性别对皮肤屏障障碍模型小鼠表皮厚度及丝聚合蛋白表达的影响

目的探索性别对小鼠皮肤屏障功能的影响。方法用丙酮-乙醚法和胶带粘贴法复制皮肤屏障功能障碍模型、观察性别对皮肤屏障障碍模型小鼠的表皮厚度和丝聚合蛋白(FLG)表达的影响。结果与正常对照组相比,丙酮-乙醚组和胶带粘贴组小鼠表皮厚度增宽(P0.05);正常对照组雄鼠与雌鼠相比,表皮厚度无差异;而丙酮-乙醚组和胶带粘贴组雌鼠表皮厚度均较同组雄鼠增加(P0.05)。丙酮-乙醚组和胶带粘贴组与正常对照组相比,FLG蛋白表达水平降低(P0.05),同组雄鼠表达水平均低于雌鼠(P0.05)。结论皮肤机械屏障功能被破坏后,小鼠的表皮厚度变化存在性别差异,而FLG蛋白表达在正常或是皮肤屏障障碍小鼠中的性别差异均有统计学意义,提示在研究小鼠皮肤屏障障碍相关疾病的发病机制和治疗措施时应重视性别差异。     

Cardiometabolic Risk Indicators That Distinguish Adults with Psychosis from the General Population,by Age and Gender

Individuals with psychosis are more likely than the general community to develop obesity and to die prematurely from heart disease. Interventions to improve cardiovascular outcomes are best targeted at the earliest indicators of risk, at the age they first emerge. We investigated which cardiometabolic risk indicators distinguished those with psychosis from the general population, by age by gender, and whether obesity explained the pattern of observed differences. Data was analyzed from an epidemiologically representative sample of 1,642 Australians with psychosis aged 18–64 years and a national comparator sample of 8,866 controls aged 25–64 years from the general population. Cubic b-splines were used to compare cross sectional age trends by gender for mean waist circumference, body mass index [BMI], blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol in our psychosis and control samples. At age 25 individuals with psychosis had a significantly higher mean BMI, waist circumference, triglycerides, glucose [women only], and diastolic blood pressure and significantly lower HDL-cholesterol than controls. With the exception of triglycerides at age 60+ in men, and glucose in women at various ages, these differences were present at every age. Differences in BMI and waist circumference between samples, although dramatic, could not explain all differences in diastolic blood pressure, HDL-cholesterol or triglycerides but did explain differences in glucose. Psychosis has the hallmarks of insulin resistance by at least age 25. The entire syndrome, not just weight, should be a focus of intervention to reduce mortality from cardiovascular disease.     

Adiposity and Diabetes Risk in Adults with Prediabetes: Heterogeneity of Findings Depending on Age and Anthropometric Measure

Objective

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of age on diabetes incidence by general and central adiposity after 3‐year follow‐up in adults with prediabetes.

Methods

Data were taken from a cohort of 1,184 subjects with prediabetes included in The Cohort Study in Primary Health Care on the Evolution of Patients with Prediabetes (PREDAPS). General adiposity was defined using body mass index (BMI), and central adiposity was defined with waist circumference and waist to height ratio. Data were analyzed by age groups 30 to 59 and 60 to 74 years. The association between adiposity and diabetes incidence was assessed using hazard ratios (HR).

Results

Adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyles, and metabolic parameters, diabetes HR for central adiposity based on the waist circumference clinical cutoff were 2.14 (1.12‐4.09) and 1.48 (0.80‐2.74) for people aged 30 to 59 and 60 to 74 years, respectively. In the model additionally adjusted for BMI, diabetes HR were 2.65 (1.24‐5.65) and 1.33 (0.68‐2.59), respectively. The use of a 1‐SD increase rather than cutoff points did not alter this pattern. Similar findings were observed with central adiposity based on waist to height ratio.

Conclusions

The association of central adiposity with type 2 diabetes incidence was lower for people in the older age group than for those in the younger age group.

     

Size Estimates in Ebbinghaus Illusion in Adults and Children of Different Age

Psychophysical experiments were performed with the participation of 297 subjects (adults and 6- to 17-year-old children and adolescents). Perception of the size of a central stimulus surrounded by other stimuli was studied. Subjects had to estimate the size of a circle with a diameter of 22 angular min, which was surrounded by four similar figures with a diameter of either 11 or 44 angular min at a distance of either 11 or 33 angular min. The misperception of the stimulus size was dependent on the subject's age, the distance between the circles, and the size of the flanking circles. The smaller flanking circles located at any distance produced size underestimation in younger children; these circles led to size overestimation in case of their location at a short distance in most adults and adolescents. The larger flanking circles produced underestimation in all age groups, but, in adults, unlike children, this illusion decreased with increasing distance. The illusion mechanism and its possible connection with selective attention are discussed.     

