腺嘌呤对枯草杆菌GMI—971发酵生产肌苷的影响

培养基中腺嘌呤含量对腺嘌呤缺陷型的枯草杆菌GMI－971发酵产肌苷有显著影响。在拟定条件下,腺嘌呤浓度在150mg／L时摇瓶肌苷产量最高。对不同来源的四种酵母粉分别添加腺嘌呤,当其含量增加至l50ml／L时,肌苷产量也最高。     

黄孢原毛皮革菌降解苯胺的工艺研究

通过正交试验优化筛选了适合黄孢原毛皮革菌降解苯胺的适宜培养基和摇瓶培养降解条件。结果表明：其适宜降解的液体培养基组成为：蔗糖20g／L,可溶性淀粉20g／L,(NH4)2SO4l0g／L,Mn^2 lμmol／L,Tween-800．3％,蛋白胨30g／L。适宜降解的摇瓶培养条件为：接种量为20％、pH为7．0、温度为30℃、培养时间为12d．此条件下的苯胺最高降解率可达95．5％。     

葡萄糖浓度对转人肿瘤坏死因子-α鱼腥藻IB02培养过程的影响

目的：通过在培养基中添加葡萄糖的方法,提高转基因鱼腥藻的产量和人肿瘤坏死因子（hTNF）-α的表达率。方法：在葡萄糖浓度为0～300mmol／L的范围内,进行了转hTNF-α鱼腥藻IB02的摇瓶混合营养培养,用比浊法和酶联免疫法测定转基因鱼腥藻的生长和hTNF-α的表达。结果：添加葡萄糖的藻液最高生长密度是未添加葡萄糖的3．5倍,且hTNFa的表达率也提高至4倍。结论：在各种葡萄糖浓度下,葡萄糖的利用都不明显。     

毕赤嗜甲醇酵母工程菌高密度培养表达黑曲霉菊粉内切酶的研究

目的:对毕赤嗜甲醇酵母工程菌inu-26高密度培养表达黑曲霉菊粉内切酶的条件进行优化,找出最佳的外源蛋白表达条件。方法:在摇瓶优化培养的基础上进行发酵罐高密度培养,优化最佳产酶条件。结果:以葡萄糖为碳源、微量元素添加量100～200mL/L、甲醇浓度1g/L、pH6.0～7.0、诱导时间96h时酶的表达量最高;摇瓶模拟高密度培养表明影响酵母生长的最主要因素葡萄糖和硫酸铵的最佳浓度分别为20～45和11.5g/L;利用培养基F1进行高密度培养优于其他培养基,工程菌生长符合指数生长曲线,细胞生长延迟期为1.36h,比生长速率μ为0.4846h-1。结论:以葡萄糖为碳源,采用葡萄糖-甲醇混合诱导和100%甲醇单一诱导相结合,在菌体鲜重约为280g/L时连续诱导96h,菌体生长良好,不会出现自溶,且酶的表达量最高,为摇瓶培养的3倍多,酶活最高可达540 U/mL。     

葡萄糖酸钙对L-组氨酸发酵的影响及条件优化

目的：提高L-组氨酸的产量并且得出最佳发酵条件。方法：在L-组氨酸的摇瓶发酵实验中,加入20g/L的葡萄糖酸钙,对发酵条件进行优化。结果：L-组氨酸的产量大幅度提高,产酸量由3.00g/L提高到7.50g/L。条件优化后L-组氨酸的产量提高到9.30g/L。结论：发酵培养基中20g/L的葡萄糖酸钙的加入能够诱导葡萄糖酸激酶生成,大幅度提高其比活,增大磷酸戊糖（HMP）途径的通量。有利于L-组氨酸的合成、菌体的生长。     

一株可积累鸟苷菌株的纯培养条件研究

菌株Bacillus.subtilis.S3 68是以鸟苷生产菌株B .subtilis.A0 66为出发菌经诱变所得。对该菌株进行培养条件研究的过程中 ,发现该菌株可以在摇瓶纯培养条件下积累鸟苷。试验结果表明 :发酵过程中 ,腺嘌呤的用量 0 .3 5mg/ml时 ,发酵液中鸟苷积累量最大 ,培养基中腺嘌呤的用量高于或低于 0 .3 5mg/ml均不利于鸟苷产物的积累 ;培养基中味精、硫酸铵、硫酸镁、磷酸二氢钾及Mn2 +用量显著影响发酵液中鸟苷积累水平 ;培养基中生物素、蛋氨酸、精氨酸、组氨酸、氯化钙及Fe2 +、Zn2 +用量与鸟苷积累的相关性不显著     

