母亲声音刺激联合非营养性吸吮对早产儿经口喂养的影响

目的:探讨母亲声音刺激联合非营养性吸吮对早产儿经口喂养的影响。方法:选取2018年1月至2018年12月间在本院新生儿科病房住院早产儿(200例)作为研究对象,随机分为对照组(70例)、研究组A(65例)、研究组B(65例)。对照组按照新生儿科常规管理,研究组A在常规管理基础上给予单纯母亲声音刺激,研究组B在常规管理、单纯母亲声音刺激基础上,给予非营养性吸允管理。比较各组的喂养进程、喂养表现、体质量增长情况、喂养不耐受评分。结果:研究组A、研究组B的完全经口喂养时的纠正胎龄(PMA)、过渡时间均明显短于对照组,且研究组B均明显短于研究组A,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组A、研究组B的开始经口喂养时喂养效率、完全经口喂养时喂养效率均明显高于对照组,且研究组B均明显高于研究组A,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组A、研究组B的完全经口喂养时体质量、出院时体质量均明显低于对照组,且研究组B均明显低于研究组A,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组B与对照组间的喂养不耐受评分情况差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:母亲声音刺激联合非营养性吸吮可促进早产儿经口喂养进程,改善经口喂养表现,减少喂养不耐受发生率,加快恢复至出生体质量的时间。     

Molecular mechanical study of the stability of the Lys-Ala-Ala tripeptide dimer.

A molecular mechanical study of two Lys-Ala-Ala tripeptide chains in interaction is presented. The study was carried out to explore the feasibility of dimer formation and explain some features of the crystal structure not completely understood. The role of the counterions present in the crystal structure on the conformation has been included in this study by investigating the effect of removing the charges on the lysyl side chains. The results of the present molecular mechanical study explains well the structural features found by X-ray crystallography, complementing that study.     

刚地弓形虫基因工程疫苗

弓形虫疫苗是预防弓形虫感染的最有效手段之一。随着生物学研究技术的不断进步,弓形虫疫苗的研究也不断深入完善。本文介绍了近年来发展起来的基因工程疫苗的最新研究现状及进展,以期望在对现有研究成果总结的基础上,为大家以后的研究提供新的视角和方向。     

Comparative evaluation of the diagnostic efficiency of interactive digital radiography and routine fluorography in screening examinations of the chest

The current trend for decreased exposure to medical ionizing radiation sources contributes to the introduction of novel technologies into radiation diagnosis. The aim of this study was to compare the informative value of interactive digital X-ray study and routine enlargement fluorography. The study covered 316 individual without the complaints typical of lung diseases. Three roentgenologists assessed X-ray images by 7 major signs. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the methods in question were defined. The final stage was the construction of routine operating curves (ROC). When there were diffuse changes in the lung, the sensitivity of interactive digital X-ray study was 14% higher. The higher informative value of interactive digital X-ray study is also attested by the higher position of a respective ROC. The fact that lung tissue function in combination with low radiation load may be estimated assumes the use of interactive digital X-ray study in patients with pneumosclerosis and emphysema.     

海洋微型浮游动物的丰度和生物量

综合了海洋微型浮游动物研究的历史沿革,微型浮游动物在海洋生态系统中的作用、丰度和生物量,微型浮游动物的研究方法以及我国研究海洋微型浮游动物的情况。     

不同品种烟草花粉电子显微镜观察

通过对10个烤烟品种、8个晒烟品种、2个野生种的花粉进行扫描电子显微镜观察,发现同为烤烟或晒烟的烟草,其花粉的形态、大小、外壁纹饰比较稳定。野生烟在供试种中具有独特的细网状外壁纹饰,是鉴别野生烟与非野生烟的一条有效途径。     

Some Oceanographic Observations in the Galapagos Islands

The oceanographic conditions that obtained during the periodof study are described. The study area is characterized by surfacetemperatures near 20°C and a sharp thermocline at a depthof 40 m. The temperature below 1000 m is less than 5°C.An episode of upwelling occurred during the period of study.The upwelled water was displaced by water characteristic ofthat found north of the Equatorial Front. The approximate positionof the Equatorial Front during the study period was 00°15' S latitude.     

