Adoptions expérimentales de larves entre des fourmis de genres différents (II):Myrmica laevinodis Nylander etAnergates atratulus Schenck

Résumé Nous avons fait élever des larves d'Anergates atratulus par des ouvrières deMyrmica laevinodis à 22°C. Pour y parvenir, il n'est pas utile de faire hivernerensemble les larves d'Anergates et les ouvrières deMyrmica. La présence de larves autochtones n'empêche pas lesMyrmica d'élever des larves d'Anergates. Dans toutes les expériences lesMyrmica ont été soumises au fridavant de recevoir des larves d'Anergates. Aucune reine deMyrmica n'a été utilisée dans ces expériences.Sur les 64 larves d'Anergates que nous avons utilisées, 38 se sont transformées en imagos. C'est au début de l'adoption et au moment des métamorphoses que périrent la plupart des 26Anergates perdus. Les femelles vécurent en général 2 ou 3 jours et cherchèrent très tôt à quitter le nid natal. Les mâles vécurent 2 à 3 semaines.

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Summary Larvae ofAnergates atratulus were experimentally reared by workers ofMyrmica laevinodis, at 22°C. An overwintering of both larvae ofAnergates and workers ofMyrmica is not necessary for the success of that experiment. The presence of larvae ofMyrmica does not keep theMyrmica from rearing larvae ofAnergates. The workers ofMyrmica have been cooled, in all the experiments, before receiving larvae ofAnergates. No queen ofMyrmica have been used in that experiments.38 of the 64 larvae ofAnergates used became imagos. Most of the 26 lostAnergates died at the beginning of the adoption and during the metamorphosis. The females lived generally 2 or 3 days and tried, very early, to leave their native nest. The males lived 2 or 3 weeks.

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Anergates atratulus Myrmica laevinodis, 22 . bmecme Anergates Myrmica. Myrmica Anergates. Myrmica Anergates. Myrmica . 64 Anergates , 38 . 26 Anergates 2 3 . 2 3 .

     

The effect of ammonium and nitrate on carbondioxide compensation point and enzymes associated with carbondioxide exchange in wheat

The carbondioxide compensation point (), dry matter production, and the activities of nitrate reductase (NR), glycolate oxidase (GO), ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPC) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) were measured in wheat, grown on media, containing nitrate or ammonium. Significantly higher and lower dry matter was observed in plants supplied with ammonium-nitrogen (NH₄-N), as compared to those supplied with nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N). The activities of NR and PEPC were higher in plants grown on NO₃-N than to those grown on NH₄-N. There were no significant differences in the activities of GO and RuBPC irrespective of whether NO₃-N or NH₄-N was supplied. None of the enzymes was found to be associated directly with the .PEPC activity accounted the measured differences in the and biomass production between NH₄-N and NO₃-N supplied plants. The relationship between PEPC and the is discussed.     

The effect of some macronutrients on adventitious root development on scion apple cultivars in vitro

The influence of some macronutrients, especially NH₄NO₃ and KNO₃, on root development of microcuttings from 3 apple scion cultivars is discussed. A reduction of the level of NH₄NO₃ in the medium from full strength to 1/4 strength significantly increased the percentage rooting of Gala and Royal Gala, but not Jonagold. Further reduction of NH₄NO₃ level from 1/4 strength to zero significantly reduced the percentage of rooting in Gala but not Royal Gala. Jonagold rooted best at zero concentration NH₄NO₃. Without NH₄NO₃, rooting percentages were as high as 100% for all 3 cultivars when KNO₃ was provided at full strength. The results show that adventitious roots can be induced on apple scion cultivars by media manipulation.     

