论中药分子鉴定的方法和原则

中药的准确鉴定涉及到人民生命安全和切身利益。传统的鉴定方法,即感官评价、显微鉴定和理化鉴定均存在不同程度的局限性,而分子鉴定则为中药的快速和准确鉴定带来了新的契机。为了使中药的分子鉴定得到更加广泛和有效的应用,应该高度重视相关标准、规范的制订。本文提出了中药分子鉴定的一些主要方法：1)真伪品鉴定：特异聚合酶链式反应法;2)正品和替代品鉴定：DNA条形码鉴定法;3)多基源鉴定：群体遗传学分析法;4)产地鉴别：分子谱系地理学分析法。经上述方法仍无法鉴别的贵重药材可进一步应用人类亲子鉴定的方法,开发特异微卫星标记进行进一步的鉴定。     

植物分类学于中药资源学的意义:《中国药典》植物药材基源物种科属范畴变动考证及学名规范化研究

药用植物是中药资源的主要组成部分,在中药材的使用过程中,利用植物分类学方法对药用植物进行鉴定、亲缘关系及演化规律研究,有助于中药资源的系统认知、合理开发利用以及科学保护.本文参考国内外权威植物名录数据库、植物分类系统,以及最新的分子系统研究成果,对2020年版《中国药典》(一部)收载的植物药材基源物种科属范畴变动进行了系统考证,并对相关物种的拉丁学名和中文名进行了梳理,旨在推动植物分类学与中药资源学进一步学科交叉,维持药典的科学性和先进性,促进中医药行业的科学发展与国际影响力的提升.     

草果果实的化学成分及其对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性研究

本研究通过系统分离探索了中药草果果实的化学成分。采用多种柱色谱手段对其乙醇提取物进行分离纯化,通过波谱法鉴定化合物的结构并通过PNPG法测定化合物对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性。从中药草果果实的乙醇提取物乙酸乙酯萃取部位分离鉴定出11个化合物,分别为(R)-1-(1-ethoxypropyl)-3,5-dimethoxyphenol(1)、(R)-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol(2)、3-甲氧基-4-羟基苯丙酮(3)、香草乙酮(4)、2,6二甲氧基-4甲基苯酚(5)、香兰素(6)、4-萜烯醇(7)、methyl (9S,10R,11E,13R,15Z)-9,10,13-trihydroxyoctadeca-11,15-dienoate(8)、methyl (9S,10R,11E,13R)-9,10,13-trihydroxyoctadec-11-enoate(9)、amomutsaoko A(10)以及renealtin A(11)。其中化合物1为酚类化合物,是作为天然产物首次报道,化合物10和11具有强于阿卡波糖的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性。     

“中国珍稀濒危植物DNA条形码鉴定平台”简介

<正>为解决珍稀濒危植物鉴定难的问题,中国科学院植物研究所建立了"中国珍稀濒危植物DNA条形码鉴定平台"(http://www.brep.ac.cn),使得通过分子手段快速准确鉴定珍稀濒危植物成为可能。该平台是建设中的"中国珍稀濒危植物信息系统"的核心内容之一,该信息系统不仅使分子鉴定和形态鉴定有机结合,而且还能获得有关鉴定结果(物种)的大量相关信息。1鉴定平台有六大特点第一,与国际DNA条形码领域充分接轨。平台建设者采用了国际社会建议的DNA条形码rbcL和matK,     

中药茅莓化学成分研究

用溶剂提取和硅胶柱层析分离的方法 ,根据光谱分析鉴定中药茅莓的结构 ,分离并鉴定了 5个化合物 ,分别为β 谷甾醇 (Ⅰ )、蔷薇酸 (Ⅱ )、2α,3α,1 9α,2 3 tetrahydroxyurs 1 2 en 2 8 oicacid(Ⅲ )、β 葫萝卜甙 (Ⅳ )和悬钩子皂甙 (Ⅴ ) ,以上前四个化合物均为首次从该植物中分得     

黑顺片的二萜生物碱成分

常用中药川乌、附子为毛莨科乌头属植物乌头(Aconitum carmichaeli Debx.)的母根和子根.从附子的加工炮制品黑顺片中分离鉴定了5种C19乌头碱型二萜生物碱和1个C20纳哌啉型二萜生物碱.通过MS、NMR、IR等波谱分析和已知化合物数据对照,分别鉴定为次乌头碱(1)、尼奥宁(2)、塔拉地萨敏(3)、多根乌头碱(4)、异塔拉萨定(5)和去氢松果灵(6).     

