不健全资料的参数关联分析法

首先建立相关变量取值随时序变化的数学模型,而后,利用模型中能够反映变量几何形状的适宜参数,提出了参数关联度的概念．从而解决了观测值非一一对应、且不齐的相关变量关联分析问题．同时给出一种较高拟合精度的非等间隔序列的灰色建模方法．     

基于地理加权回归克里格的日平均气温插值

气温是大量农业、水文、气候、生态模型的输入变量.在地形复杂的区域,考虑气温与环境变量的线性回归关系和残差的自相关性的方法(如回归克里格法,regression Kriging,RK)是目前气温插值的主要方法.但此类方法多使用基于普通最小二乘的全局回归技术,没有顾及回归关系的空间非平稳性.地理加权回归克里格(geographically weighted regression-Kriging,GWRK)是一种既能顾及回归关系的空间非平稳性、又能考虑残差的自相关性的一种插值方法.本文用RK和GWRK对海南岛2013年12月18日的日平均气温进行插值并进行比较研究.依相关性分析和逐步回归分析的结果,采用RK1(以海拔为辅助变量)、GWRK1(以海拔为辅助变量)、RK2(以纬度、海拔、海陆距离为辅助变量)和GWRK2(以海拔、海陆距离为辅助变量)4种模型进行研究,并用80个验证站评估4种模型的精度.结果表明:GWRK1模型的最大正误差、最大负误差、平均绝对误差、均方根误差均最接近于0.从最大正误差、平均绝对误差、均方根误差3个指标看,考虑更多辅助变量的RK2、GWRK2模型反而不及只考虑海拔的RK1、GWRK1模型,表明RK2、GWRK2模型中辅助变量之间的相关性对插值结果有较大影响.     

SIR传染病模型的混沌跟踪控制

研究了一类疾病传染率受季节因素影响的SIR传染病模型的混沌运动,并采用轨迹跟踪控制方法对传染病模型中的混沌运动进行控制,设计状态反馈控制器,控制系统输出跟踪某一理想状态,使染病者数量渐近趋于零,从而,达到消除疾病的目的．仿真结果表明该方法的有效性．     

湿地植物生长模型的改进及其动态的计算机模拟分析

湿地植被的恢复与人工调控是恢复生态学研究的热点问题之一,建立湿地大型植物生长的控制模型。能为此提供一种理论模式。在湿地植物群落中,植物种间的相互作用关系较为复杂,在植物生长的不同阶段显现为互利、竞争或相互独立。基于此我们对Shukla提出的湿地植物生长模型进行了改进．建立了一种能够反映种间复杂作用机制(包括互利与竞争)的新模型。以植物的生物量为描述变量,用统计方法确定了模型参数,对实例进行了计算机模拟与数值分析．并研究了植物生长系统的稳定性。结果表明：①新模型能有效地描述湿地植物种间互利或竞争作用．优于只考虑种间竞争作用的Shukla模型;②对植物生长过程的计算机模拟结果和图像显示,在较低生物量水平上．种间显现互利关系;在较高生物量水平上．种间发生竞争作用,竞争的结局为一种植物占优势,而另一种植物趋于灭亡．这些与实际观测结果是一致的;③对系统进行了稳定性分析;④根据数值模拟结果,提出了湿地恢复的人工调控对策与建议。     

发酵过程自适应控制研究

本文运用自适应控制理论,构造了青霉素坐连续发酵跟踪自适应控制系统,克服了常规控制方法无法适应青霉素发酵控制器参数随机波动问题。系统的输入输出模型(SISO)阶数为2,并存在非最小相位特性。为此,本文采用广义最小方差自校正控制策略。仿真试验表明,经适应控制后青霉素生长轨线与设定的理想轨线相贴近。     

不同林分起源的相容性生物量模型构建

目前为止已有不同方法构建生物量相容性模型,但不同林分起源的生物量相容性模型很少报道。针对此问题,以150株南方马尾松(Pinus masson iana)地上生物量数据为例,利用比例平差法和非线性联立方程组法建立不同起源地上生物量以及干材、干皮、树枝和树叶各分项生物量相容的通用性模型。根据分配层次不同,两种方法又各自考虑总量直接控制和分级联合控制两种方案。从直径、树高、地径、枝下高和冠幅5个林分变量中选取不同的变量构建一元、二元和三元生物量模型,并利用加权最小二乘回归法消除生物量模型中存在的异方差性。结果为:比例平差法和非线性联立方程组法都能有效保证各分项生物量总和等于总生物量,模型预测精度满足要求。总体而言,非线性联立方程组方法比比例平差方法精度高,同时两种方法中总量直接控制法比分级联合控制法预测效果好;各分项生物量模型本身作为权函数能有效消除异方差;各分项对应的三元生物量模型预测精度最高,其次是二元生物量模型,最低是一元生物量模型,但这些差异不是很大。总之,为权衡考虑模型预测精度和调查成本,建议把直径和树高作为协变量利用总量直接控制非线性联立方程组法对不同起源生物量建模。     

