脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇抑制体外培养人外周血单个核细胞低分子量蛋白酶体-2表达

探讨脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)对人外周血单个核细胞参与抗原呈递的低分子量蛋白酶体-2(LMP-2)表达的影响。采用流式细胞术(FCM)和半定量RT-PCR方法从蛋白质和mRNA水平分析了不同剂量DON对体外培养人外周血单个核细胞LMP-2分子表达的影响及其量效关系。FCM定量检测结果表明,不同浓度DON处理均可一定程度抑制人外周血单个核细胞LMP-2的表达,50ng/mlDON组、100ng/mlDON组、1000ng/mlDON组和2000ng/mlDON组LMP-2平均荧光强度分别为6.99±0.72、6.21±0.55、5.34±0.56和5.03±0.43,在50～2000ng/mL范围内随着DON浓度增加,外周血单个核细胞LMP-2表达降低,与DON浓度呈显著负相关(r=0.824,P<0.01)。半定量RT-PCR结果显示,不同浓度DON处理均可抑制人外周血单个核细胞LMP-2mRNA表达。DON在蛋白质和mRNA水平可剂量依赖地抑制体外培养的人外周血单个核细胞LMP-2的表达。     

抗脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇单克隆抗体的制备

[目的]小麦赤霉病菌产生的毒素不仅在病害发展过程中具有加重赤霉病的作用,而且污染谷物导致严重的食用安全性问题.由于赤霉病的普遍发生,有必要建立快速、灵敏、有效的毒素检测方法,本试验旨在制备可用于检测被脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇污染的粮谷类特异性单克隆抗体.[方法]本实验首先将脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)的衍生物3-半琥珀酰-脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(3-HS-DON-OVA)与卵清蛋白(OVA)采用碳化二亚胺法进行偶联得到人工抗原,以此人工抗原免疫BALB/C小鼠,取该鼠脾细胞与SP2/O鼠骨髓瘤细胞融合,经筛选和克隆,得到了1株能稳定分泌DON抗体的单克隆细胞株(382),并制备单克隆抗体腹水.[结果]经检测382的抗体类型及亚类均为IgG1,其轻链为κ链.腹水通过间接酶联免疫吸附测定效价在1×10-7以上.该单克隆抗体与脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇特异性结合反应的50%抑制质量浓度为29 μg/L,除与3-acetyldeoxynivalenol(3-Ac-DON)的交叉反应率为78.38%,与其他脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇结构类似物无交叉反应.[结论]本实验所制备的单克隆抗体有较高的灵敏度和特异性,具有较好的应用价值.     

小麦中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇酶联免疫吸附测定方法的研究

用B淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术制备了能稳定分泌抗脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,命名为3D7.3D7的亚类为lgG_1.运用该抗体,建立了检测小麦中DON的间接竞争性酶联免疫吸附测定法.该法最低检出量为5ng/ml,敏感范围为5—1000ng/ml;平均回收率为96.6—107.3%;精密度为6.2—13.3%.运用该方法,检测了10份小麦样品.均为阳性,其含量为56.4—1002.0ppb.     

小麦赤霉病镰孢菌毒素的生物合成及其分子调控

禾谷镰刀菌是小麦赤霉病的主要致病菌,其真菌次生代谢产生的单端孢霉烯类B型毒素,如雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(nivalenol,NIV)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON)和其它乙酰化衍生物等污染小麦籽粒后对人畜健康构成威胁。综述了近年来国内外对小麦赤霉病镰孢菌单端孢霉烯类B型毒素生物合成的主要途径及分子调控研究进展,对毒素合成过程中的重要调控基因如TRI5、TRI7和TRI13在农业中的应用进行了阐述。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇对胃癌细胞增殖及细胞周期的影响

探讨脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）对体外培养的两株胃癌细胞（SGC-7901和BGC-823）增殖及细胞周期的影响。采用细胞培养、噻唑蓝（MTF）比色法、流式细胞定量检测（FCM）、蛋白质免疫印迹（Western印迹）以及免疫细胞化学染色（ICH）等方法,研究不同浓度DON处理72h对体外培养胃癌细胞的增殖、细胞周期及细胞周期相关蛋白—细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制蛋白（CKIs）P21WAF/CIP1和细胞周期蛋白E（cyclin E）表达的影响。MTT法检测结果显示DON可明显抑制两株胃癌细胞的增殖,SGC．7901和BGC．823细胞100、500、1000ug／L DON处理组的增殖抑制率分别为4．28％、36．20％、45．35％和14．89％、32．30％、51．61％。FCM检测结果显示,给予1000ug／LDON处理72h可使两株细胞周期阻滞在GffM期。在100～1000u扎浓度范围内,两株细胞P21WAF／CIP1表达量均高于对照组,P21WAF／CIP1的表达与DON浓度呈显著正相关关系（SGC-7901细胞：r=0．886,P〈0．01;BGC-823细胞：r=0．943,P〈0．01）;两株细胞的细胞周期蛋白E表达量均低于对照组,与DON浓度有明显剂量依赖关系（SGC．7901细胞：r=-0．923,P〈0．01;BGC-823细胞：r=-0．854,P〈0．01）。Western印迹及免疫细胞化学检测进一步证实了DON处理对蛋白质表达的影响。综合结果表明,DON可抑制体外培养胃癌细胞的增殖活性,G2／M期阻滞、P21WAF/CIP1表达增高及细胞周期蛋白E表达下降可能是DON抑制胃癌细胞增殖的可能机制,DON对分化程度不同的胃癌细胞的影响没有明显差别。     

