decomposed and used to guide effective intervention. Applying our method to Lassa virus, a zoonotic pathogen that regularly spills over into the human population across West Africa, results in a model that explains a modest but statistically significant portion of geographic variation in historical patterns of spillover. When combined with a mechanistic mathematical model of infection dynamics, our spillover risk model predicts that 897,700 humans are infected by Lassa virus each year across West Africa, with Nigeria accounting for more than half of these human infections.     

北京市妫水河流域人类活动的水文响应

选取1986-1987年、2005-2006年为两个研究时段,解译1987年和2005年两幅土地利用图,分析土地利用和气候变化情况.利用土壤水评价模型(Soil Water Assessment Tool,SWAT)量化近20年来人类活动对妫水河流域产生的直接与间接影响.结果显示:人类活动的间接影响使径流量增加,汛期(6-8月)增加显著,增幅达34.67％.另外,涨水与退水过程明显加快,径流分配趋于不均匀.人类活动的直接影响使径流量大幅度降低,平均径流系数下降了87％以上.涨水和退水过程基本消失,径流量分配趋于均匀.因此,在妫水河流域,人类活动的间接影响使流域涵养水源能力下降,易发生洪涝和干旱.人类活动的直接影响增加了降水的利用率,减少了洪涝和干旱.     

Occurrence of parasporin-producing Bacillus thuringiensis in Vietnam

A total of 63 Bacillus thuringiensis isolates were recovered from urban soils of Hanoi, Vietnam. Of these, 34 were identified to 12 H serogroups. None of the isolates showed larvicidal activities against three lepidopterous insects. Three isolates belonging to the two serovars, colmeri (H21) and konkukian (H34), were highly toxic to larvae of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Parasporal inclusion proteins of four isolates exhibited cytocidal activities against HeLa cells. Immunologically, proteins of four isolates were closely related to parasporin-1 (Cry31Aa), a parasporal protein that preferentially kills human cancer cells. Haemolytic activities were associated with parasporal proteins of the three mosquitocidal isolates but not with those of the four cancer-cell-killing isolates. PCR experiments and nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the genes of four anti-cancer isolates are closely related to the gene parasporin-1 (cry31Aa) but are dissimilar to those of the three other existing parasporins. Our results suggest that the soil of northern Vietnam is a good reservoir of parasporin-producing B. thuringiensis.     

不同尺度景观空间分异特征对水体质量的影响——以深圳市西丽水库流域为例

由于景观格局对水体质量的影响是依赖于研究尺度、并且随着时间尺度和空间尺度的变化而变化的,因此探讨不同尺度上景观格局变化对水质的影响程度具有重要的研究价值。从深圳市水库流域水环境保护的需求出发,选择西丽水库及其汇水子流域为研究对象,以陈利顶等提出的景观空间负荷对比指数分析方法为基础,区分高度、坡度和距离3个空间要素计算了分区和累积景观空间负荷对比指数,继而利用该指数对比分析了不同时空尺度上“源”“汇”景观空间分异特征变化对水质的影响程度。研究结果表明,不同尺度上的景观空间分异特征可以显著影响“源”“汇”景观在非点源污染输出和削减方面贡献程度的对比关系,从而影响水体质量。由于不同尺度上景观空间分异特征的复杂性以及“源”“汇”景观在数量和类型方面差异的显著性,景观空间负荷对比指数的对比关系并不能良好地反映不同空间尺度上景观空间分异特征对水质影响的差异状况,因此必须 针对不同的研究尺度有选择的应用该方法来探讨景观空间分异特征对水质的影响程度。     

The leishmaniases as emerging and reemerging zoonoses

The 20 or so species of Leishmania which have been recorded as human infections are all either zoonotic, or have recent zoonotic origins. Their distribution is determined by that of their vector, their reservoir host, or both, so is dependent on precise environmental features. This concatenation of limiting factors leads to specific environmental requirements and focal distribution of zoonotic or anthroponotic sources. Human infection is dependent on the ecological relationship between human activity and reservoir systems. Examples are available of the emergence of leishmaniasis from the distant past to the present, and can be postulated for the future. These emergences have been provoked by the adoption of new, secondary reservoir hosts, the adoption of new vector species, transport of infection in humans or domestic animals, invasion by humans of zoonotic foci, and irruption of reservoir hosts beyond their normal range. The leishmaniases therefore present an excellent model for emerging disease in general, and for the generation of the principles governing emergence. The model is, however, limited by gaps in our knowledge, usually quantitative, sometimes qualitative, of the structure of reservoir systems.     

A population genetic analysis of the midget faded rattlesnake in Wyoming

Little is known about the population biology of midget faded rattlesnakes, a sensitive subspecies of the Western Rattlesnake, despite conservation efforts to protect them. We conducted a molecular genetic study of midget faded rattlesnakes in southwestern Wyoming to investigate population genetic structure in this area, particularly with reference to Flaming Gorge Reservoir and its associated human activities, and to document levels of genetic diversity. We genotyped 229 snakes from 11 sampling sites using 9 microsatellite loci. We found significant levels of genetic structure among sites that were better explained by geographic region and isolation by distance than by position relative to waterways. Sites on either side of the reservoir at its widest point were not significantly different. Six of the sites showed signatures of a population bottleneck using an alpha value of 0.05. Three of these bottlenecked sites (the three most northern) were the most genetically distinct and occur in areas of greatest impact from human activity.     

Extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase gene sequences in gram-negative saprophytes on retail organic and nonorganic spinach

A substantial proportion of infections caused by drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) in community and health care settings are recognized to be caused by evolutionarily related GNB strains. Their global spread has been suggested to occur due to human activities, such as food trade and travel. These multidrug-resistant GNB pathogens often harbor mobile drug resistance genes that are highly conserved in their sequences. Because they appear across different GNB species, these genes may have origins other than human pathogens. We hypothesized that saprophytes in common human food products may serve as a reservoir for such genes. Between July 2007 and April 2008, we examined 25 batches of prepackaged retail spinach for cultivatable GNB population structure by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and for antimicrobial drug susceptibility testing and the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes. We found 20 recognized GNB species among 165 (71%) of 231 randomly selected colonies cultured from spinach. Twelve strains suspected to express ESBLs based on resistance to cefotaxime and ceftazidime were further examined for bla(CTX-M) and bla(TEM) genes. We found a 712-bp sequence in Pseudomonas teessidea that was 100% identical to positions 10 to 722 of an 876-bp bla(CTX-M-15) gene of an E. coli strain. Additionally, we identified newly recognized ESBL bla(RAHN-2) sequences from Rahnella aquatilis. These observations demonstrate that saprophytes in common fresh produce can harbor drug resistance genes that are also found in internationally circulating strains of GNB pathogens; such a source may thus serve as a reservoir for drug resistance genes that ultimately enter pathogens to affect human health.