非自治阶段结构与时滞捕食模型的持久性和周期解

讨论了一类非自治阶段结构带有消化时滞的两种群捕食模型,其中只有一个种群有阶段结构,本文得到了这个系统能够持久生存的条件．进一步,如果这个系统是周期系统我们证明了在一定条件下系统存在唯一的全局渐近稳定的正周期解。     

参数仪器变量估计近似分布方差的一种算法

本文对更一般的结构模型给出了参数的一种常用的仪器变量估计近似分布方差的一种算法．并且给出了未知真值x服从指数分布的例子．此算法对生物科学中统计规律的探讨有一定的应用价值．     

降水量和温度对植被覆盖指数影响的空间非平稳性特征——以新疆伊犁河谷地区为例

多变量空间相关分析多基于时间序列数据,对数据时长与统计要求严格,空间非平稳性特征分析可以利用单期数据分析多变量之间的相关性。通过空间变系数回归模型分析了2006年和2011年的新疆伊犁地区降水量和温度对植被覆盖度指数影响的空间变化特征,利用局部线性地理加权回归(GWR)方法估计得到了回归系数曲面,揭示出变量间相互影响的空间异质性,同时利用线性回归最小二乘估计进行了对比。结果表明:(1)空间变系数回归模型可以用于变量间的空间相关分析;(2)局部线性GWR估计方法明显优于线性回归最小二乘估计;(3)拟合结果表明,伊犁地区降水量和温度对植被覆盖指数的影响具有显著的空间非平稳性特征;(4)模型估计误差是降水、气温之外的地形、地貌及人类活动等多种因素造成的,需进一步研究。方法可为具有空间非平稳性特征变量间空间相关性分析以及植被覆盖指数的空间模拟分布提供思路和方法。     

A型行为者应激变量方程的图景

目的：建立A型行为者的应激测量模型方程和应激变量方程与相似性,并作控制分析;方法：A型行为类型问卷得分获得判分尺度,把安静状态与应激状态下测定血浆皮质醇水平的变量以及应激测量模型的应激量和基础量,再经矩阵反演出具体变化方程、并分析稳定性与可控性和能观性;结果：获得一组有生理意义的方程：(1)y=(s-0．839／s 1)X;(2)7．587d^2y／d^2s—(3．068 1．027y)dy／ds-0.1475y=0等,不同时可控性和能观性的特性,心理应激的反馈作用对稳定性有影响;结论：本文初步获得一组应激变量方程,应激反应在心理和生理方面都具有相似性．     

Bioelectrochemical conversion of waste to energy using microbial fuel cell technology

Numerous traditional methods are available for the conversion of waste to energy (WTE) such as incineration, anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, gasification. Most of them suffer from low efficiency and high energy requirements. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology is an excellent alternative for the generation of renewable and sustainable energy and has the potential to help alleviate the current global energy crisis. The total wastewater generated in India is almost 250% of the total treatment capacity, and the Government is, therefore, looking for a sustainable solution for the treatment of waste. Indian population consumes around 700 billion cubic meters of water annually, and this figure will rise to 950 and 1422 billion m³ by 2025 and 2050 respectively. Although treatment of wastewater is a serious concern, the energy recovery potential of wastewater has not yet been fully developed. A survey has been conducted through this study, and it was estimated that MFC technology has the potential to generate around 23.3 and 40 Tera Watt (TW) power by 2025 and 2050 by treating wastewater generated throughout India (urban areas) if utilized properly. This review article presents a various aspect of MFC technology for a proper understanding by the readers. This will be a unique study wherein the energy recovery potential of the wastewater produced in the Indian subcontinent has been estimated through MFC technology. A number of factors affecting the performance of MFC such as electron losses, reactor configuration, and varying concentration must be taken into account to augment output energy. The article summarizes an extensive literature survey of some selected papers published in the last decade.     