Relationship of Leptin Concentration to Gender,Menopause, Age,Diabetes, and Fat Mass in African Americans

This investigation was designed to determine the relationship of leptin concentration to gender, sex hormones, menopause, age, diabetes, and fat mass in African Americans. Participants included 101 African Americans, 38 men (mean age, 34. 2 ± 7. 4 years), 29 age-matched premenopausal women (mean age, 32. 6 ± 3. 7 years), and 36 postmenopausal women (mean age, 57. 8 ± 5. 9 years). The women were not taking exogenous sex hormones, and 12 subjects were diabetic. Percent body fat was calculated with the Siri formula, fat mass (FM) was calculated as weight x percent body fat, and Fat-free mass (FFM) was calculated as weight minus FM. Fasting plasma was assayed for leptin, estradiol, free testosterone, glucose, and insulin concentrations. The nondiabetics had an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The diabetics compared with the non-diabetics had a higher central fat index (^P=0. 04) but otherwise were similar to nondiabetics in all parameters measured. Body mass index, percent body fat, and FM were greater in women than men (p<0. 001). Leptin concentrations in men, premenopausal, and postmenopausal women were: 7. 51 ± 8. 5, 33. 9 ± 17. 3, 31. 4 ± 22. 3 ng/mL. Leptin/FM x 100 in the three groups were: 28. 9 ± 16. 1, 98. 65 ± 44. 9, 77. 1 ± 44. 5 ng/mL/kg. The gender difference in leptin concentration and leptin/FM was significant (p<0. 001), but the difference between premenopausal and postmenopausal women was not. In each group, weight, percent body fat, and FM were highly correlated with leptin concentration. Multiple regression analyses with leptin concentration as the dependent variable and age, diabetic status, percent body fat, weight, FM, FFM, estradiol, and free testosterone concentrations as independent variables demonstrated that the determinants of leptin concentration in men was weight only (R=0. 83,p<0. 001), in premenopausal women it was FM only (R=0. 57,P<0. 001), and in postmenopausal women it was weight only (R=0. 67, p<0. 001). With diabetics excluded, the multiple regression analysis was repeated with fasting insulin concentration and the area under the insulin curve during the OGTT included as independent variables. The results for this multiple regression analyses were the same as the first. Therefore, leptin concentration in African Americans is determined by gender and fat mass. Menopause, age, and diabetes do not affect leptin concentration.     

Skin Collagen and Thickness in Women with Hirsuties

Total skin collagen is greatly increased in women with hirsuties. This is presumably due to androgen, whether locally produced or circulating.     

Proliferation and Propagation of Human Melanocytes in Vitro Are Affected by Donor Age and Anatomical Site

We report the effects of two factors, donor age and anatomical site, on the proliferation and melanization of human melanocytes (MC) derived from (1) neonatal foreskins, (2) adult foreskins, or (3) adult breast or arm skin. Two different growth media have been used for this purpose. Medium I supports the long-term proliferation of neonatal MC, and medium II supports the growth of both neonatal and adult MC. We found that neonatal foreskin MC proliferated equally well in both media for more than 12 passages. However, adult MC behaved differently in the two growth media. In very early passages (passages 1-5), all three types of MC proliferated well and reached comparable final cell densities in medium I, but adult foreskin MC proliferated at a higher rate than neonatal or adult non-foreskin MC in medium II. The non-foreskin adult MC had the least proliferative rate in medium II. Unlike neonatal MC, both adult foreskin and non-foreskin MC underwent a drastic reduction in their proliferative rate after only a few (9-10) passages in culture. While the three types of MC differed in their proliferative rates, they responded similarly to melanogenic stimulation by cholera toxin (CT) and isobutyl methylxanthine (IBMX). These results demonstrate that the proliferation of human MC in standard culture media is affected by the donor age and the anatomical site from which these cells are derived. We conclude that human MC are heterogeneous, and caution must be used in extrapolating the results of studies on MC derived from different anatomical sites or age groups.     

