单子叶植物无融合生殖的研究进展

植物的无融合生殖是指不经过雌雄配子融合而产生种子的一种特殊生殖方式。由于利用无融合生殖途径可以固定杂种优势,从而改良现有植物的育种策略,因此对无融合生殖的研究已成为生物学科的新生长点。本文主要从无融合生殖的概念和类型,无融合生殖在单子叶植物中的分布,无融合生殖的胚胎学,分子生物学和遗传学机制及创造新的无融合生殖种质资源的方法等6方面对单子叶植物的无融合生殖的研究进展进行了综述,并提出了今后开展无融合生殖研究的思路和设想。     

高粱SSA-1无融合生殖胚胎学研究

经常规石蜡切片法,在光学水平观察了高粱（Ｓｏｒｇｈｕｍ ｂｉｃｏｌｏｒ （Ｌ．） Ｍｏｅｎｃｈ） ＳＳＡ－１ 无融合生殖的胚胎发生。高粱ＳＳＡ－１ 的无融合生殖为无孢子生殖和二倍体孢子生殖两种类型。两种生殖类型的单核胚囊经３ 次有丝分裂形成７ 细胞（８ 核）的成熟胚囊,由卵细胞、２ 个助细胞、２ 个极核和３ 个反足细胞组成。反足细胞迅速分裂增殖,形成由２０—３０ 个细胞组成的细胞团。此外,还具有一定频率的无孢子生殖多孢原和多胚囊现象。在未授粉情况下,卵细胞自发分裂形成典型的禾本科类型单子叶胚。经切片统计表明,ＳＳＡ－１ 的无融合生殖频率为４２％ ,证明该系为一兼性无融合生殖系。文中还讨论了ＳＳＡ－１ 无融合生殖过程的特点。     

植物的无融合生殖

植物的无融合生殖肖辅珍,王景林（首都师范大学生物系,北京１０００３７）１无融合生殖及其类型无融合生殖（Ａｐｏｍｉｘｉｓ）是被子植物不经过精卵结合而产生种子的特殊生殖方式［１］。它广泛存在于自然界的多种植物中,或代替有性生殖（专性的）,或与有性生殖共存...     

植物无融合生殖研究进展

本文综述了植物无融合生殖研究进展。无融合生殖能固定杂种优势,是新的研究热点。无融合合生殖转充研究取得长足进展。胚胎发生研究手段由切片技术逐渐发展为整体透明、组化荧光技术。大孢子母细胞（ＭＭＣ）细胞壁无胼胝质（ｃａｌｌｏｓｅ）及ＭＭＣ哑铃状核是二倍性孢子形成区别于有性生殖的特征。ＤＮＡ分子标记是无融合生殖研究的新的有效工具,狼尾草属、摩擦禾属的无融合生殖分子标记已被找到,并且后者已定位到玉米第６染色     

植物无融合生殖研究进展

本文综述了植物无融合生殖研究进展。无融合生殖能固定杂种优势,是新的研究热点。无融合合生殖转育研究取得长足进展。胚胎发生研究手段由切片技术逐渐发展为整体透明、组化荧光技术。大孢子母细胞(MMC)细胞壁无胼胝质(callose)及MMC哑铃状核是二倍性孢子形成区别于有性生殖的特征。DNA分子标记是无融合生殖研究的新的有效工具,狼尾草属、摩擦禾属的无融合生殖分子标记已被找到,并且后者已定位到玉米第6染色体长臂末端。     

植物无融合生殖鉴定方法的研究进展

由于利用无融合生殖途径可以固定杂种优势,从而改良现有植物的育种策略,因此对无融合生殖的研究已成为生物学科的新生长点,为了利用植物的无融合生殖,首先必须建立,发展和完善一套简单,准确的鉴定体系,目前有关植物无融合生殖的鉴定的方法,主要可以分为5大类型：（1）形态学观察法;（2）显微观察法;（3）生化鉴定法;（4）分子生物学的方法;（5）其它方法,主要对以上5类方法的各各鉴定方法进行了介绍,对几种已被证实有效方法的优缺点进行了比较,并就今后的改进方向进行了探讨。     

