转基因抗虫棉的产量、品质及抗虫性比较研究

对36个转基因抗虫棉品种(品系)进行试验,比较了它们的产量、抗棉铃虫和红铃虫特性以及纤维品质之间的差异,并进行综合评价。在不打药的情况下,筛选出252等13份皮棉产量比鄂抗9号显著提高、抗棉铃虫和红铃虫的种质材料,其纤维品质综合性状表现一般。     

不同抗虫遗传背景对棉花经济性状的影响

为培育高产、优质、抗病虫的棉花新品种,本实验以一组转基因抗虫棉为材料,对不同类型抗虫棉的经济性状,农艺性状,早熟性,抗红铃虫和抗黄萎病进行了研究。结果表明,转(Bt CpTI)基因抗虫杂交棉新组合667表现为高产,纤维品质优良,高抗红铃虫、耐黄萎病,综合性状好。在参试材料中,双价抗虫棉优于单价(Bt)抗虫棉;杂交抗虫棉优于常规抗虫棉。利用外源抗虫基因转导的棉花新材料为杂交亲本,可以培育出丰产优质的高抗虫的棉花新品种。     

三种颜色诱盆在棉田的诱虫效果初步观察

在无化学诱剂的条件下,使用粉红、蓝和绿色3种诱盆对棉田昆虫进行了诱集,结果表明：粉红诱盆对红铃虫Pectinophora gossypiella(Saunders)、棉铃虫Helieoverpa armigera(Htibner)有较高的诱集能力,但对蜜蜂杀伤力大;蓝色诱盆对棉铃虫和银纹夜蛾Plusia agnata Staudinger具有较好的诱集效果,对红铃虫无诱集能力;绿色诱盆几乎无诱集能力。     

棉花无蜜腺性状抗棉铃虫及红铃虫效果研究

棉花无蜜腺性状抗棉铃虫及红铃虫效果研究郑冬官,方其英（安徽农业大学合肥２３００３３６）郑厚今（安徽省农业厅,合肥２３０００１）Ｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅｏｆｃｏｔｔｏｎｎｅｃｔａｒｉｌｅｓｓｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｔｏｂｏｌｌｗｏｒｍａｎｄｐｉｎｋｂｏｌｌｗｏｒ...     

棉红铃虫田间产卵规律的研究及其在生产上的应用

红铃虫是一种为害棉花的大害虫,不但减少棉花产量,而且降低品质。黄河流域棉区因红铃虫为害损失棉花10％左右,长江流域棉区损失20—30％。因此,消灭红铃虫的为害,实为提高棉花单位面积产量和质量的一个重要环节。消灭红铃虫必须采取越冬期和田间的综合防治措施。过去指导田间药剂活期防治,主要依靠观察老熟幼虫的化蛹羽化和调查青铃的羽化孔,预测各代成虫羽化初期、盛期,以便发动群众进行田间喷药。但是     

转双价抗虫基因棉花的主要农艺性状的遗传变异

以11个转外源基因(CrylAc+API-B)系为材料,受体亲本陆地棉品种鄂抗9号为对照,研究其在抗棉铃虫性、产量和纤维品质性状上的差异.结果表明:11个转基因系的抗棉铃虫效果明显,达到中抗和高抗水平;转基因系及其受体、转基因系之间在单铃重等10个性状上均存在极显著性差异;和受体亲本相比,各个转基因系变异方向比较一致的性状有:衣指、衣分降低;而株高、单株结铃数、单铃重、子指、皮棉产量、纤维长度、断裂比强度、马克隆值、伸长率等性状的变化方向不定.     

长江流域棉区棉花新品种抗病虫性研究

2003年,对长江流域棉区15份新材料进行了抗红铃虫鉴定,结果有8份材料高抗红铃虫,占鉴定材料的53.33%;4份材料抗红铃虫,占26.67%;3份材料中抗红铃虫,占20.00%.对55份新材料进行抗枯萎病鉴定,结果有27份材料抗枯萎病,占鉴定材料的49.09%;26份材料耐枯萎病,占47.27%;2份感枯萎病,占3.64%.对59份材料进行抗黄萎病鉴定,结果有8份材料抗黄萎病,占鉴定材料的13.56%;43份材料耐黄萎病,占72.88%;8份材料感黄萎病,占13.56%.     