Basal and Bolus Insulin Requirements in Children,Adolescents, and Young Adults with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus on Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (csii): Effects of age and Puberty

ObjectiveGuidelines for insulin dosing, including the insulin to carbohydrate ratio (I/C), insulin sensitivity factor (ISF), and basal/bolus ratio guidelines, have been well established for adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). However, clinical experience suggests that these guidelines are not appropriate for children. The purpose of this study was to determine the continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) settings in children with T1DM at different ages and stages of puberty.MethodsA total of 154 patients data between the ages of 3 and 21 years with well-controlled T1DM according to American Diabetes Association guidelines were reviewed. Only patients on CSII who were not in the honeymoon period were included.ResultsPatients were divided into 8 groups according to age, gender, and/or pubertal stage. Insulin requirements increased with puberty in both sexes (0.69, 0.97, and 0.90 U/kg/day in children <7 years of age, midpubertal girls, and late-pubertal boys, respectively). Basal insulin requirement was lowest in the youngest group (34%; P<.01). The youngest group had the lowest I/C prediction factor (PF) (mean, 315.7 ± 79.4; P<.01 with all groups), and the ISF-PF was higher than that of the oldest group (mean, 2,588.3 ± 1,101.8; P<.01).ConclusionCSII dose calculations vary with age and pubertal status in children with T1DM. These differences must be considered when calculating CSII dosing, especially for younger children. (Endocr Pract. 2013; 19:805-811)     

Comparison of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Children and Adults With and Without Obesity: A Hysteresis Model

ObjectiveTo describe a third-degree polynomial function (hysteresis) of the effect size of age, obesity, and insulin sensitivity over the carotid intima-media thickness (c-IMT), in the pediatric and adult groups.MethodsA quasi-experimental study with fixed factor analysis of age (children aged 8-12 years, n = 73; adults aged 21-45 years, n = 82) and obesity (yes, n = 76; no, n = 79) was conducted to analyze the effect on the c-IMT and Matsuda insulin sensitivity index values. This quasi-experimental design was analyzed with robust regression modeling.ResultsThe additive effect of obesity, independent of age, was evident in the case of the c-IMT values. There was no interaction effect, but a significant difference between participants with normal weight and those with obesity was found (P < .0001). The difference between adults and children was also significant, but the effect size was smaller. A model was created based on age, Tanner stage, and obesity using the c-IMT and Matsuda insulin sensitivity index values. A linear function fit as R², and the cubic function estimated parameters like a polynomial model.ConclusionThis practical study design showed that children with obesity displayed the same levels of carotid intima-media abnormalities as adults with obesity. The polynomial shape of the model suggests potentially poor outcomes that resemble the hysteresis process and may predict chronic cardiometabolic events during early adulthood.     

影响野生型Canton S果蝇睡眠时间的相关生理因素

目的探讨影响果蝇睡眠时间的相关生理因素。方法选择野生型CantonS果蝇为实验对象,利用果蝇活动监测系统(DAMS),以5min为单位自动统计一次果蝇活动次数,若5min内活动次数为零,认为果蝇处于睡眠状态,计为果蝇的睡眠时间,累积计算果蝇24h睡眠总时间为指标,分别观察了日龄(7日龄)相同,而性别不同和性别(雌性)相同,而日龄(2,7,12,17,22,27和32日龄)不同果蝇的24h睡眠总时间。结果①同一日龄(7日龄)不同性别的果蝇之间白天(12h)及夜间(12h)平均睡眠时间的长短存在着显著差异。雌果蝇白天(12h)平均睡眠时间短于雄果蝇,而夜间(12h)平均睡眠时间长于雄果蝇。雌果蝇白天(12h)平均睡眠时间显著短于夜间平均睡眠时间(P0.05);而雄果蝇白天(12h)平均睡眠时间与夜间(12h)平均睡眠时间基本持平。②同一性别(雌性)不同日龄的果蝇,随着日龄的增加,其白天(12h)平均睡眠时间有逐渐缩短的趋势,27日龄的果蝇睡眠时间减少相对明显,32日龄果蝇的睡眠时间有所恢复,相互之间存在着显著差异(P0.05)。夜间(12h)平均睡眠时间有逐渐延长的趋势,27日龄果蝇的夜间平均睡眠时间有所减少,32日龄果蝇的夜间平均睡眠时间相对有所恢复,相互之间存在着显著差异(P0.05)。结论性别与日龄等生理因素对果蝇24h睡眠时间有显著的影响。     

Optimal Central Obesity Measurement Site for Assessing Cardiometabolic and Type 2 Diabetes Risk in Middle-Aged Adults

Objectives

Despite recommendations that central obesity assessment should be employed as a marker of cardiometabolic health, no consensus exists regarding measurement protocol. This study examined a range of anthropometric variables and their relationships with cardiometabolic features and type 2 diabetes in order to ascertain whether measurement site influences discriminatory accuracy. In particular, we compared waist circumference (WC) measured at two sites: (1) immediately below the lowest rib (WC rib) and (2) between the lowest rib and iliac crest (WC midway), which has been recommended by the World Health Organisation and International Diabetes Federation.