Acetobacter xylinum生产纤维素的最适培养基成分

探索出胶醋杆菌在摇瓶培养最适培养基成分为蛋白胨浓度１．０％、酵母膏０．５％、葡萄糖浓度２．０％、柠檬酸０．１１５％、乙醇１％、Ｎａ２ＨＰＯ４０．５％,ｐＨ６．０,１６０ｒ／ｍｉｎ的条件下进行摇瓶培养,细菌纤维素最大产量为７．５５ｇ／ｌ。     

杆菌JSM1601发酵产核酸的研究

确定了杆菌（Brevibacterium ammoniagenes）JMS1601发酵产核酸的最佳发酵培养基：葡萄糖12％,酵母浸膏1．5％,磷酸二氢钾0．3％。最佳摇瓶培养条件：温度32℃,摇床转速160r／min,接种量（v／v）5％,装液量100ml／500ml。     

培养方式对Xenorhabdus nematophila生长与抗菌活性的影响

为了明确不同培养方式对Xenorhabdus nematophilaYL001生长和抗菌活性的影响,提高YL001菌株的抗菌活性。采用分批发酵方式研究了摇瓶与发酵罐培养对置nematophila YL001生长和抗菌活性的影响。实验结果表明：在通气量2．5L／min、搅拌转速300r／min条件下,发酵罐的体积氧传递系数KLa明显高于摇瓶,通气及供氧状况好于摇瓶,细胞生长及代谢旺盛,细胞生长量较摇瓶发酵增加了23．9％;但由于pH变化幅度大,抗菌物质的活性单位仅达到摇瓶的发酵水平,为229U／mL。发酵罐pH控制初步研究表明,发酵过程中控制pH为7．5时,细胞生长量和抗菌活性达到23．71g/L和290U／mL,较不控制pH分别增加了21％和25％。通风对X.nematophila YL001生长和抗菌物质的产生有较大的影响,发酵罐培养时通气及供氧状况好于摇瓶,有利于YL001菌株的生长和抗菌物质的产生。     

L-亮氨酸发酵培养基优化试验

应用Plackett-Burman设计试验从L-亮氨酸基础发酵培养基的10种成分中筛选出5种重要成分,然应用响应面分析试验确定5种重要成分的最适用量。培养基优化后摇瓶分批发酵72h产L-亮氨酸18.05g/L     

酵母ADH2—SUC2融合启动子的构建及其对基因表达的调控

将ＡＤＨ２基因的ＵＡＳ与带有不同长度缺失上游区的ＳＵＣ３基因融合,构建成４种具有不同融合启动子的ＳＵＣ２基因的表达质粒ＹＲＤ１１０１．ＹＦＤ１１０△９．ＹＦＤ１１０△１７、ＹＦＤ１１０△１１。将这些质粒及对照表达质粒ＹＦＤ２６△１．ＹＦＤ２５转化酵母菌Ｙ３３,在阻遏与去阻遏培养条件下,对各种转化子所产生的蔗糖酶进行了活性测定和组分分析。结果表明：在葡萄糖去阻遏生长条件下,ＹＦＤ１１０△１的启动子组合中ＵＡＳｓｕｃ２和ＵＡＳＡＤＨ２对ＳＵＣ２基因的表达有协同激活作用。在阻遏条件下Ｙ３３／ＹＦＤ１１０△１与Ｙ３３／ＹＦＤ１１０△９、Ｙ３３／ＹＦＤ２６△１、Ｙ３３／ＹＦＤ２５一样,均表达很低的糖基化蔗糖酶,３种去阻遏培养条件比较说明,在低糖培养基中对糖基化蔗糖酶表达的去阻遏效果最佳     

Fed-batch mode in shake flasks by slow-release technique

Most industrial production processes are performed in fed-batch operational mode. In contrast, the screenings for microbial production strains are run in batch mode which results in completely different physiological conditions than relevant for production conditions. This may lead to wrong selections of strains. Silicone elastomer discs containing glucose crystals were developed to realize fed-batch fermentation in shake flasks. No other device for feeding was required. Glucose was fed in this way to Hansenula polymorpha cultures controlled by diffusion. Two strains of H. polymorpha were investigated in shake flasks: the wild-type strain (DSM 70277) and a recombinant strain pC10-FMD (P(FMD)-GFP). The oxygen transfer rate (OTR) and respiratory quotient (RQ) of the cultures were monitored online in shake flasks with a Respiration Activity Monitoring System (RAMOS). Formation of biomass and green fluorescent protein (GFP), pH-drift and the metabolite dynamics of glucose, ethanol and acetic acid were measured offline. With the slow-release technique overflow metabolism could be reduced leading to an increase of 85% in biomass yield. To date, 23.4 g/L cell dry weight of H. polymorpha could be achieved in shake flask. Biomass yields of 0.38-0.47 were obtained which are in the same magnitude of laboratory scale fermentors equipped with a substrate feed pump. GFP yield could be increased by a factor of 35 in Syn6-MES mineral medium. In fed-batch mode 88 mg/L GFP was synthesized with 35.9 g/L fed glucose. In contrast, only 2.5 mg/L with 40 g/L metabolized glucose was revealed in batch mode. In YNB mineral medium over 420-fold improvement in fed-batch mode was achieved with 421 mg/L GFP at 41.3 g/L fed glucose in comparison to less than 1 mg/L in batch mode with 40 g/L glucose.     

