基于低拷贝核基因GBBSI的禺毛茛复合体系统进化研究

禺毛茛多倍体复合体及其近缘种系统进化关系复杂,杂交与多倍化现象同时存在。该复合体内高倍性植物的形成及扩散过程仍需进一步研究。首次克隆了毛茛属植物低拷贝核基因颗粒结合型淀粉合成酶 I (GBBSI )基因,并利用其构建禺毛茛多倍体复合体及其近缘种的系统进化树和网状进化关系,进而证明其适合于研究毛茛属植物种下系统发育研究。结果表明：匍枝毛茛与多倍体复合体关系密切,参与了该多倍体复合体的起源和进化;禺毛茛起源于茴茴蒜和卷喙毛茛,扬子毛茛起源于茴茴蒜和匍枝毛茛;在该类群中茴茴蒜是个关键种,它在多倍体复合体中可能起着枢纽基因组的重要作用。     

禺毛茛多倍体复合体及其近缘种核型研究

本文报道了禺毛茛Ranunculus cantoniensis DC．多倍体复合体及近缘种中6种植物的核型。棱喙毛茛Ranunculus trigonus Hand-Mazz．有两种核型(首次报道)：矮株型2n＝2x＝16＝4m+6sm+6st(2SAT);高株型2n＝2x=16=4m十2sm十lOst(2SAT)。茴茴蒜Ranunculus chinensis Bunge．2n=2x=16=6m+2sm+8st。卷喙毛茛Ranunculus silerifolius lévl．2n＝2x＝16＝6m+2sm+6st+2t。禺毛茛2n=4x＝32＝4m(a)+2m(b)+2sm(b)十4t(SAT)(c)十4st(d)+2m(e)+2sm(e)十2sm(f)+2st(f)+4st(g) +2st(h)十2m(h)。褐鞘毛茛Ranunculus vaginatus Hand．-Mazz．2n＝5x＝40=3m(a)十2sm(a)+2st(b)+3sm(b)十2t(c)+3t(SAT)(c)+5st(d)+5m(e)+5sm(f)+5st(g)+5m(h),(首次报道)．扬子毛茛 Ranunculus sieboldii Miq.2n=6x=48＝6m(a)十2st(b)十4sm(b)+2st(SAT)(c)十4t(SAT)(c)+6st(d)十6m(e)十6sm(f)+6st(g)+6m(h)。禺毛茛(4x)由2个类似本文中的卷喙毛茛或茴茴蒜的染色体组和两个“短m-型”染色体组组成。褐鞘毛茛(5x)和扬子毛茛(6x,8x)则由不同的“短m-型”染色体组组成。复合体成员及近缘种可能是通过“短m-型”染色体组产生关系,构成一个柱架式多倍体复合体。根据染色体及形态特征,建议恢复卷喙毛茛的种级地位。     

禺毛茛及其复合体种间亲缘关系形成研究

在Tamura M.,Okada及廖亮研究的基础上,通过禺毛茛复合体(禺毛茛R.cantoniensis 4x,卷喙毛茛R.sileri folius var.silerifolius 2x,长花毛茛R.sileri folius var.dolicathus 2x,茴茴蒜R.chinensis 2x,扬子毛茛R.sieboldii 6x及8x)的核型分析,结合地球环境的演变历史,进一步研究了禺毛茛的形成方式和时间,并对禺毛茛复合体种间亲缘关系的形成进行了探讨,为毛茛属系统进化研究提供资料。     

禺毛茛复合体及其近缘种过氧化物酶同工酶研究

对国产禺毛茛（RanunculuscantoniensisDC．）复合体及其近缘种8个种的15个居群52个个体的根进行了过氧化物酶同工酶研究,结果表明：①居群内过氧化物酶谱略有变异。同工酶酶谱或多或少能显示居群特征。供试的8个种中没有任何2个种的酶谱完全一致,这说明在种级水平酶谱呈现出高度的分化现象。②根据染色体、孢粉和过氧化酶同工酶的资料推测,除R．silerifolius（2x）外,R．cantoniensis（4x）还有1个亲本。该亲本应具有“短m-型”染色体组,散沟和波状覆盖层的花粉,在其根的过氧化物酶酶谱中至少含A1、A2、C4和C64条酶带。③来自形态、染色体孢粉及同工酶的证据均证实R．vaginatus（5x）可能起源于（R,diffusus（4x）×R．sieboldii（6x）的杂交后代。     