Materials and Methods

This was a cross-sectional study involving a random sample of 2,002 men and women aged 46-73 years. Metabolic profiles and WC, hip circumference, pelvic width and body mass index (BMI) were determined. Correlation, logistic regression and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were used to evaluate obesity measurement relationships with metabolic risk phenotypes and type 2 diabetes.

Results

WC rib measures displayed the strongest associations with non-optimal lipid and lipoprotein levels, high blood pressure, insulin resistance, impaired fasting glucose, a clustering of metabolic risk features and type 2 diabetes, in both genders. Rib-derived indices improved discrimination of type 2 diabetes by 3-7% compared to BMI and 2-6% compared to WC midway (in men) and 5-7% compared to BMI and 4-6% compared to WC midway (in women). A prediction model including BMI and central obesity displayed a significantly higher area under the curve for WC rib (0.78, P=0.003), Rib/height ratio (0.80, P<0.001), Rib/pelvis ratio (0.79, P<0.001), but not for WC midway (0.75, P=0.127), when compared to one with BMI alone (0.74).

Conclusions

WC rib is easier to assess and our data suggest that it is a better method for determining obesity-related cardiometabolic risk than WC midway. The clinical utility of rib-derived indices, or alternative WC measurements, deserves further investigation.     

Impact of Hypertension on the Association of BMI with Risk and Age at Onset of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Age- and Gender-Mediated Modifications

Aims

Given that BMI correlates with risk of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and that hypertension is a common comorbid condition, we hypothesize that hypertension augments significantly the impact of obesity on T2DM onset.

Methods

We obtained data on T2DM in Kuwaiti natives from Kuwait Health Network Registry. We considered 1339 comorbid individuals with onset of hypertension preceding that of T2DM, and 3496 non-hypertensive individuals but with T2DM. Multiple linear regressions, ANOVA tests, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to quantify the impact of hypertension on correlation of BMI with age at onset and risk of T2DM.

Results

Impact of increasing levels of BMI on age at onset ot T2DM is seen augmented in patients diagnosed with hypertension. We find that the slope of the inverse linear relationship between BMI and onset age of T2DM is much steep in hypertensive patients (−0.69, males and −0.39, females) than in non-hypertensive patients (−0.36, males and −0.17, females). The decline in onset age for an unit increase of BMI is two-fold in males than in females. Upon considering BMI as a categorical variable, we find that while the mean onset age of T2DM in hypertensive patients decreases by as much as 5–12 years in every higher BMI categories, significant decrease in non-hypertensive patients exists only when severely obese. Hazard due to hypertension (against the baseline of non-hypertension and normal weight) increases at least two-fold in every obese category. While males have higher hazard due to hypertension in early adulthood, females have higher hazard in late adulthood.

Conclusion

Pre-existing condition of hypertension augments the association of BMI with Type 2 diabetes onset in both males and females. The presented results provide health professionals directives on the extent of weight-loss required to delay onset of Type 2 diabetes in hypertensive versus non-hypertensive patients.     

Gender and Age Differences in Hourly and Daily Patterns of Sedentary Time in Older Adults Living in Retirement Communities

Background

Total sedentary time varies across population groups with important health consequences. Patterns of sedentary time accumulation may vary and have differential health risks. The purpose of this study is to describe sedentary patterns of older adults living in retirement communities and illustrate gender and age differences in those patterns.

Methods

Baseline accelerometer data from 307 men and women (mean age = 84±6 years) who wore ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometers for ≥ 4 days as part of a physical activity intervention were classified into bouts of sedentary time (<100 counts per minute). Linear mixed models were used to account for intra-person and site-level clustering. Daily and hourly summaries were examined in mutually non-exclusive bouts of sedentary time that were 1+, 5+, 10+, 20+, 30+, 40+, 50+, 60+, 90+ and 120+ minutes in duration. Variations by time of day, age and gender were explored.