几个棉花核不育抗虫杂交种(F1)的抗虫性及经济性状分析

用两个不抗虫和一个抗虫的核不育系为母本,用抗虫品系为父本,配制3个杂交组合(GA×HB、GA5×R27、GA18×HB),研究分析杂交种的抗虫性、产量性状和纤维品质.结果表明3个杂交组合均高抗棉红铃虫,GA5×R27和GA18×HB以及GA×HB分别抗、中抗棉铃虫;3个组合的产量和纤维品质均优于对照.用核不育系作母本,特别是用抗虫核不育系作母本生产抗虫杂种,比用人工去雄生产杂种种子成本低,且有较好的抗虫性和丰产性,因而在棉花生产上具有更加广阔的应用前景.     

棉属种间杂交育种体系的创立

长期以来 ,棉花育种一直沿用品种间杂交和系统选育方法 ,由于所有栽培品种都起源于少数共同的原始类型 ,亲缘关系过近 ,遗传基础贫乏 ,至今已难以选出突破性品种 ,而且长期近缘交配 ,还带来严重缺陷 ,如新品种增产幅度不大 ,退化快 ,纤维品质差、抗病虫害等抗性差 ,无法满足生产的需要。棉属中除陆地棉、海岛棉、亚洲棉及非洲棉为栽培种外 ,野生种就有几十种 ,它们分别具有高抗黄萎枯萎病、抗干旱盐碱、抗棉蚜棉铃虫、纤维拉力强等有益性状。多年来,棉花育种家一直希望将野生棉的这些优良性状转到栽培种中,但是 ,棉花远缘杂交育种存在许多…     

转基因抗棉铃虫抗草甘膦棉花对棉铃虫的抗虫性及对二种地老虎幼虫生长发育的影响

为了明确转Bt Cry1A+CP4EPSPS基因抗棉铃虫抗草甘膦棉花对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)的抗性水平及对八字地老虎Amathes c-nigrum和黄地老虎Agrotis segetum的影响,作者用转基因棉花和非转基因棉花叶片对棉铃虫、八字地老虎和黄地老虎幼虫进行了室内饲养观察。结果表明,转基因抗棉铃虫抗草甘膦棉花对新疆南部第2代棉铃虫表现为中抗,幼虫校正死亡率为70.4%;棉花叶片在整个生育期均能表达Bt毒蛋白,整个生育期Bt毒蛋白含量呈逐渐降低的趋势。转基因抗棉铃虫抗草甘膦棉花对八字地老虎幼虫有强烈的毒杀作用,可以引起幼虫大量死亡,对存活幼虫的生长发育也有明显的抑制作用,幼虫发育迟缓,不能顺利化蛹;但对黄地老虎幼虫没有明显的影响,幼虫可以正常生长。     

棉花数量性状基因定位研究进展

棉花的许多重要性状,包括产量、纤维品质、株型、抗病抗逆性、生理生化等都是数量性状,受遗传和环境因子的共同作用。近年来,随着分子生物学技术的进步,棉花基因组研究得到迅速发展,为棉花数量性状基因（quantitative trait locus,QTL）定位奠定了坚实的基础。概述了近十几年来棉花QTL定位研究及分子标记辅助选择的进展,结合研究实践指出了棉花QTL定位及标记辅助选择存在的问题,并对其发展方向做出了初步探讨。     

Variations and Transmission of QTL Alleles for Yield and Fiber Qualities in Upland Cotton Cultivars Developed in China