Nutrients and Primary Production in the Estuary of the Razdol’naya River (Amur Bay,Sea of Japan)

The behavior of the basic nutrients (NO₃, PO₄, SiO₂) was studied in the estuary of the Razdolnaya River in low and high water, the flow was 4.3 × 10⁶ m³/day and 10.8 × 10⁶ m³/day, respectively. It was shown that within the limits of the euphotic zone the nutrients were characterized by a pronounced nonconservative behavior caused by their removal by phytoplankton in primary production. It was determined that phytoplankton removal of nutrients occurred with ratios C : NO₃ : P : Si = 105 : 18 : 1 : 37 and C : NO₃ : P : Si = 93 : 11 : 1 : 29 at a respective ratio P : NO₃ : Si = 1 : 22 : 140 in low water and P : NO₃ : Si = 1 : 17 : 120 in high water. It was also determined that the maximum rate of nutrient removal was 4 times higher in the high water than in the low water. The maximum value of primary production of phytoplankton was 2.5–4.0 gC/m² day. The estuary area of the Razdolnaya River was specified by rather high production. Such a rate of estuarine primary production, caused by nutrients carried out by the river, being no less than 250 t of dry weight of phytoplankton a day, can provide daily production up to 800 t of biomass in the secondary chain of the ecosystem.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Biologiya Morya, Zvalinsky, Nedashkovsky, Sagalayev, Tishchenko, Shvetsova.     

Potential induced in a spherical cell by an intracellular point source and an extracellular point sink

Summary The potential is calculated for all time, inside and outside a spherical cell for a point source of current inside the cell and a point sink located a finite distance outside the cell. The source and sink are step functions in time. An eigenfunction expansion is obtained, valid for arbitrary =_m a/_i , where _i and _m are the conductivities inside the cell and in the membrane, respectively, a is the cell radius and the membrane thickness. For small , the eigenfunction expansion is expanded in powers of . The time dependence of the potential contains transients with two widely differing time constants =C_m a/_i, where C_m is the membrane surface capacitance, and _m=/. Closed-form expressions are obtained for the two leading terms, for small , after the rapid transient is over. The remaining time dependence is only in the potential inside the cell, and is a simple exponential increase, independent of position within the cell. It is found that the transmembrane potential is insensitive to the location of the extracellular sink at long times, but not at short times. The dependence of the potential on location of source, sink, and observer is studied for long times after the quick transients are over. A uniqueness theorem is derived for the solution to Laplace's equation for the membrane boundary condition.This work was supported in part by NSF Grant No. GB-24965. Dr. Peskoff is the recipient of NIH Special Research Fellowship No. 1F03 GM 55849-01. Mr. Ramirez is a Ford Foundation Pre-doctoral Fellow.     

Preparation of a series of sulfated tetrasaccharides from shark cartilage chondroitin sulfate D using testicular hyaluronidase and structure determination by 500 MHz1H NMR spectroscopy

Six tetrasaccharide fractions were isolated from shark cartilage chondroitin sulfate D by gel filtration chromatography followed by HPLC on an amine-bound silica column after exhaustive digestion with testicular hyaluronidase. Their structures were determined unambiguously by one- and two-dimensional 500 MHz¹H NMR spectroscopy in conjunction with HPLC analysis of chondroitinase AC-II digests of the tetrasaccharides. One fraction was found to contain two tetrasaccharide components. All the seven tetrasaccharides shared the common core structure GlcA1-3GalNAc1-4GlcA1-3GalNAc with various sulfation profiles. Four were disulfated comprising of two monosulfated disaccharide units GlcA1-3GalNAc(4-sulfate) and/or GlcA1-3GalNAc(6-sulfate), whereas the other three were hitherto unreported trisulfated tetrasaccharides containing a disulfated disaccharide unit GlcA(2-sulfate)1-3GalNAc(6-sulfate) and a monosulfated disaccharide unit GlcA1-3GalNAc(4-or 6-sulfate). These sulfated tetrasaccharides were demonstrated to serve as appropriate acceptor substrates for serum -N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, indicating their usefulness as authentic oligosaccharide substrates or probes for the glycobiology of sulfated glycosaminoglycans.Abbreviations NFU National formulary unit - COSY correlation spectroscopy - HOHAHA homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn - 1D or 2D one- or two-dimensional - IdoA l-iduronic acid - GlcA d-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid - Di-0S GlcA1-3GalNAc - Di-4S GlcA1-3GalNAc(4-sulfate) - Di-4S GlcA1-3GalNAc(4-sulfate) - Di-6S GlcA1-3GalNAc(6-sulfate) - Di-6S GlcA1-3GalNAc(6-sulfate) - Di-diS _d GlcA(2-sulfate)1-3GalNAc(6-sulfate) - Di-diS_E GlcA1-3GalNAc(4, 6-disulfate) - U G, U, 2S, 4S, and 6S represent GlcA, GalNAc, GlcA, 2-O-sulfate, 4-O-sulfate, and 6-O-sulfate, respectively     