滇产对叶百部中一个新的百部生物碱(英文)

从对叶百部(Stemona tuberosa)根的乙醇提取物中分离鉴定1个新的百部生物碱,命名为去氢异滇百部碱(1),以及1个已知化合物:异滇百部碱(2)。它们的化学结构通过现代波谱解析得以鉴定。     

中药五灵脂的化学成分研究

从中药五灵脂(Trogopterus xanthipes)的丙酮提取物中分离得到3个化合物,其结构经波谱鉴定为3-hy-droxy-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-benzenepropanol(1)、trans-2-(3,5-dihydroxybenzyl)-3-(3-hydroxybenzyl)-γ-butyrolactone(2)和tocopherylquinone(3)。其中化合物1为一个新的降木脂素类成分,化合物2为首次从自然界获得的新化合物,化合物3为首次从该中药中分离得到。化合物3在白血病肿瘤细胞株活性测定实验中显示中等的细胞毒活性,其IC50为20.7μM。     

亳菊花中黄酮类化合物的分离鉴定

菊花为菊科植物菊(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)的干燥头状花序,为了进一步揭示药理活性的物质基础,为该中药的开发利用和质量评价提供依据,安徽亳州亳菊花中的黄酮类化合物进行了系统研究.毫菊经醇提、萃取、硅胶柱层析与纯化得到4个黄酮类化合物.通过理化常数和波谱解析鉴定了其中3个化舍物的结构,分别为:芹菜素-7-甲醚(Apigenin-7-methyl ether)(Ⅰ)、芹菜素(Apigenin)(Ⅱ)和未犀草素(Luteolin)(Ⅲ),另外1个化合物的结构尚在鉴定中.上述3个化合物均为首次从该植物中分到的已知合物.     

中药枳壳中环肽成分的研究

运用硅胶、凝胶和高效液相色谱进行分离纯化,根据理化常数和波谱数据鉴定化合物的结构。从中药枳壳中分离并鉴定了7个环肽成分:环-(亮氨酸1-异亮氨酸2-丙氨酸3-苏氨酸4-甘氨酸5-苏氨酸6-苯丙氨酸7)(1)、环-(甘氨酸1-亮氨酸2-缬氨酸3-亮氨酸4-脯氨酸5-丝氨酸6)(2)、环-(亮氨酸1-亮氨酸2-脯氨酸3-酪氨酸4-甘氨酸5-丝氨酸6-脯氨酸7)(3)、环-(甘氨酸1-甘氨酸2-亮氨酸3-亮氨酸4-亮氨酸5-脯氨酸6-脯氨酸7-苯丙氨酸8)(4)、环-(脯氨酸-丙氨酸)(5)、环-(丙氨酸-异亮氨酸)(6)、环-(丙氨酸-亮氨酸)(7)。除2和4外,其余环肽均为首次从中药枳壳中分离得到。     

A homozygous female hemophilia A

BACKGROUND:

Hemophilia A (HA), being an X-linked recessive disorder, females are rarely affected, although they can be carriers.

AIMS:

To study the mutation in F8 gene in an extended family with a homozygous female HA.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

All the seven affected members (six males and one female) were initially screened by Conformation Sensitive Gel Electrophoresis (CSGE) and direct DNA sequencing.

RESULTS:

A homozygous missense mutation c.1315G>A (p.Gly420Ser) was identified in exon 9 of F8 gene in homozygous state in the affected female born of 1° consanguinous marriage and in all the affected male members of the family. Her factor VIII levels was found to be 5.5%, vWF:Ag 120%.

CONCLUSION:

In India, as consanguineous marriages are very common in certain communities (up to 30%), the likelihood of encountering female hemophilia is higher, although this is the first case of HA out of 1600 hemophilia families registered in our Comprehensive Haemophilia Care Center. Genetic diagnosis in such cases is not necessary as all the male children will be affected and daughters obligatory carriers.     