单子叶植物和双子叶植物的叶发育方式

叶侧生于茎上并与茎共同构成植物的枝条;叶是植物进行光合作用的主要器官,是植物体最富有特征的结构部分之一。单子叶植物和双子叶植物是被子植物的两大类群,人们观察它们的叶,发现其外部形态和内部构造都存在着很大的不同。这种差异,又是与这两类植物的叶发育方式相关联的。     

无融合生殖在植物育种中的应用

无融合生殖(apomixis)是一种代替有性生殖的,不发生核融合而产生种子的生殖方式。它是介于有性生殖与无性生殖之间的一种特殊生殖方式。     

植物无融合生殖研究的新进展

植物无融合生殖是指不经过雌雄配子融合而产生种子的一种特殊生殖方式,能使基因型的杂合性得以保持,从而可固定杂种优势。对近几年来植物无融合生殖的研究进展及发展动态作一综述,列举了新发现的具有无融合生殖特性的植物种类：总结了控制无融合生殖的遗传机理：指出该研究领域中存在的问题：展望了该领域的发展前景。     

无融合生殖

自1745年博内(Bonnet)在研究蚜虫中发现孤雌生殖以来,世界各地的植物学家,也在众多的植物中发现了这种奇特的生殖现象,迄今为止,已记录到36科300余种植株的孤雌生殖。为同有性生殖和无性生殖相区分,植物学家把它定名为无融合生殖。 由于无融合生殖生理机制十分复杂,长期以来,对其概念的界定,植物学界一直没有统一。我国学者蔡得田和陈冬玲,在1993年提出:无融合生殖是指发生在植物胚珠中,不经过精卵融合形成胚,以种子进行繁殖的生殖方式。此界定包括三部分内容,一是它与无性生殖明显的区别是发生在性器官中;二是没有性融合过程而区别于有性生殖;三是以种子繁殖     

Embryological Study on Apomixis in a Sorghum Line SSA-1

The Developmental process of apomictic embryo sac and embryo in a sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. ) line SSA-1 was observed under light microscope, using the method of conventional paraffin sectioning. The result showed that the apomictic development conforms apospory and diplospory. The uninucleate embryo sac underwent mitotic divisions for three times to form a seven-celled or eight-nuclei mature embryo sac including an egg, two synergids, two polar nuclei and three antipodals. The antipodals divided and multiplicated to form an antipodal mass. Moreover, aposporous multiarchesporial cells and multiple embryo sacs were infrequently observed. Without pollination, the egg divided autonomously to form a typical graminaceous mature embryo. The authors counted the apomictic sections in the whole sections and the result showed that the frequency of apomixis was 42%, indicating the facultative apomictic property in the line SSA-1. The characteristics of apomictic process in the line SSA-1 is also discussed.     

Embryological Studies on Apomixis in Pennisetum squamulatum

Studies on the formation and development of the embryo sac of the apomictic material of Pennisetum squamulatum Fresen indicated that normal archesporial cell did form with consequent development of a megaspore mother cell and later meiotic division to give rise to a triad. But invariably the megaspore mother cell and the triad underwent degeneration after formation. During the period of formation or degeneration of the megaspore or the triad a number of nucellar cells around the degenerated sexual cell became much enlarged. Frequently, one of the enlarging nucellar cells near the micropylar end became vacuolated and then developed into an aposporous uninucleate embryo sac, which underwent two further mitotic divisions to form an aposporous four-nucleate embryo sac, where the four nuclei remained in the micropylar end. Thus in the mature aposporous embryo sac there were one egg cell, one synergid and one central cell (containing two polar nuclei). Antipodal cells were completely lacking. The pattern of development of the aposporous embryo sac resembles the panicum type. There were two types of embryo formed during apomictic development namely ( 1 ) The pre-genesis embryo--embryo formed without fertilization, 1 to 2 days before anthesis, and (2) The late-genesis embryo--derived from the unfertilized egg cells, 3 to 4 days after anthesis. In the late-genesis embryo type, the egg cell divided after the secondary nucleus has undergone division to form the endosperm nuclei. All egg cells developed vacuoles before they differentiated into embryos. The development of the aposporous embryo followed the sequence of the formation of globular, pearshaped embryo and full stages of differentiation. The unfertilized secondary nucleus divides to form free endosperm nuclei after being stimulated by pollination. The development of the endosperm belongs to the nuclear-type.     