Cytoplasmic gel and water relations of axon

Summary A previous method of measuring the swelling pressure ( _g ) of the cytoplasmic gel of the giant axon ofLoligo vulgaris was refined. The estimates of _g made with the improved method were consistent with those made with the earlier method. In these methods the activity of the solvent in the gel is measured by increasing the activity of the solvent in the internal phase of the gel by application of hydrostatic pressure to the gel directly. Comparable values for the activity of the solvent in the gel were obtained also by an alternate method, in which the deswelling of the gel is measured upon decreasing the activity of the solvent in the external phase by addition of a nonpenetrating high mol wt polymer (i.e., Ficoll).Additional support was obtained for the earlier suggestion that _g contributes to the swelling and shrinkage pattern of the whole axon. In part, the new evidence involved two consecutivedirect measurements of intraxonal pressure. The first measurement was that of a mixed pressure composed of _g and _m ( _m being the effective osmotic pressure due to the intra-extraxonal gradient in the activity of mobile solutes). The subsequent measurement was that of _g alone. The latter measurement was made feasible by destroying the axolemma, thereby eliminating the contribution of _m . An estimate of _m was obtained by subtracting _g from the total pressure measured initially. The _m determined by the above method was two orders of magnitude smaller than the theoretical osmotic pressure. This is consistent with the _m determined previously, where osmotic intra-extraxonal filtration coefficients were compared to the hydrostatic. The mixed pressure experiments lend credence to the idea that the substantial contribution of _g to the water relations of the whole axon is due to _g being of the same order of magnitude as _m .The degree of free swelling of axoplasmic gels was studied as a function of pH, salt concentration, and hydration radius of the anion of the salt used. The swelling increased with an increase in the reciprocal of the hydration radius, a decrease in salt concentration, and at pH below or above 4.5.The nature of the constraints to the free swelling of axoplasm in axons immersed in seawater was studied. With the seawater employed, these constraints appeared to be due more to the retractive forces of the sheath than to _m .     

Erratum: Cloning and sequencing of the phycocyanin gene from Spirulina maxima and its evolutionary analysis

The genes were cloned for the two apoprotein subunits, and ,of phycocyanin from the cyanobacterium Spirulina maxima = Arthrospiramaxima) strain F3. The - and -subunit gene-coding regionscontain 489 bp and 519 bp, respectively. The -subunit gene is upstreamfrom the -subunit gene, with a 111-bp segment separating them.Similarities between the -subunits of S. maxima and nine othercyanobacteria were between 58% and 99%, as were those between the -subunits. The maximum similarity between the - and -subunits from S. maxima was 27%.     

DNA markers tightly linked to a gall midge resistance gene (Gm2) are potentially useful for marker-aided selection in rice breeding