Cotton is the world’s leading cash crop, and genetic improvement of fiber yield and quality is the primary objective of cotton breeding program. In this study, we used various approaches to identify QTLs related to fiber yield and quality. Firstly, we constructed a four-way cross (4WC) mapping population with four base core cultivars, Stoneville 2B, Foster 6, Deltapine 15 and Zhongmiansuo No.7 (CRI 7), as parents in Chinese cotton breeding history and identified 83 QTLs for 11 agronomic and fiber quality traits. Secondly, association mapping of agronomical and fiber quality traits was based on 121 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers using a general linear model (GLM). For this, 81 Gossypium hirsutum L. accessions including the four core parents and their derived cultivars were grown in seven diverse environments. Using these approaches, we successfully identified 180 QTLs significantly associated with agronomic and fiber quality traits. Among them were 66 QTLs that were identified via linkage disequilibrium (LD) and 4WC family-based linkage (FBL) mapping and by previously published family-based linkage (FBL) mapping in modern Chinese cotton cultivars. Twenty eight and 44 consistent QTLs were identified by 4WC and LD mapping, and by FBL and LD mapping methods, respectively. Furthermore, transmission and variation of QTL-alleles mapped by LD association in the three breeding periods revealed that some could be detected in almost all Chinese cotton cultivars, suggesting their stable transmission and some identified only in the four base cultivars and not in the modern cultivars, suggesting they were missed in conventional breeding. These results will be useful to conduct genomics-assisted breeding effectively using these existing and novel QTL alleles to improve yield and fiber qualities in cotton.     

胞质雄性不育系冀2658A细胞质对陆地棉主要性状的影响

利用棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)雄性不育不仅可以培育优质的杂交种,还能提高棉花制种效率并降低制种成本。该研究以冀2658系及其同核异质不育系冀2658A为母本,以6个恢复系为父本配制12个杂交组合。利用F1代研究棉花细胞质对棉花农艺性状、抗病性、种子中粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量、纤维品质及产量性状的影响。结果表明,冀2658A的细胞质主要影响棉花杂交种F1代的产量相关性状、黄萎病抗性及棉籽粗脂肪含量等,表现为衣分显著降低(比对照组低1.61%),黄萎病抗性增强(黄萎病指数比对照组低18.29%),棉籽中的粗脂肪含量降低(比对照组低2.88%)。该研究初步探讨了胞质不育型细胞质对陆地棉主要性状的影响,为陆地棉胞质雄性不育系的利用提供了理论参考。     

我国陆地棉基础种质表型性状的遗传多样性分析

选用43份陆地棉基础种质为研究材料,随机区组排列种植,并进行果枝数、铃数、株高等田间性状调查和衣分、铃重、纤维品质等测定.按照不同时期、不同来源、不同生态区对这些基础种质分别进行表型性状的遗传多样性分析.结果表明:基础种质间在产量、品质、农艺性状等表型性状上差异显著或极显著,遗传多样性指数为0.88;3期基础种质大部分性状差异不显著,但第2、3期基础种质比第1期的纤维长、整齐度高、细度好、衣分增加、早熟性提高、抗病和耐旱性增强,第2期基础种质遗传多样性和遗传丰富度最高;来自不同棉区的基础种质表型性状差异较大,黄河流域棉区基础种质综合性状较好,长江流域棉区产量性状较高,北部特早熟棉区早熟性好,美国引进种质抗黄萎病性较强;国内基础种质比国外品种在纤维长、强、细上的变异系数均有不同程度降低,但国内基础种质表型多样性比引进品种高.以上研究说明引进品种经过长期的环境适应、自然选择和人工选育后,产生了表型变异较为丰富的基础种质类型.     

Boosting Seed Development as a New Strategy to Increase Cotton Fiber Yield and Quality

Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is the most important textile crop worldwide due to its cellulosic mature fibers, which are single-celled hairs initiated from the cotton ovule epidermis at anthesis. Research to improve cotton fiber yield and quality in recent years has been largely focused on identifying genes regulating fiber cell initiation, elongation and cellulose synthesis. However, manipulating some of those candidate genes has yielded no effect or only a marginally positive effect on fiber yield or quality. On the other hand, evolutionary comparison and transgenic studies have clearly shown that cotton fiber growth is intimately controlled by seed development. Therefore, I propose that enhancing seed development could be a more effective and achievable strategy to increase fiber yield and quality.     