RECENT POPULATION TRENDS IN CLIFF-BREEDING SEABIRDS IN BRITAIN & IRELAND

The findings of an annual sample census of four species of cliff-breeding seabirds at study plots in selected British and Irish colonies are presented. The numbers of Guillemot and, to a lesser degree, Razorbill were found to be increasing significantly at most study plots in north and east Britain. With the exception of one Razorbill study plot in Orkney, the only declines detected in these species were in a few colonies in southwest Wales and west Ireland. The magnitude and direction of changes in Kittiwake numbers at study plots showed much local and regional variation, notably in marked decreases in the majority of study plots in Orkney and increases in northwest Ireland. The few data for Fulmar indicate continuing increases in several areas. The results have shown that the census is capable of measuring accurately changes of small magnitude. The problem of whether study plots can be used to infer colony and population change is discussed and comparison made with the findings of other census work.     

作物生长温度效应的非线性模型及其比较研究

通过严密的数学证明,发现了前人关于作物生长温度效应非线性模型之间的内在联系,修正了有关学者对模型参数定义的局限性,提出了一个通用的作物生长温度效应非线性模型,本研究还将该模型与笔者最近提出的基于高斯方程的非线性模型进行了比较研究,介绍了应用SAS软件求取两个模型相关参数的方法,并以马铃薯生育期模拟为例进行了实证研究,表明这两个模型均有良好的适用性。     

Simple cannulation procedure for serial blood sampling through cutaneous ulnar vein in chickens

The objective of the study was to collect repeated, low-stress blood samples from the ulnar vein of chickens required for pharmacokinetic studies or hormonal assays. The study used 5 apparently healthy, unsexed, commercial broiler chickens about 6 weeks old and weighing 1.7-1.9 kg for serial sampling of blood. The study prepared the birds prior to cannulation and penetrated the catheter through the skin and into the lumen of the ulnar vein. The study successfully carried out serial blood samplings in 4 of 5 cannulated birds. Heparin (10%) solution maintained patency and prevented blood clot formation inside the cannula. However, the study found repeated clotting occurring in 1 bird. Cannula failed to maintain patency; the study could not carry out blood sampling properly, which was attributed to air embolism that might have occurred during catheter manipulation or repeated filling of cannula with heparin solution. The study observed no hematoma or inflammation at the site of cannulation. Owing to the advantages and to facilitate compliance with nonhuman animal welfare, this technique seems simple and efficient, allowing adoption for serial blood collection in chickens.     

Simple Cannulation Procedure for Serial Blood Sampling Through Cutaneous Ulnar Vein in Chickens

The objective of the study was to collect repeated, low-stress blood samples from the ulnar vein of chickens required for pharmacokinetic studies or hormonal assays. The study used 5 apparently healthy, unsexed, commercial broiler chickens about 6 weeks old and weighing 1.7–1.9 kg for serial sampling of blood. The study prepared the birds prior to cannulation and penetrated the catheter through the skin and into the lumen of the ulnar vein. The study successfully carried out serial blood samplings in 4 of 5 cannulated birds. Heparin (10%) solution maintained patency and prevented blood clot formation inside the cannula. However, the study found repeated clotting occurring in 1 bird. Cannula failed to maintain patency; the study could not carry out blood sampling properly, which was attributed to air embolism that might have occurred during catheter manipulation or repeated filling of cannula with heparin solution. The study observed no hematoma or inflammation at the site of cannulation. Owing to the advantages and to facilitate compliance with nonhuman animal welfare, this technique seems simple and efficient, allowing adoption for serial blood collection in chickens.     