表达乙肝病毒融合表面抗原基因SA-28的二倍体酵母工程菌的选育

将乙肝病毒融合表达抗原基因ＳＡ－２８的单倍体酵母工程菌Ｙ１９／ＹＦＤ１５８和与其不同接合型的单倍体酵母菌Ｙ９５接合,筛以二倍体酵母工程菌Ｙ９５ｘＹ１９／ＹＦＤ１５８。对两种工程菌的研究表明：三倍体工程菌发酵密度为单倍休工程菌的３倍;表达质粒在二倍体酵母中的稳定性明显高于单倍体工程菌;二倍体工程菌对融合抗原的表达量为单倍体的３倍以上,表达质粒在二倍体细菌中的平均拷贝数略低于单倍体工程菌。     

Production of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown by batch fermentation process

In a 5-L fermentor (NBS-MF 105), Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303-181 (1.0 g dry matter/L) was inoculated into 3.0 L of liquid medium containing glucose (10 or 20 g/L), yeast nitrogen base (YNB, 3.7 or 7.4 g/L), l-histidine (0.02 g/L), l-tryptophan (0.02 g/L), uracil (0.02 g/L), and adenine (0.02 g/L). The culture was carried out batchwise for 12 or 24 h at 30 degrees C, pH 4.6 or 5.7, aeration of 0, 0.8, 1.7 or 2.2 vvm, and agitation of 400 rpm. The highest G6PDH productivity (10.5 U/L.h) and specific activity (320 U/mg of protein) occurred at aeration of 2.2 vvm, pH 5.7, 10 g/L of glucose, and 3.7 g/L of YNB. The G6PDH specific activity attained was comparable with those of commercial preparations, which are between 50 and 600 U/mg of protein.     

The effect of pH on nitrogen supply, cell lysis, and solvent production in fermentations of Clostridium acetobutylicum

In batch fermentations of C. acetobutylicum, with 5 g/L yeast extract and 50mM glucose, the ratio of ammonium to glucose affected solvent production when the pH was left to vary uncontrolled from 4.5 to 3.65. High solvent production was observed for a low ratio. When the pH was controlled at 4.5, only acids were produced for all ratio values. At a low ammonium-to-glucose ratio, solvents were produced when the pH was controlled at 3.7. Acids only were produced for a low ratio value at pH 4.0 or for a high ratio value at pH 3.7. In continuous cultures, mostly acids were produced under glucose limitation, but solvents were produced under nitrogen limitation. It was concluded that the nitrogen availability controls solvent production and that the pH affects the availability of organic nitrogen. Biomass autolysis at the stationary phase of batch cultures was reversibly inhibited at pH values less than 3.8. In batch fermentations, the overall molar growth yields on ATP (Y(ATP)) varied from 5.5 to 9.0 and the transient yields from 5.5 to 15.5. In continuous cultures, the Y(ATP) values varied from 5.5 to 14.7 under glucose limitation, and from 6.1 to 9.3 under nitrogen limitation. The Y(ATP) depended on the ammonium to glucose ratio and the culture pH, but did not show the usual dependence on the specific growth rate in batch cultures. The experiments seem to confirm the hypothesis that solvent production is controlled by the demand and availability of ATP.     

Effect of amino acid supplement on cell yield and gene product in Escherichia coli harboring plasmid

Escherichia coli harboring a recombinant plasmid was cultivated in fed-batch culture to enhance production of a gene product. Expression of the leucine gene from Thermus thermophilus in the recombinant plasmid was examined by the assay of beta-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase activity at 75 degrees C. When E. coli was cultivated in medium without leucine, biomass concentration reached 15 g/L and the specific activity became 0.082 U/mg protein. When leucine was fed in the medium throughout cultivation, although biomass concentration reached 63 g/L, the specific activity decreased to 0.016 U/mg protein. When E. coli was cultivated in medium containing 1 g leucine/L, the specific activity remained virtually constant (about 0.13 U/mg protein) and biomass concentration reached 32 g dry cells/L. In these cultivations, growth yields of several amino acids and glucose were examined. When leucine was not added to the medium, growth yields except for histidine were lowest. When leucine was fed throughout the cultivation, growth yields of glucose and tryptophan were highest. The pH-stat was useful for feeding amino acids.     