播期对内蒙古西部荒漠区棉花产量、品质及养分吸收利用的影响

于2014—2015年在内蒙古自治区阿拉善盟阿拉善左旗内蒙古棉花综合实验站设置大田试验,以‘中棉所50’为材料,采用“一膜三管六行”机采棉配套栽培技术种植,研究播期(4月20日、4月30日和5月10日)对棉花产量、品质及养分吸收的影响.结果表明: 随着播期推迟,棉花生育时期推迟,生育期缩短,铃期日均温降低,收获密度增加;播期显著影响棉株干物质累积、养分吸收与分配,以及产量和品质形成,4月30日播种条件下,棉株干物质和养分在经济器官中的分配比例、养分总积累量及养分的皮棉生产效率较高,籽棉和皮棉产量最高,达6505.9和2660.9 kg·hm^-2,且纤维品质较优;4月20日播期下,收获密度、生物量和养分累积量最低,虽然生物量和养分经济系数最高,但最终籽棉和皮棉产量仍较4月30日播期降低10.9%～14.0%和11.1%～14.2%;5月10日播期,虽然可以避开种子萌发期低温冷害,但棉铃发育期日均温偏低,尽管生物量和养分累积量最高,但是生物量和养分经济系数、养分的皮棉生产效率最低,最终籽棉和皮棉产量较4月30日播期降低32.5%～34.7%和35.9%～36.2%,且纤维品质最差.综合分析, 4月30日左右为内蒙古西部荒漠旱区棉花种植的最佳播期.     

Mapping quantitative trait loci for lint yield and fiber quality across environments in a Gossypium hirsutum × Gossypium barbadense backcross inbred line population

Identification of stable quantitative trait loci (QTLs) across different environments and mapping populations is a prerequisite for marker-assisted selection (MAS) for cotton yield and fiber quality. To construct a genetic linkage map and to identify QTLs for fiber quality and yield traits, a backcross inbred line (BIL) population of 146 lines was developed from a cross between Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and Egyptian cotton (Gossypium barbadense) through two generations of backcrossing using Upland cotton as the recurrent parent followed by four generations of self pollination. The BIL population together with its two parents was tested in five environments representing three major cotton production regions in China. The genetic map spanned a total genetic distance of 2,895 cM and contained 392 polymorphic SSR loci with an average genetic distance of 7.4 cM per marker. A total of 67 QTLs including 28 for fiber quality and 39 for yield and its components were detected on 23 chromosomes, each of which explained 6.65–25.27 % of the phenotypic variation. Twenty-nine QTLs were located on the At subgenome originated from a cultivated diploid cotton, while 38 were on the Dt subgenome from an ancestor that does not produce spinnable fibers. Of the eight common QTLs (12 %) detected in more than two environments, two were for fiber quality traits including one for fiber strength and one for uniformity, and six for yield and its components including three for lint yield, one for seedcotton yield, one for lint percentage and one for boll weight. QTL clusters for the same traits or different traits were also identified. This research represents one of the first reports using a permanent advanced backcross inbred population of an interspecific hybrid population to identify QTLs for fiber quality and yield traits in cotton across diverse environments. It provides useful information for transferring desirable genes from G. barbadense to G. hirsutum using MAS.     

Genomes for jeans: cotton genomics for engineering superior fiber

Twenty years ago, scientists predicted that better understanding of fiber development would lead to novel ways to engineer superior cotton fiber. Advances in genetic resources, DNA markers, DNA sequence information, and gene expression data have indeed provided new insights into fiber initiation, elongation and maturation. Many exciting applications of this knowledge offer the potential to select better cotton genotypes more effectively in mainstream breeding programs or engineer genotypes with improved agronomic and/or quality traits. Here, we discuss recent progress in understanding genes involved in fiber development, and their regulation and manipulation to engineer improved fibers. Better understanding of quantitative trait loci/gene interactions that influence fiber quality and yield may help to tailor superior cotton genotypes to diverse environments.     

Effect of shading on yield,fiber quality and physiological characteristics of cotton subtending leaves on different fruiting positions

Little is known regarding to impact of simulated shading conditions on cotton yield and fiber quality at different fruiting positions. In this 2-year study, our field experiments investigated the effects of shading percentage on the cotton yield, fiber properties, photosynthesis, and carbohydrate concentrations in boll’s subtending leaves during various growing stages at different fruiting positions (FP). Net photosynthetic rate and effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry decreased in response to shading on both FP1 and FP3 of the 7^th sympodial branches, respectively. Shading also reduced sucrose and starch contents of leaves at each fruiting position. Shading decreased the number and mass of cotton bolls, the fiber strength and micronaire, while the fiber length increased at both fruiting positions. Our results suggested that shading resulted in the reduction of the cotton yield and fiber quality, which are mainly associated with the changes in boll number and alteration of photosynthesis and carbohydrate concentrations during the boll development.