华西毛茛属五新种

描述了自我国西部发现的毛茛属五新种,大邑毛茛、铜仁毛茛、舟曲毛茛、崇州毛茛和共和毛茛,并分别给出其等与近缘种的区别特征。     

马铃薯瓢虫复合体分类的研究进展

本文根据近年来对马铃薯瓢虫及其近缘“种”的形态特征、生活习性、食性选择、杂交试验等方面的研究结果及其在分类上的应用，对马铃薯瓢虫复合体的分类研究进展进行了综合，认为该复合体包括Ａ、Ｂ两组。Ａ组内１种即马铃薯瓢，Ｂ组内有多种类型，但以同一生物种对待较为合适。     

禺毛茛复合体及其近缘种过氧化物酶同工酶研究

对国产禺毛莨（Ｒａｎｕｎｃｕｌｕｓｃａｎｔｏｎｉｅｎｓｉｓ,ＤＣ）复合体及其近缘种８个种的１５个居群５２个个体的根进行了过氧化物同工酶研究,结果表明：（１）居群内过氧化物酶谱略有变异,同工酶酶谱或多或少能显示居群特征,供试的８个种中没有任何２个种的图谱完全一致,这说明在处级水平酶谱呈现出高度的分化现象。（２）根据染色体,孢粉和过氧化酶同工酶的资料推测,除Ｒ．ｓｉｌｅｒｉｆｏｌｉｕｓ（２ｘ）外,Ｒ．     

昆虫近缘种鉴别特征概述

<正> 一般说来,昆虫种与种之间在形态上具有比较明显的区别,而近缘种则不然。近缘种在外部形态上十分酷似或几乎一致,类缘关系密切,只是在生殖上同一般种类一样具有彼此隔离的特性。旧分类学的种类鉴定仅仅凭据形态学特征,因而在近缘种鉴定中困难很大,出现了一些问题,如将许多近缘种的复合体鉴定为一个种。新分类学从旧分类学狭隘的形态学观点     

江西5种毛莨属植物核型研究

本文报道了江西毛茛属5个种的染色体数目及核型,其中猫爪草Ranuncunlus ternatus Thunb．(2n=4x=32;2n=2x=16=8m+2sm+6st),肉根毛茛R．Polii Franch．(2n=2x=16=8m+2sm+6st)和杨子毛茛R. sieboldii Miq.(2n=8x-1=63=15m+18sm+22st+8t)的染色体核型为首次报道。我们认为：(1)R. ternatus Thunb．和R. polii Franch．的核型十分相似,显示出有较近的关系。(2)毛茛属Ranunculus L. 中存在较多的多倍体复合体。(3)根据王文采(1980)系统划分的美丽毛莨组(Sect．Auricomus)植物的核型属2A型;石龙芮组(Sect．Hecatonia)植物的核型属2B型;毛茛组(Sect．Ranunculus)植物核型为3A或3B型。三个组在核型上的关系和形态上的关系相似。     

国家自然科学基金委员会生命科学部1992年度资助地区科学基金项目一览表(82项)

来磊达黄亮由津廖谢易贵州大型真菌资源及其生态研究干巴菌子实体形成与寄主植物及其它生境因 子关系的研究大服沸1二菌甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因的分离鉴定新疆沙漠区主要植物VA菌根及抗早性菌种 筛选的研究贵州地区主要家畜大肠杆菌肠毒素基因的研 究荞麦受精障碍与育性生物学研究禺毛食柱架式多倍体复合体物种生物学研究光合作用与室内植物吸污能力关系的研究赖草属三种牧草种子萌发及休眠特性的研究民族植物药“丫磨娘”的种质资源调查及药理 研究新疆野生花卉资源植物的研究及利用某些蚤的多层次分类探讨鳄晰与同目各科动物染色体组带型的比…     

中国木兰科11属40种植物的核形态研究

为了探讨木兰科属间系统学关系和一些种的分类学地位,对中国木兰科11属40种进行了核形态研究。所研究的20种木莲属植物都为二倍体,表明木莲属植物主要是在二倍体水平上进化的,不同的种类具有各自的遗传组成,细微的染色体结构变异可能导致种间形态发生了明显的变化。木兰属的染色体数目具多样性,表明属内存在着不同倍性水平上的进化,说明木兰属分布广泛、形态复杂多样有其细胞学基础。细胞学证据支持木莲属应为独立的属,不宜于归并到木兰属。已观察的含笑属都为二倍体,而木兰属玉兰亚属的大多数种类为多倍体。我们认为维持现有的含笑属的分类地位和范围是恰当的,不支持将含笑属和玉兰亚属合并为一属。拟单性木兰属都是多倍体。木兰科植物形态特征重叠,性状呈网状进化,细胞学证据在探讨一些大属属下种的分类地位时具有一定价值,但论及整个科的分类系统和属间亲缘关系时,作用比较微弱。本文在细胞学基础上,结合形态和地理分布,重点对木莲属一些种类的分类地位进行了讨论。     