安徽省居民家庭内即食状态谷类食物脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇污染调查和暴露评估

目的：调查安徽省居民家庭内即食状态谷类食物脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）污染情况并评估调查人群膳食DON暴露水平。方法：在安徽省阜阳市选择2个村庄作为调查点,通过称重法获得305名调查对象在整个调查日内食用的所有即食状态谷类食物克数,并分别采样检测其中DON、3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（3-Ac-DON)、15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（15-Ac-DON)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇-3-葡萄糖苷（DON-3-G）含量。基于调查对象主要谷类食物个体消费量和各类食物DON平均含量,采用简单分布模型,计算每个个体膳食DON暴露量。结果：调查人群主要食用的谷类食物包括大米粥、馒头/花卷、面条、米饭、粑粑子。馒头/花卷和粑粑子中DON和DON-3-G均100%检出,总DON平均含量分别为454.9、457.7 μg/kg,最高污染水平来自馒头/花卷样品,总DON含量为2 067.8μg/kg。面条中DON和DON-3-G检出率分别为100%、71.6%,总DON平均含量为75.5μg/kg。米饭和大米粥中两种物质检出率和含量均相对较低。调查人群膳食DON平均暴露量为2.6μg/（kg·d）,高于每日耐受摄入量（TDI）（1μg/kg体重）,高端暴露水平（P90~P99）为4.0~6.2μg/（kg·d）,是TDI的4倍以上,调查人群中93.8%的个体DON暴露量超过TDI。各年龄组DON暴露量无显著差异（P=0.381）。以小麦为主要原料的食物对DON平均暴露量的总贡献率达94.1%,其中馒头/花卷贡献率最高,为65.4%。结论：安徽省调查人群膳食DON暴露量较高,存在一定的健康风险,馒头/花卷和面条等小麦制品是主要暴露来源。     

饲料中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的薄层层析测定法

确立了一个适于测定饲料中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(Deoxynivslenol,简称DON)的薄层层析法。该方法可排除样品中成分复杂、干扰物质多的不利条件,提取和净化效率高,操作较简便,具有较好的实用性和可靠性。标准点最低检出量为10ng,样品的最低检出限是40ppb。该方法对100、300和500ppb水平的回收率分别是85.9、88.9和79.2%。     

DON生物合成的亚细胞定位和精准外排研究进展

单端孢霉烯B族毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀烯醇（deoxinivalenol, DON）是产毒镰刀菌在侵染小麦等作物过程中的一类重要的致病因子,可以帮助产毒镰刀菌在麦穗间扩展。DON会抑制蛋白质合成,对动物、微生物和寄主具有毒性（cytotoxicity and phytotoxicity）,然而产毒镰刀菌自身借助何种保护机制免受DON毒害目前研究甚少。DON毒害机制的研究对于镰刀菌毒素的持续防控和粮食安全、人民生命健康保障具有重要意义。综述了产毒镰刀菌DON合成解毒机制的最新研究进展,主要包括DON合成的亚细胞定位、合成基因簇内的外排蛋白和解毒基因作用方式,以期为有针对性地破解其解毒机制,设计研发高效靶向控毒技术的相关研究提供参考。     

抗病小麦对脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的脱毒及产物的生物活性

抗赤霉病小麦品种苏麦3号、繁9能转化镰刀菌毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)成产物X,而感病小麦品种宁麦6号、徐州21无转化能力。产物X对小麦黄化芽鞘的伸长生长无抑制作用,而对禾谷镰刀菌分生孢子的萌发有明显抑制。说明抗性小麦品种对赤霉病菌毒素的脱毒是小麦重要的抗赤霉病机制。     

伏马菌素B1对人外周血单个核细胞抗原加工相关转运子表达的影响

探讨伏马菌素B1(FB1)对体外培养的人外周血单个核细胞(hPBMC)抗原加工相关转运子(TAP-1)表达的影响。采用流式细胞定量检测(FCM)、免疫印迹(Western印迹)及半定量RT-PCR方法,研究不同浓度FB1(0,10和50μmol/L)处理后人外周血单个核细胞TAP-1在mRNA和蛋白质水平表达的影响。RT-PCR检测结果表明,10和50μmol/L FB1处理24h后,处理组细胞TAP-1mRNA明显低于对照组。在蛋白质水平,FCM定量分析表明,两个处理组细胞表面TAP1的平均荧光强度均较对照组降低,以50μmol/LFB1处理组降低显著(P<0.05)。免疫印迹结果亦表明,FB1处理组TAP-1的表达均较对照组降低。10和50μmol/LFB1可抑制体外培养的hPBMCTAP-1mRNA和蛋白质表达。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.