Clinal variation in the non-acclimated and cold-acclimated freezing tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions

Arabidopsis thaliana is a geographically widely spread species consisting of local accessions differing both genetically and phenotypically. These differences may constitute environmental adaptations and a latitudinal cline in freezing tolerance has been shown previously. Many plants, including Arabidopsis, exhibit increased freezing tolerance after cold exposure (cold acclimation). Here we present evidence for geographical clines (both latitudinal and longitudinal) in acclimated (ACC) and non-acclimated (NA) freezing tolerance, estimated from electrolyte leakage measurements on 54 accessions. Leaf Pro contents were not correlated with freezing tolerance, while sugar contents (Glc, Fru, Suc, Raf) were in the ACC, but not the NA state. Expression levels of 14 cold-induced genes were investigated before and after 2 weeks of cold acclimation by quantitative RT-PCR. Expression of the CBF1, 2 and 3 genes was not correlated with freezing tolerance. The expression of some CBF-regulated (COR) genes, however, was correlated specifically with ACC freezing tolerance. A tight correlation between CBF and COR gene expression was only observed under non-acclimating conditions, where CBF and COR expression were also correlated with the expression of PRR5, a component of the circadian clock. Collectively, this study sheds new light on the molecular determinants of plant-freezing tolerance and cold acclimation and their geographical dependence.     

水稻ES1参与生物钟基因表达调控以及逆境胁迫响应

生物钟参与调控植物所有的生长阶段和发育活动。维持植物生物钟稳定的基因在这一过程中起着决定性作用。在克隆了ES1 (EARLY SENESCENCE 1)基因并证明该基因影响水稻(Oryza sativa)叶片失水的基础上, 以前期分离得到的水稻突变体es1-1作为研究对象, 对es1-1及其野生型(日本晴)苗期的地上部分和地下部分进行基因芯片分析。结果表明, es1-1主要的上调基因有42个, 下调基因有14个, 这些差异基因涉及24种代谢途径, 包括调节水稻生物钟的途径(4个)、甲烷代谢途径(3个)和苯基丙氨酸代谢途径(3个)等。进一步对水稻生物钟相关基因进行表达图谱分析, 结果表明, 与野生型相比, es1-1中生物钟相关基因出现了不同程度的差异表达。对es1-1和野生型进行冷胁迫处理, 结果表明es1-1表现更加耐冷, 且冷处理后生物钟基因在日本晴(NPB)和es1-1中都表现出不同程度的差异表达。此外, 在分蘖盛期接种白叶枯菌, 发现es1-1对特定的白叶枯菌具有一定的抗性。由此推测ES1基因参与调控水稻生物钟基因的表达以及响应水稻部分逆境胁迫, 这为更深入研究水稻生物钟基因提供了新线索。