Microbial fuel cell based biosensor for in situ monitoring of anaerobic digestion process

A wall-jet microbial fuel cell (MFC) was developed for the monitoring of anaerobic digestion (AD). This biofilm based MFC biosensor had a character of being portable, short hydraulic retention time (HRT) for sample flow through and convenient for continuous operation. The MFC was installed in the recirculation loop of an upflow anaerobic fixed-bed (UAFB) reactor in bench-scale where pH of the fermentation broth and biogas flow were monitored in real time. External disturbances to the AD were added on purpose by changing feedstock concentration, as well as process configuration. MFC signals had good correlations with online measurements (i.e. pH, gas flow rate) and offline analysis (i.e. COD) over 6-month operation. These results suggest that the MFC signal can reflect the dynamic variation of AD and can potentially be a valuable tool for monitoring and control of bioprocess.     

Microbial Fuel Cells and Microbial Ecology: Applications in Ruminant Health and Production Research

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) systems employ the catalytic activity of microbes to produce electricity from the oxidation of organic, and in some cases inorganic, substrates. MFC systems have been primarily explored for their use in bioremediation and bioenergy applications; however, these systems also offer a unique strategy for the cultivation of synergistic microbial communities. It has been hypothesized that the mechanism(s) of microbial electron transfer that enable electricity production in MFCs may be a cooperative strategy within mixed microbial consortia that is associated with, or is an alternative to, interspecies hydrogen (H₂) transfer. Microbial fermentation processes and methanogenesis in ruminant animals are highly dependent on the consumption and production of H₂in the rumen. Given the crucial role that H₂ plays in ruminant digestion, it is desirable to understand the microbial relationships that control H₂ partial pressures within the rumen; MFCs may serve as unique tools for studying this complex ecological system. Further, MFC systems offer a novel approach to studying biofilms that form under different redox conditions and may be applied to achieve a greater understanding of how microbial biofilms impact animal health. Here, we present a brief summary of the efforts made towards understanding rumen microbial ecology, microbial biofilms related to animal health, and how MFCs may be further applied in ruminant research.     

Degradation and characteristic changes of organic matter in sewage sludge using microbial fuel cell with ultrasound pretreatment

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) could be an efficient sludge treatment unit in regard of rates and extents of total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) removal, particularly when ultrasound was applied to pretreat the sludge. This study characterized the organic matter in sludge before and after MFC treatment, with or without ultrasound as a pretreatment stage. The 5-d MFC tests with electric load significantly enhanced TCOD removal rate from 11.3% to 19.2% for raw sludge and from 25% to 57% for sludge pretreated with >0.6 W ml^?1 ultrasound, using conventional anaerobic digestion test (without electric load) as control. The aromatic proteins, soluble microbial byproduct-like fluorescent compounds and carboxylic components, aliphatic components (C–H related), hydrocarbon and carbohydrate materials were identified to be principally released by ultrasound pretreatment and the fuels in the present MFC study.     

An evaluation of aerobic and anaerobic sludges as start-up material for microbial fuel cell systems

The operation of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) seeded with the same quantities of aerobic or anaerobic sludge has been compared. The two sludges consisted of mixed cultures obtained from the aerobic reactor and anaerobic digester, respectively, of a municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP). Both the sludges were diluted with their sedimentation supernatant to avoid modifying their metabolism. The results show that the type of sludge has a major impact on the performance of the system. Seeding an MFC with anaerobic acclimated sludge leads to a more rapid start-up of electricity production and the absence of a lag period. In the MFC seeded with anaerobic sludge, the steady-state operation conditions were achieved in less than 10 days, while in the aerobic sludge-seeded MFC more than 20 days were necessary to achieve this regime. The anaerobic sludge also led to better performance of the MFC. Thus, maximum power densities above 300mWm(-2) were obtained for such systems (i.e. two times higher than that achieved with the aerobic sludge-seeded MFC in the same setup). This better performance is a direct consequence of the greater availability of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in anaerobic sludge. However, the performance is not a consequence of the coulombic efficiency in the use of the COD to produce electricity because the aerobic sludge-seeded MFC doubles this figure with respect to the anaerobic sludge-seeded system.     