生物分类和多样性保护

生物分类是生物学领域最基础的研究工作,生物多样性是当前生命科学研究热点之一。概述了生物分类思想的历史发展,探讨了基因组多样性研究中的伦理问题。     

Canadian atrial fibrillation anticoagulation study: were the patients subsequently treated with warfarin? Canadian Atrial Fibrillation Anticoagulation Study Group.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of the results of clinical trials on the behaviour of patients and physicians, the authors ascertained the proportion of patients participating in the Canadian Atrial Fibrillation Anticoagulation (CAFA) study who started or continued warfarin therapy at the end of the study and identified factors affecting the decision to use or not use warfarin. The CAFA study was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicentre study to evaluate the efficacy of warfarin in preventing stroke among patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. Recruitment and follow-up were stopped early because two other similar studies had shown a decrease in the rate of stroke among patients treated with warfarin. DESIGN: Mail survey 21 months after the end of the study. PARTICIPANTS: The personal physicians of 336 patients who had participated in the CAFA study. OUTCOME MEASURES: Type of antithrombotic therapy the patients had received since the CAFA study ended for patients who were not receiving warfarin, the reasons they were not. RESULTS: Questionnaires concerning 254 (76%) of the patients who had participated in the study were returned. Since the end of the CAFA study, 153 (60%) of these patients had been treated continually with warfarin, 14 (6%) had been treated with warfarin but had subsequently stopped taking it, 59 (23%) had taken acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) continually, 5 (2%) had been taking ASA but had subsequently stopped taking it, and 23 (9%) had not taken either drug. The responding physicians stated that 58 (67%) of the patients who were not treated with warfarin did not wish to take the drug. The patients who had received warfarin during the CAFA trial were more likely to be treated with warfarin after the trial (75%) than were those who had received a placebo (56%) (p = 0.001). The probability of the patients'' being treated with warfarin also depended on which study centre they had been treated in (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Of the patients in the CAFA study for whom questionnaires were received, only 167 (66%) had been treated with warfarin after the end of the study. The patients were more likely to have been treated with warfarin after the study if they had received warfarin during the study. The positive results of clinical trials, on their own, are not enough to fully change the behaviour of patients and physicians.     

SPIR01 and SPIR02: a two-year 1-day point prevalence multicenter study of infections in intensive care units in Piedmont, Italy

This study reports the results of a one-day point prevalence study of infections performed in 2001 (SPIR01) and 2002 (SPIR02) in a Regional network of ICUs in Piedmont, Italy. The study aims were to illustrate the overall proportion of infected patients and the rate of ICU-acquired infections. Mortality rate was evaluated three weeks after the study days. Resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase negative Staphylococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were recorded. The primary end-point of the study was to document the prevalence and associated risk factors of the ICU-acquired infections, and the impact of infections on mortality. The prevalence of ICU-acquired infection was 30% in SPIR01, and 38.3% in SPIR02. The rate of methicillin-resistance was high among isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococci. The prevalence of ICU-acquired infections was lower than that reported in the EPIC study. In our experience, this Regional survey stimulated further research and collaboration to improve the prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment of ICU-acquired infections.     

退化草地生态恢复研究案例综合分析:年限、效果和方法

草地生态系统退化严重影响着全球生态安全、草原区域居民生计和草原文化多样性的发展。退化草地恢复工作依赖于对有效研究案例的借鉴,不同研究年限的案例对生态恢复实践的目标、恢复方案的制定有不同借鉴和参考作用,而获得有指导价值的研究案例通常是长期开展的研究工作。在调查国内外149个退化草地生态恢复案例基础上,该文综合分析了退化草地生态恢复的研究年限分布、恢复目标、恢复方法,效果及长期研究数据获取方法等,主要有以下几方面总结。(1)年限小于10a的案例数量较多,且更侧重于连续性研究;较长时间研究更多依赖于以前研究案例重访性研究。(2)相对而言,较长期的研究结果可靠性更高,其恢复技术的说服性更强,对于生产力的研究一般比生态功能研究的案例年限短些。(3)在退化草地生态恢复中,恢复目标排在前三位的分别是生物多样性,植被覆盖度和土壤碳库。(4)在调查的研究案例中关于动物群落的研究非常少。(5)退化草地恢复方法中应用最多是人工播种,围栏封育,放牧应用。(6)跨度时间较长的研究工作大多采用案例重访的方式,获取和以前可对比的数据资料。最后,建议特别应该重视案例重访方法的应用,尽可能更多的开展实地性数据获取再进行大数据综合,这样更可靠。     

Interspecific evaluation of octopus escape behavior

The well-known ability of octopuses to escape enclosures is a behavior that can be fatal and, therefore, is an animal welfare issue. This study obtained survey data from 38 participants-primarily scientists and public aquarists who work with octopuses-on 25 described species of octopus. The study demonstrates that the likeliness to escape is species specific (p = .001). The study gives husbandry techniques to keep captive octopuses contained. This first interspecific study of octopus escape behavior allows readers to make informed species-specific husbandry choices.     