Results

Men accumulated more sedentary time than women in 1+, 5+, 10+, 20+, 30+, 40+, 50+ and 60+ minute bouts; the largest gender-differences were observed in 10+ and 20+ minute bouts. Age was positively associated with sedentary time, but only in bouts of 10+, 20+, 30+, and 40+ minutes. Women had more daily 1+ minute sedentary bouts than men (71.8 vs. 65.2), indicating they break up sedentary time more often. For men and women, a greater proportion of time was spent being sedentary during later hours of the day than earlier. Gender differences in intra-day sedentary time were observed during morning hours with women accumulating less sedentary time overall and having more 1+ minute bouts.

Conclusions

Patterns identified using bouts of sedentary time revealed gender and age differences in the way in which sedentary time was accumulated by older adults in retirement communities. Awareness of these patterns can help interventionists better target sedentary time and may aid in the identification of health risks associated with sedentary behavior. Future studies should investigate the impact of patterns of sedentary time on healthy aging, disease, and mortality.     

Effects of Age and Gender on Sleep Habits and Sleep Trouble for Aged People

The healthy 455 subjects above 60 years of age were questioned on their sleep habit inventory and the morningness-eveningness questionnaire. We analyzed the effects of age and sex on sleep habits and sleep-related trouble. Bedtimes on weekdays and weekends became earlier with aging, and women went to bed significantly later than men did. The length of sleep on weekdays slightly increased with aging, and it was longer for men than for women. The number of urinations and awakenings during nocturnal sleep and the amount of daytime napping increased with aging. The score on morningness-eveningness shifted toward the morning type with aging. In comparison with men, women had significantly longer sleep latency; and a higher percentage of subjects who reported that they sleep for only a short time, have sleep trouble, have received medical treatment for their sleep trouble, and take sleep medication. From these results, we deduced that the phase of sleep shifted forward in subjects above 60 years of age, and they showed frequent interruptions during nocturnal sleep and long daytime napping. We discussed the factor of gender difference in sleep in relation to social and cultural factors, particularly the household activities of women.     

Effects of Age and Gender on Sleep Habits and Sleep Trouble for Aged People

The healthy 455 subjects above 60 years of age were questioned on their sleep habit inventory and the morningness-eveningness questionnaire. We analyzed the effects of age and sex on sleep habits and sleep-related trouble. Bedtimes on weekdays and weekends became earlier with aging, and women went to bed significantly later than men did. The length of sleep on weekdays slightly increased with aging, and it was longer for men than for women. The number of urinations and awakenings during nocturnal sleep and the amount of daytime napping increased with aging. The score on morningness-eveningness shifted toward the morning type with aging. In comparison with men, women had significantly longer sleep latency; and a higher percentage of subjects who reported that they sleep for only a short time, have sleep trouble, have received medical treatment for their sleep trouble, and take sleep medication. From these results, we deduced that the phase of sleep shifted forward in subjects above 60 years of age, and they showed frequent interruptions during nocturnal sleep and long daytime napping. We discussed the factor of gender difference in sleep in relation to social and cultural factors, particularly the household activities of women.     

Relationship of BMI,Waist Circumference,and Weight Change with Use of Health Services by Older Adults

Objective: To examine the relationship of BMI, waist circumference (WC), and weight change with use of health care services by older adults. Research Methods and Procedures: This was a prospective cohort study conducted from 2001 to 2003 among 2919 persons representative of the non‐institutionalized Spanish population ≥60 years of age. Analyses were performed using logistic regression, with adjustment for age, educational level, size of place of residence, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and presence of chronic disease. Results: Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²) and abdominal obesity (WC >102 cm in men and >88 cm in women) in 2001 were associated with greater use of certain health care services among men and women in the period 2001–2003. Compared with women with WC ≤ 88 cm, women with abdominal obesity were more likely to visit primary care physicians [odds ratio (OR): 1.36; 95% confidence limit (CL): 1.06–1.73] and receive influenza vaccination (OR: 1.30; 95% CL: 1.03–1.63). Weight gain was not associated with greater health service use by either sex, regardless of baseline BMI. Weight loss was associated with greater health service use by obese and non‐obese subjects of both sexes. In comparison with those who reported no important weight change, non‐obese women who lost weight were more likely to visit hospital specialists (OR: 1.45; 95% CL: 1.02–2.06), receive home medical visits (OR: 1.61; 95% CL: 1.06–2.45), be hospitalized (OR: 1.88; 95% CL: 1.29–2.74), and have more than one hospital admission (OR: 2.31; 95% CL: 1.19–4.47). Discussion: Obesity and weight loss are associated with greater health service use among the elderly.