植物无融合生殖研究进展

植物无融合生殖是一种特殊的无性生殖方式 ,它不经过精卵融合即可繁殖后代 ,其二倍体子代基因型与母本精确相同 ,可以固定杂种优势 ,对于作物育种等工作具有巨大的经济意义。对无融合生殖的分类、遗传进化、发生机制、分子机理等方面进行了介绍。并对无融合生殖的一些最新的研究进展 :无孢子生殖专化基因组区、脱调节理论、基因组冲撞观点、表观遗传基因调节理论等进行了简要的评述。并简单介绍了无融合生殖甜菜单体附加系目前的研究进展 。     

Apomixis via recombination of genome regions for apomeiosis (diplospory) and parthenogenesis in Erigeron (daisy fleabane, Asteraceae)

Apomixis in daisy fleabanes (Erigeron annuus and E. strigosus) is controlled by two genetically unlinked loci that regulate, independently, the formation of unreduced female gametophytes (apomeiosis, diplospory) and autonomous seed formation (parthenogenesis). In this work, fully apomictic F2s were regenerated by crossing F1s bearing, separately, these two functional regions. Two triploid (3x = 2n = 27) highly diplosporous F1s served as seed parents to an aneuploid (2x + 1 = 2n = 19) meiotic pollen donor bearing four AFLP markers linked to parthenogenetic seed formation but producing only abortive embryos and endosperm. Of 408 hybrids, 21 (5.1%) produced seed. Nine of these putative apomicts were tetraploids (4x), likely combining an unreduced egg from the diplosporous seed parent and a haploid gamete from the pollen parent (3x + x). The other 12 hybrid apomicts were pentaploid, interpreted as arising from the fusion of an unreduced diplosporous egg with an unreduced sperm cell (3x + 2x). Analysis indicated that all but three of the 21 synthetic apomicts recombined markers linked to diplospory and parthenogenesis. In addition, three additional hybrids combined markers linked to the two functional regions but produced only aborted embryos. The apomicts varied in percentage of diplosporous ovules (4.7–95.3% of all ovules produced) and in percentage of ovules that developed into seed (3.8–58.0%). These results support the hypothesis that apomeiosis and autonomous seed formation are genetically distinct, and that the traits can be separated and recombined to create hybrids exhibiting apomixis at near wildtype levels.     

Apomixis is not developmentally conserved in related, genetically characterized Hieracium plants of varying ploidy

Apomixis is facultative in characterized members of the genus Hieracium. The three components that comprise the apomictic mechanism include apospory followed by autonomous embryo and endosperm formation. The time of aposporous embryo sac initiation and mode of embryo sac formation are different in Hieracium piloselloides (D3) and Hieracium aurantiacum (A3.4). Genetic studies have shown that a single dominant locus encodes all three components of apomixis in both species (Bicknell et al. 2000). We histologically examined a range of related, genetically characterized apomictic Hieracium plants derived from D3 and A3.4 to assess conservation of the apomictic mechanism in different genetic backgrounds. The plants varied in ploidy, and also in the amount of DNA introduced from sexual Hieracium pilosella (P4). An apomictic hybrid from a cross between the two apomicts was also examined. The developmental processes observed in the parental apomicts were not conserved in the examined plants and alterations occurred in the components of apomixis. One plant also exhibited adventitious embryony. The results show that other genetic factors can modify apomixis with respect to time of initiation, spatial location, and mode of developmental progression. Both the apomictic locus and the modifiers are essential for efficient penetrance of the trait in Hieracium. Some of the findings in Hieracium correspond with observations in Ranunculus and this is discussed in terms of models for apomictic development and the control of apomixis in crops. Received: 21 June 1999 / Revision accepted: 17 November 1999     

龙须草花粉活性及结实率与其无融合生殖的关系

以两种生态型无融合生殖龙须草为材料,经去雄套袋、去掉柱头及相互杂交等处理,比较几种方式下的结实率。结果表明：去雄套袋、截去柱头以破坏授粉和杂交授粉等处理与去雄不套袋作对照之间结实率的差异不显著。两种生态型龙须草的成熟花粉粒都具有活力,在蔗糖溶液中的离体萌发率分别为28％和34％;花粉在柱头上的附着和生长的荧光观察表明：花粉附着率较低,花粉在柱头上可以萌发,但不能进入柱头和花柱。证明龙须草花粉对其结实率没有显著影响;龙须草具有很高的无融合生殖度,是优良的无融合生殖基因供体。