To What did They Consent? Understanding Consent Among Low Literacy Participants in a Microbicide Feasibility Study in Mazabuka,Zambia

We conducted a study to review the consenting process in a vaginal Microbicide feasibility study conducted in Mazabuka, Zambia. Participants were drawn from those participating in the microbicide study. A questionnaire and focus group discussion were used to collect information on participants understanding of study aims, risks and benefits. Altogether, 200 participants took part in this study. The results of the study showed that while all participants signed or endorsed their thumbprints to the consent forms, full informed consent was not attained from most of the participants since 77% (n = 154) of the participants had numerous questions about the study and 34% (n = 68) did not know who to get in touch with concerning the study. Study objectives were not fully understood by over 61% of the participants. Sixty four percent of the participants were not sure of the risks of taking part in the microbicide study. A significant number thought the study was all about determining their HIV status. Some participants were concerned that their partners were not on the trial as they were convinced that being on the study meant that that they had a lifetime protection from HIV infection. The process of obtaining consent was inadequate as various phases of the study were not fully understood. We recommend the need for researchers to reinforce the consenting process in all studies and more so when studies are conducted in low literacy populations.     

稻-鸭复合生态系统产甲烷细菌数量

采用厌氧培养箱技术 ,用最大或然数计数法 (MPN法 )和滚管法同时测定稻 -鸭复合系统和常规稻作系统早稻不同生育期土壤中的产甲烷细菌数量。结果表明 :(1)两系统产甲烷菌数量具有明显的季节变化规律。水稻返青期前 ,两系统的产甲烷菌数量相差不大 ,随着水稻生育期的推进 ,两处理的产甲烷菌数量逐渐增加 ,均在分蘖盛期明显增高 ,孕穗期达到最高 ,乳熟期又显著减少 ,生长后期又有所回升。(2 )稻田围栏养鸭能减少稻田中的产甲烷菌数量 ,特别是减少了稻田甲烷排放高峰期的产甲烷菌数量。在水稻分蘖盛期和孕穗期 ,MPN计数法中 ,稻 -鸭复合生态系统低于常规稻作系统 2 0 .0 %～ 96 .9% ;滚管法计数中 ,前者比后者降低 33.3%～ 98.1% ,两系统的产甲烷菌数量之间的差异均达极显著水平。 (3)产甲烷细菌对甲醇、异丙醇、CO2 / H2 、乙酸钠有嗜好表现 ,对甲胺、甲酸、甲胺 甲醇 甲酸 异丙醇 乙酸钠 (混合基质 1)、甲酸 甲醇 异丙醇 乙酸钠 (混合基质2 )、甲醇 异丙醇 乙酸钠 (混合基质 3)有不适应的表现     

A comparative study of integrated pest management strategies based on impulsive control

The paper presents a comprehensive numerical study of mathematical models used to describe complex biological systems in the framework of integrated pest management. Our study considers two specific ecosystems that describe the application of control mechanisms based on pesticides and natural enemies, implemented in an impulsive and periodic manner, due to which the considered models belong to the class of impulsive differential equations. The present work proposes a numerical approach to study such type of models in detail, via the application of path-following (continuation) techniques for nonsmooth dynamical systems, via the novel continuation platform COCO (Dankowicz and Schilder). In this way, a detailed study focusing on the influence of selected system parameters on the effectiveness of the pest control scheme is carried out for both ecological scenarios. Furthermore, a comparative study is presented, with special emphasis on the mechanisms upon which a pest outbreak can occur in the considered ecosystems. Our study reveals that such outbreaks are determined by the presence of a branching point found during the continuation analysis. The numerical investigation concludes with an in-depth study of the state-dependent pesticide mortality considered in one of the ecological scenarios.     

祁连山部分地区山地景观格局空间幅度效应的研究

三元图能有效反应多种斑块类型对景观格局的影响, 依据“斑块-廊道-基质”模式, 比较各斑块类型对整个研究区的响应。选择祁连山100 km×100 km的某正方形区域为研究区并运用景观格局指数法对研究区的空间幅度效应进行研究, 同时得出研究区尺度依赖性的有效幅度和特征尺度。结果表明: (1)草地为整个研究区景观结构的基质, 其面积最大, 在整个景观中占绝对优势; (2)在斑块类型中, 裸地在整个研究区中起主导作用; (3)12 km和88 km是研究区的两个特征尺度, 88 km幅度为研究区尺度依赖性的有效幅度, 超过这一幅度范围, 无论景观要素, 还是景观指数都失去了尺度依赖性。研究通过对祁连山部分地区景观格局与尺度效应的分析可以了解研究区景观格局空间特征及分布规律, 为祁连山的规划与管理、生态建设提供参考依据。