Pleistocene glaciations and polyphyletic origins of polyploidy in an arctic cladoceran

RFLP analysis of the ND4-ND5 genes of the mtDNA genome in Daphnia middendorffiana and three closely allied species was used to investigate its origin and age. Populations of D. middendorffiana from arctic Canada were found to possess three distinct mtDNA lineages, only one of which appears unique to this species. The other two mtDNA lineages are either closely allied or identical to haplotypes in D. pulicaria, suggesting that it is the maternal parent of many clones of D. middendorffiana. Within D. pulicaria, mtDNA lineages have largely disjunct distributions, suggesting that populations of this species persisted in three glacial refugia (arctic, western, eastern) during the Pleistocene. Hybridizations between these refugial stocks and other species such as D. melanica and D. pulex likely generated many of the polyploid lineages of D. middendorffiana following the Wisconsinan glaciation. The presence of one unique mtDNA lineage in D. middendorffiana suggests that at least some of its clones are more ancient, but further studies are needed to rule out the possibility of their recent derivation from an as yet undetected sexual species. As a general result, this study suggests that polyploid cladocerans are unlikely to predate the Pleistocene.     

Biosystematics and evolutionary studies in Indian Drimia species

Abstract The taxonomic position and genetic relationship within Indian Drimia species is controversial due to their morphological similarities and genomic complexities. The present work gives an insight on the genetic relationship between Indian Drimia species on the basis of their karyotype, pollen morphology, flower opening characteristics, hybridization behavior, and by use of DNA sequence of two molecular markers (internal transcribed spacers [ITS] and maturase K [matK]). The karyotypic studies of Indian Drimia species revealed various polyploid forms making their identification and delimitation more difficult. The five species of Indian Drimia are grouped into two complexes, indica complex and wightii complex on the basis of their pollen morphology, karyotype, and hybridization behavior. These two groups were found to be evolving separately. The cytomorphological studies of wightii complex revealed that it is evolving through polyploid and chromosome repatterning, while indica complex have adapted polyploid as well as hybridization for evolution. Phylogeny obtained from DNA sequences of molecular markers (ITS and matK) confirmed that the indica complex and wightii complex are evolving parallely, by grouping them in two clusters. Thus, a combination of conventional and molecular methods proved to be of great use for delimiting a small but complex group of Indian Drimia species.     

The Asplenium aethiopicum complex in South Africa

BRAITHWAITE, A. F., 1986. The Asplenium aethiopicum complex in South Africa . Members of the complex in South Africa form an extensive polyploid series with three sexual and two apomictic cytotypes. The sexual tetraploid ( n = 72), octoploid ( n = 144) and dodecaploid ( n = 216) are described as Asplenium aethiopicum subsp. tripinnatum, A. aethiopicum subsp. aethiopicum and A. aethiopicum subsp. dodecaploideum respectively, and the apomictic octoploids ( 2n = 288) and decaploid ( 2n = 360) as A. aethiopicum subsp. filare , which is subdivided into apomicts pseudqfilare (8X), transvaalense (8 X) and capense (10 X). Comparison of their ecology and distribution suggests there is an increased tolerance to drier and cooler conditions with increase in level of polyploidy among the sexual subspecies and that the apomicts are tolerant of even more extreme conditions. The natural hexaploid hybrid between A. aethiopicum subsp. aethiopicum and A. aethiopicum subsp. tripinnatum is described and its meiotic pairing analysed. The numerical structure of the polyploid series in Africa generally suggests the complex represents a secondary polyploid cycle based on a genome of 72 chromosomes, and the unequivocal antosyndesis between the genomes of A. aethiopicum subsp. aethiopicum shown by the chromosome pairing in the hexaploid hybrids suggests the octoploid is either a segmental allopolyploid or autopolyploid. While it can be concluded from the morphology and cytology of A aethiopicum subsp. filare that the apomicts have arisen more than once, their precise mode of origin is unknown, although there is good evidence in at least one case for suggesting a hybrid origin.     