A state of the art review on microbial fuel cells: A promising technology for wastewater treatment and bioenergy

A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a bioreactor that converts chemical energy in the chemical bonds in organic compounds to electrical energy through catalytic reactions of microorganisms under anaerobic conditions. It has been known for many years that it is possible to generate electricity directly by using bacteria to break down organic substrates. The recent energy crisis has reinvigorated interests in MFCs among academic researchers as a way to generate electric power or hydrogen from biomass without a net carbon emission into the ecosystem. MFCs can also be used in wastewater treatment facilities to break down organic matters. They have also been studied for applications as biosensors such as sensors for biological oxygen demand monitoring. Power output and Coulombic efficiency are significantly affected by the types of microbe in the anodic chamber of an MFC, configuration of the MFC and operating conditions. Currently, real-world applications of MFCs are limited because of their low power density level of several thousand mW/m2. Efforts are being made to improve the performance and reduce the construction and operating costs of MFCs. This article presents a critical review on the recent advances in MFC research with emphases on MFC configurations and performances.     

微生物燃料电池降解苯酚过程中微电场对阴极微生物多样性的影响

[背景]苯酚废水作为一种毒性强、难降解的废水而备受关注.目前,微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)已经广泛用于苯酚废水的降解,MFC的产电效果和苯酚的降解效率与反应器内的微生物群落有着密切关系.[目的]为了提高MFC的产电效果及对有害物质的降解能力,需要对MFC中苯酚的降解和微生物群落结构进...     

Treatment of wastewater from Dioscorea zingiberensis tubers used for producing steroid hormones in a microbial fuel cell

A two-chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) was used to treat Dioscorea zingiberensis processing wastewater and generate electricity. The contaminant degradation process was systematically investigated with the help of UV-Vis, FTIR spectra and GC-MS. The results showed that the COD removal efficiency of the MFC reached 93.5% and the maximum power density achieved 175 mW/m². In the anodic chamber, low molecule weight acid, sugars and cellulose in D. zingiberensis processing wastewater were completely consumed, while complicated contaminants including some furanic and phenolic compounds were decomposed under co-metabolism process. In the cathodic chamber, fatty ester and alkene generated in the anodic chamber were removed, and aromatic compounds were further degraded. Aromatic ester and N-containing compounds were detected as the main residual contaminants by GC-MS. Compared to the effluents of anaerobic digestion and biological aerated filter, fewer and simpler aromatic pollutants existed in the effluents of MFC.     

Glycerol-fed microbial fuel cell with a co-culture of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Shewanella oneidensis</Emphasis> MR-1 and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Klebsiella pneumonae</Emphasis> J2B

Glycerol is an attractive feedstock for bioenergy and bioconversion processes but its use in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for electrical energy recovery has not been investigated extensively. This study compared the glycerol uptake and electricity generation of a co-culture of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 and Klebsiella pneumonia J2B in a MFC with that of a single species inoculated counterpart. Glycerol was metabolized successfully in the co-culture MFC (MFC-J&M) with simultaneous electricity production but it was not utilized in the MR-1 only MFC (MFC-M). A current density of 10 mA/m² was obtained while acidic byproducts (lactate and acetate) were consumed in the co-culture MFC, whereas they are accumulated in the J2B-only MFC (MFC-J). MR-1 was distributed mainly on the electrode in MFC-J&M, whereas most of the J2B was observed in the suspension in the MFC-J reactor, indicating that the co-culture of both strains provides an ecological driving force for glycerol utilization using the electrode as an electron acceptor. This suggests that a co-culture MFC can be applied to electrical energy recovery from glycerol, which was previously known as a refractory substrate in a bioelectrochemical system.     

Microfibrillated cellulose - Its barrier properties and applications in cellulosic materials: A review

Interest in microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) has been increasing exponentially. During the last decade, this bio-based nanomaterial was essentially used in nanocomposites for its reinforcement property. Its nano-scale dimensions and its ability to form a strong entangled nanoporous network, however, have encouraged the emergence of new high-value applications. In previous years, its mode of production has completely changed, as many forms of optimization have been developed. New sources, new mechanical processes, and new pre- and post-treatments are currently under development to reduce the high energy consumption and produce new types of MFC materials on an industrial scale. The nanoscale characterization possibilities of different MFC materials are thus increasing intensively. Therefore, it is critical to review such MFC materials and their properties. Moreover, very recent studies have proved the significant barrier properties of MFC. Hence, it is proposed to focus on the barrier properties of MFC used in films, in nanocomposites, or in paper coating.