We have developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay that could effectively reduce the time period required to screen and select for Gall Midgeresistant rice lines under field conditions. The primers for the assay were designed on the basis of sequence information of two phenotype specific random amplified polymorphic DNA fragments which were found to be tightly linked to Gall Midge biotype-1 resistance gene (Gm2). The two RAPD fragments, F8₁₇₀₀ in the susceptible parent ARC6650 and F10₆₀₀ in the resistant parent Phalguna, were identified after screening 5450 loci using 520 random primers on genomic DNAs of ARC6650 and Phalguna. These primers, when used in a multiplexed PCR, amplified specifically a 1.7-kb and 0.6-kb fragment in the susceptible and resistant parents, respectively. When this assay was performed on genomic DNAs of 44 recombinant inbred lines derived from ARC6650 x Phalguna and 5 lines derived from other crosses where one of the parents was Phalguna, ARC6650 or their derivatives, the primers amplified a 1.7-kb fragment in all of the susceptible lines or a 0.6-kb fragment in all of the resistant ones. These markers can be of potential use in the marker-aided selection of Gall Midge biotype-1 resistant phenotypes. As screening for resistance can now be conducted independent of the availability of insects, the breeding of resistant varieties can be hastened.     

Invertebrate predator-prey body size relationships: an explanation for upper triangular food webs and patterns in food web structure?

Summary It has been suggested by Cohen and Newman (1985) that many of the patterns in published food webs can be derived from a stochastic model in which the species are arranged in a trophic hierarchy (the cascade model). We suggest that, if predators are larger than their prey, a trophic hierarchy can be generated on the basis of body size Empirical evidence from the literature shows that there is a positive relationship between predator and prey size for a range of invertebrates and that predators are usually larger than their prey. Using experimental data on an aquatic food web we show that body size can lead to the type of trophic hierarchy used in the cascade model, suggesting that many food web patterns may be a product of body size. This conclusion is discussed with respect to the limitations of the food web data and the relationship between static and dynamic models of web structure.     

Linear differentation of cereal chromosomes

Summary The BSG test was used in an investigation of the linear differentiation in rye variety Zhitkinskaya, common wheat variety Aurora and two secondary Triticale namely AD-196 and F-1239.Chromosomes of Aurora variety and wheat chromosomes within Triticale may be easily divided into constant and variable chromosomes as described previously (lordansky et al. 1977; Zurabishvili et al 1977).It is necessary to emphasize that the diversity of variable chromosomes underlies karyotypical polymorphism within wheat and Triticale species. The polymorphism observed exists in parallel with strict homomorphism of homologous chromosomes.In IB chromosomes of Aurora variety, the short arm is substituted by the rye chromosome arm. The karyotype of Triticale AD-196 consists of six pairs of rye chromosomes and fifteen pairs of wheat chromosomes.     

Phosphorylation of the Na,K-ATPase by Ca,phospholipid-dependent andcAMP-dependent protein kinases. Mapping of the region phosphorylated by Ca,phospholipid-dependent protein kinase

Ca,phospholipid-dependent (PKC) andcAMP-dependent (PKA) protein kinases phosphorylate the -subunit of the Na,K-ATPase from duck salt gland with the incorporation of 0.3 and 0.5 mol³²P/mol of -subunit, respectively. PKA (in contrast to PKC) phosphorylates the -subunit only in the presence of detergents. Limited tryptic digestion of the Na,K-ATPase phosphorylated by PKC demonstrates that³²P is incorporated into the N-terminal 41-kDa fragment of the -subunit. Selective chymotrypsin cleavage of phosphorylated enzyme yields a 35-kDa radioactive fragment derived from the central region of the -subunit molecule. These findings suggest that PKC phosphorylates the -subunit of the Na,K-ATPase within the region restricted by C₃ and T₁ cleavage sites.     

A method for the investigation of those transformations under which the visual recognition of a given object is invariant

An experiment is described which shows in operation the program set out in Foster (1972a) for the investigation of the invariance transformations of visual recognition. The concern in the present study is with the Lie group of rotations SO(2), and a certain centrally located foveal Landolt ring. By presenting to the visual system this Landolt ring and a rotated image in rapid succession, one attempted to induce a specified rotation-type phi-motion. Two subjects were employed. Both reported the existence of the required type of phi-motion for rotations ₀ of the Landolt ring about the visual axis with -2/72/7. By appealing to the basic Proposition 2 of Foster (1972 a), the conclusion is reached that the visual system appears capable of effecting upon a certain centrally located foveal annulus the local 1-parameter group of rotations about the visual axis ₀, [–2/7,2/7].     