FISH mapping of 35S and 5S rRNA genes in Artemisia subgenus Dracunculus (Asteraceae): changes in number of loci during polyploid evolution and their systematic implications

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with 35S and 5S rDNA probes was used to characterize cytogenetically representatives of Artemisia subgenus Dracunculus and allied species and to explore their evolution following polyploidization. At the diploid level two rDNA loci were observed in most species belonging to the A. dracunculus complex, a pattern considered to be the ancestral state for diploid Artemisia. In contrast, representative species from the Eurasian grade which belong to the other major lineage of the subgenus had more heterogeneous rDNA profiles, with three to five loci at the diploid level. Divergent patterns of locus evolution were also detected in polyploids, with the number and distribution of rDNA loci broadly fitting the two main diversification lineages in the subgenus. In the polyploid complex of A. dracunculus, the number of rDNA loci was almost proportional to ploidy, although monoploid genome size was shown to decrease with increasing ploidy. However, in polyploids from the Eurasian grade we found a remarkable reduction in the number of rDNA sites, suggesting that these species might have experienced either a complete loss of loci or a significant reduction in the number of repeats following polyploid formation. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013 , 171 , 655–666.     

Analysis of metaphase I chromosome association in species of the genus Aegilops

Summary Metaphase-I chromosome associations in every diploid and polyploid species of the genus Aegilops were studied using C-banding in order to analyse the cytogenetic behaviour of the whole complement as well as of specific genomes in different polyploid species. Differences were observed in the frequency of associations per cell among different species of the same ploidic level and even between species sharing the same genomic constitution. Differences were also found between different genomes within the same polyploid species and between the same genome when present in several diploid and polyploid species. Several factors proposed as having an influence on the frequency of metaphase-I associations, such as chromosome morphology, C-heterochromatin content, genetic control and genome interactions, are discussed. Most of the polyploid Aegilops species showed a diploid-like behaviour at metaphase I although multivalents involving homoeologous associations were occasionally observed in Ae. biuncialis, Ae. juvenalis and Ae. crassa(6x); therefore, the Aegilops diploidising genetic system is not equally effective in all polyploid species.     

Climatic variation and the distribution of an amphibian polyploid complex

The establishment of polyploid populations involves the persistence and growth of the polyploid in the presence of the progenitor species. Although there have been a number of animal polyploid species documented, relatively few inquiries have been made into the large-scale mechanisms of polyploid establishment in animal groups. Herein we investigate the influence of regional climatic conditions on the distributional patterns of a diploid-tetraploid species pair of gray treefrogs, Hyla chrysoscelis and H. versicolor (Anura: Hylidae) in the mid-Atlantic region of eastern North America. Calling surveys at breeding sites were used to document the distribution of each species. Twelve climatic models and one elevation model were generated to predict climatic and elevation values for gray treefrog breeding sites. A canonical analysis of discriminants was used to describe relationships between climatic variables, elevation and the distribution of H. chrysoscelis and H. versicolor. There was a strong correlation between several climatic variables, elevation and the distribution of the gray treefrog complex. Specifically, the tetraploid species almost exclusively occupied areas of higher elevation, where climatic conditions were relatively severe (colder, drier, greater annual variation). In contrast, the diploid species was restricted to lower elevations, where climatic conditions were warmer, wetter and exhibited less annual variation. Clusters of syntopic sites were associated with areas of high variation in annual temperature and precipitation during the breeding season. Our data suggest that large-scale climatic conditions have played a role in the establishment of the polyploid H. versicolor in at least some portions of its range. The occurrence of the polyploid and absence of the progenitor in colder, drier and more varied environments suggests the polyploid may possess a tolerance of severe environmental conditions that is not possessed by the diploid progenitor. Our findings support the hypothesis that increased tolerance to severe environmental conditions is a plausible mechanism of polyploid establishment.     

Genome origins of Triticum cylindricum,Triticum triunciale,and Triticum ventricosum (Poaceae) inferred from variation in restriction patterns of repeated nucleotide sequences: a methodological study

Three methods of phylogenetic inferences on polyploid plants employing variation in restriction sites in repeated nucleotide sequences were compared. Allotetraploid Triticum species of well-established origin were used as a model. Methods based on determination of the proportion of restriction fragments shared between a polyploid and its diploid relatives generated biased results because of uneven numbers of restriction fragments among diploid species and presence of common bands in phylogenetically related diploid species. A method employing restriction fragments unique to a diploid species (marker bands) was not affected by either factor and generated results consistent with cytogenetic inferences. It is shown that the latter method can be used to investigate the origin of a polyploid species even when one of its progenitors is extinct or when the polyploid and its diploid progenitors have diverged.