A glucoside of urospermal A

The aerial parts of Urospermum picroides afforded, in addition to urospermal A a p-hydroxylphenyl acetate of a glucoside of urospermal A.     

Quadruplexes of human telomere DNA analogs designed to contain G:A:G:A,G:G:A:A,and A:A:A:A tetrads

Replacement of two to four guanines by adenines in the human telomere DNA repeat dG₃(TTAG₃)₃ did not hinder the formation of quadruplexes if the substitutions took place in the terminal tetrad bridged by the diagonal loop of the intramolecular antiparallel three‐tetrad scaffold, as proved by CD and PAGE in both Na⁺ and K⁺ solutions. Thermodynamic data showed that, in Na⁺ solution, the dG₃(TTAG₃)₃ quadruplex was destabilized, the least by the two G:A:G:A tetrads, the most by the G:G:A:A tetrad in which the adenosines replaced syn‐guanosines. In physiological K⁺ solution, the highest destabilization was caused by the 4A tetrad. In K⁺, only the unmodified dG₃(TTAG₃)₃ quadruplex rearranged into a K⁺‐dependent quadruplex form, none of the multiple adenine‐modified structures did so. This may imply biological consequences for nonrepaired A‐for‐G mutations. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 880–886, 2010.     

Aminopeptidase A is angiotensinase A

Summary Quantitative histochemical measurements of aminopeptidase A (APA; E.C.3.4.11.7) were done kinetically in the kidney glomeruli of rat and mouse with an instrumental setup consisting of a microdensitometer and a computer-supported morphometric system. The histochemical demonstration of APA was carried out using the simultaneous azo coupling technique (purest-grade Fast Blue B as coupling agent and -l-glutamic acid-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide as substrate). The methodological studies show that APA activity is calcium-ion-dependent and increases linearly with the thickness of the tissue section (3–12 m) and that the time-course of APA activity as determined by linear regression is linear only for the first 1 to 2 min of the reaction. — Kinetic measurements indicate a 40% decrease in APA activities when -l-glutamic acid-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide (-l-Glu-MNA) is replaced by -l-aspartic acid-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide. When -l-Glu-MNA is replaced with l-alanine-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide, which is a substrate of aminopeptidase M (APM) only very low reaction rates are measurable (about 1.4% of those with -l-Glu-MNA). 100 and 130 mM NaCl in the incubation medium increase APA activities by approximately 16%–17%. — To clarify the functional importance of APA in the kidney, their activities were measured under the influence of angiotensins. The glomerulus was selected as the measuring site, for besides APA it contains no APM or other peptidases that could degrade angiotensins (the glomerular dipeptidyl peptidase IV is not inhibited by angiotensin II). Using the Lineweaver-Burk plot, we determined a K _m of 0.16 mM for the APA in rat glomeruli and 0.14 mM in mouse glomeruli. The V _max in mouse glomeruli is 1.6 times higher than in rat glomeruli. Ang iotensin I, II and III competitively inhibit APA in the rat and mouse glomeruli. — With quantitative histochemical techniques it was possible to show that APA is equivalent to angiotensinase A (splitting off the N-terminal aspartic acid from angiotensin I and II).Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 105)     

关于一个“基细胞”的疑问

有或没有基细胞是毛鞘藻属(Bulbochaets)与枝鞘藻属(Oedocladium)的区别之一。这里叙述了Mrozinska在其专著(1985)中,将Oedocladium indicum Kama附图(即模式图)上的一个基细胞错误地移置到Oe.PrescottiiIslam上去的情况。     

关于一个"基细胞"的疑问

有或没有基细胞是毛鞘藻属与枝鞘藻属的区别之一。这里叙述了Ｍｒｏｚｉｎｓｋａ在其专著中,将Ｏｅｄｏｃｌａｄｉｕｍ ｉｎｄｉｃｕｍ Ｋａｍａｔ附图（即模式图）上的一个基细胞错误地移置到Ｏｅ．ｐｒｅｓｃｏｔｔｉｉ Ｉｓｌａｍ上去的情况。