Thyroid hormone regulation of Na,K-ATPase subunit-mRNA expression in neonatal rat myocardium

Summary Regulation of Na,K-ATPase mRNA isoform and mRNA expression by thyroid hormone (T₃) in neonatal rat myocardium was examined. In euthyroid neonates between ages of 2 and 5 days, mRNA₁, mRNA₃, and mRNA₁ abundances were nearly constant while mRNA₂ was undetectable. During the interval between postnatal days 5 and 15, mRNA₃ decreased to negligible levels and mRNA₂ became expressed and increased in abundance to account for 20% of the mRNA pool by the 15^th postnatal day. To examine the effect of T₃ on this developmental program, neonates were injected with 75 g T₃/100 g body weight or diluent alone on the second and third postnatal days and myocardial Na,K-ATPase subunit-mRNA abundances were determined on the third and fourth postnatal days. Because T₃ treatment increased the RNA/DNA ratios of myocardial tissue, the subunit-mRNA abundances were normalized per unit DNA. Following 24 and 48 hr of T₃ treatment, the abundances of mRNA₁, mRNA₃, and mRNA₁ increased, while mRNA₂ continued to remain undetectable during the 2-day interval between the second to fourth postnatal days. It is concluded that T₃ augments the abundance of Na,K-ATPase subunit mRNAs that are already being expressed in the neonatal rat myocardium. The results further suggest that T₃ does not act as a molecular switch in the developmental expression of the mRNA isoforms in rat myocardium during the first four postnatal days.     

The suppression of Haemoglobin E synthesis

The blood of two infants with Haemoglobin E trait and a form of -thalassaemia (Haemoglobin H Disease) was examined and it was confirmed that the proportion of Haemoglobin A:E was higher than in uncomplicated Haemoglobin E trait.Haemoglobin H ( ₄ ^A ) was added to the haemoglobin solution from a Haemoglobin E trait carrier. This mixture was dissociated into its ₂, ₂ ^A and ₂ ^E subunits, and these were then recombined. The proportion of A:E had risen to that found in vivo in Haemoglobin E trait carriers with Haemoglobin H Disease.It is suggested that competition between ^A and ^E for -chains may be an example of the mechanism by which -thalassaemia interacts with -chain abnormal haemoglobins.     

Ganglioside-cholera toxin interactions: a binding and lipid monolayer study

Summary On t.l.c. plates ¹²⁵I-cholera toxin binds to a disialoganglioside tentatively identified as GD_lb with about 10 times less capacity than to ganglioside GM₁. Binding of labeled toxin to both gangliosides was abolished in presence of excess amounts of unlabeled B subunit. Ganglioside extracts from human or pig intestinal mucosa showed toxin binding to gangliosides GM₁ and GD_1b. In ganglioside-containing lipid monolayers the penetration of the toxin was independent of the ganglioside binding capacity.Abbreviations GM₂ Gal-NAc14Gal(3-2NeuAc)14G1c1Cer - GM₁ Gal3Ga1-NAc14Gal(32NeuAc)14G1c11Cer - GD_1a NeuAc23Ga113Gal-NAc14Gal(32NeuAc)14G1c11Cer - GD1b Gall3Gal-NAcl4Gal(32NeuAc82NeuAc)14Glc11Cer - GT_1b NeuAc23Ga113Ga1-NAcal4Gal(3-2NeuAc82NeuAc)14G1c11Cer - dpPC 1,2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine - dpPE 1,2-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine     

Unambiguous through-bond sugar-to-base correlations for purines in 13C, 15N-labeled nucleic acids: The HsCsNb,HsCs(N)bCb,and HbNbCb experiments