黑曲霉糖化酶在酿酒酵母中的表达和分泌

从黑曲霉糖化酶高产株T2l合成的糖化酶cDNA,经5’端和3’端改造后克隆到酵母质粒YFDl8上,转化酿酒酵母。转化子的淀粉培养基平板检测,培养滤液蛋白电泳和糖化酶活力分析都表明,含有糖化酶基因表达质粒的酵母转化子能有效地分泌有功能的糖化酶到细胞外。实验证明酵母a园子启动子和分泌信号序列能促使黑曲霉糖化酶cDNA在酵母中表达和分泌．实验还表明．黑曲霉糖化酶原的翻译后加工序列很可能亦能被酵母识别,加工生成有功能的成熟的糖化酶。以上成功为构建有实用意义的淀粉水解酵母工程菌迈出了重要的一步。     

Oenococcusoeni苹果酸-乳酸酶基因克隆及其在酿酒酵母中的表达

苹果酸-乳酸酶是苹果酸-乳酸发酵过程中负责苹果酸转化为乳酸的功能酶。在进行酒酒球菌SD2a的苹果酸-乳酸酶基因(mleA)克隆测序基础上,以PGK1强启动子和ADH1终止子为调控元件,以大肠杆菌-酵母菌穿梭质粒YEp352为载体,构建了重组表达质粒并转化酿酒酵母YS58。酵母转化子用SD/Ura平板筛选鉴定。斑点杂交检测表明目的基因mleA转化到受体菌中,SDSPAGE检测表明获得的转化子表达了约60kDa的目标蛋白。获得的转化子在添加了L苹果酸的培养基中培养4d;取培养液上清用HPLC检测L苹果酸及L乳酸含量,采用t检验进行差异显著性分析,结果表明mleA基因进行了功能性的表达,将L苹果酸转化成L乳酸,L苹果酸和L乳酸含量分别与对照差异极显著和显著,苹果酸的相对降低率平均为20.95%。在有选择压力条件下,重组质粒相对稳定,而在无选择压力条件下,传代培养10d后大约有65%的重组质粒丢失。     

Biosensor online control of citric acid production from glucose by Yarrowia lipolytica using semicontinuous fermentation

Our study aimed at the development of an effective method for citric acid production from glucose by use of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. The new method included an automated bioprocess control using a glucose biosensor. Several fermentation methodologies including batch, fed‐batch, repeated batch and repeated fed‐batch cultivation were tested. The best results were achieved during repeated fed‐batch cultivation: Within 3 days of cycle duration, approximately 100 g/L citric acid were produced. The yields reached values between 0.51 and 0.65 g/g and the selectivity of the bioprocess for citric acid was as high as 94%. Due to the elongation of the production phase of the bioprocess with growth‐decoupled citric acid production, and by operating the fermentation in cycles, an increase in citric acid production of 32% was achieved compared with simple batch fermentation.     

Coordination of growth rate, cell cycle, stress response, and metabolic activity in yeast

We studied the relationship between growth rate and genome-wide gene expression, cell cycle progression, and glucose metabolism in 36 steady-state continuous cultures limited by one of six different nutrients (glucose, ammonium, sulfate, phosphate, uracil, or leucine). The expression of more than one quarter of all yeast genes is linearly correlated with growth rate, independent of the limiting nutrient. The subset of negatively growth-correlated genes is most enriched for peroxisomal functions, whereas positively correlated genes mainly encode ribosomal functions. Many (not all) genes associated with stress response are strongly correlated with growth rate, as are genes that are periodically expressed under conditions of metabolic cycling. We confirmed a linear relationship between growth rate and the fraction of the cell population in the G0/G1 cell cycle phase, independent of limiting nutrient. Cultures limited by auxotrophic requirements wasted excess glucose, whereas those limited on phosphate, sulfate, or ammonia did not; this phenomenon (reminiscent of the "Warburg effect" in cancer cells) was confirmed in batch cultures. Using an aggregate of gene expression values, we predict (in both continuous and batch cultures) an "instantaneous growth rate." This concept is useful in interpreting the system-level connections among growth rate, metabolism, stress, and the cell cycle.