Summary A set of three 3D (¹H, ¹³C, ¹⁵N) triple-resonance correlation experiments has been designed to provide H1-H8 intraresidue sugar-to-base correlations in purines in an unambiguous and efficient manner. Together, the H_sC_sN_b, H_sC_s(N)_bC_b, and H_bN_bC_b experiments correlate the H1 sugar proton to the H8 proton of the attached base by means of the {H1, C1, N9, C8, H8} heteronuclear scalar coupling network. The assignment strategy presented here allows for unambiguous H1-H8 intraresidue correlations, provided that no two purines have both the same H1 and C1 chemical shifts and the same C8 and N9 chemical shifts. These experiments have yielded H1-H8 intraresidue sugar-to-base correlations for all five guanosines in the [¹³C, ¹⁵N] isotopically labeled RNA duplex r(GGCGCUUGCGUC)₂.     

An α subunit-deficient form of eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-2 from rabbit reticulocyte lysate and its activity in ternary complex formation

Eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-2 is usually isolated as a heterotrimer (). By use of Sephacryl S-300 fractionation an subunit-deficient form of eIF-2 was identified in impure preparations from rabbit reticulocyte lysate and it appeared in these preparations to be still active in formation of the ternary complex (eIF-2.GTP.Met-tRNAi). Subsequently subunit-deficient eIF-2 was further purified and this appeared to have retained ternary complex forming activity. Together with a suggested lack of involvement of the subunit this implies that the subunit was not required for activity and the subunit bound both GTP and Met-tRNA_i in formation of the ternary complex. The identification and study of subunit-deficient eIF-2 thus elucidated the involvement of the subunits in binding of GTP and Met-tRNA_i to produce the ternary complex in polypeptide chain initiation.     

Holling's “hungry mantid” model for the invertebrate functional response considered as a Markov process. Part I: The full model and some of its limits

In this paper we give an analytical reformulation of Holling's (1966) simulation model for invertebrate predatory behaviour. To this end we represent a population of predators as a frequency distribution over a space of (physiological) states. The functional response of a predator is calculated from the (stable) equilibrium distribution of its state as a function of prey density.Starting from the general model various other models are obtained by limit processes, some of them new and some of them old. The more interesting of which will be studied in further papers in this series.List of Notation a rate constant of digestion - b maximum of rate constant of prey encounter in the mantid - b maximum pursuit duration in the mantid (_p(0)) - c satiation threshold for search - c satiation threshold for pursuit in the mantid: c=c(b-D_s/v)/b - D _m maximum sighting distance - D _p pursuit distance - D _s strike distance - expectation operator - f, f ₀ rate of change of satiation during search - f ₁ rate of change of satiation during prey handling - F functional response: number of prey eaten per unit of time by one predator - g rate constant of effective prey encounter in the gobbler and sucker - g₀ rate constant of prey encounter - g₁ probability of no prey loss from pursuit - g₂ probability of no prey escaping during pursuit - H Holling secretary correction factor in the sucker: fraction of the time spent searching - k _R density of R - k_T probability density of maximum prey handling time - K probability that maximum prey handling time is _e, i.e. pursuit duration is zero - K _R distribution function of R - N number of prey caught - p (marginal) density of S - p₀ density of S in search - p₁ simultaneous density of S and T - P probability - p ₁ marginal density of S in handling prey - q probability of strike success - R ratio of realized to maximum sighting distance - s, S satiation - satiation axis - t time - handling time axis - u eating speed - U homogeneous(0,1) random variable - v pursuit speed - V exponential(1) random variable - w prey weight - W exponential(_m) random variable - x prey density - ratio of maximum successful pursuit duration to meal duration (_pm/_e) - _pm - relative duration of successful pursuit (_p/_pm) - ratio of shortest to largest sighting distance - x_e - time already spent handling a prey item - rate of prey loss during prey handling - prey escape rate during pursuit - prey biomass density (xw) - , T maximum time still to be spent handling a prey item - _e meal duration - _m maximum handling time ( _e+ _p) - _p duration of successful pursuit - _pm maximum duration of successful pursuit (_p(0)) - hazard rate - _m maximum of hazard rate - scaled functional response (wF) - minimal i-state space