一种用于基因芯片可靠的双轮RNA线性扩增技术

DNA微阵列能在一次实验中检测成千上万个基因的表达情况, 有助于阐明疾病发生的分子机制及发现新的诊治靶标.但常规方法需要大量RNA, 因而基于T7 RNA线性扩增技术逐渐成为微阵列表达谱实验中最常用的探针制备方法.本方法将实验步骤进一步改进,增加额外的一轮体外转录,并结合Klenow酶标记技术来制备cDNA靶标和寡核苷酸芯片杂交.从纳克量级的总RNA起始,本方法和常规的RNA单轮线性扩增法相比,仍然准确地保留了约70%的基因表达信息.同一RNA样本的自身比较实验及重复实验结果也显示,该方法具有较高的可靠性和重复性.RNA双轮体外扩增法需要的起始RNA相对于常规的单轮扩增法减少了很多（10 ng甚至更少）,因而非常适合分析那些只能提供微量RNA的样本.     

Global single-cell cDNA amplification to provide a template for representative high-density oligonucleotide microarray analysis

We describe here a protocol for the representative amplification of global mRNAs from typical single mammalian cells to provide a template for high-density oligonucleotide microarray analysis. A single cell is lysed in a tube without purification and first-strand cDNAs are synthesized using a poly(dT)-tailed primer. Unreacted primer is specifically eliminated by exonuclease treatment and second strands are generated with a second poly(dT)-tailed primer after poly(dA) tailing of the first-strand cDNAs. The cDNAs are split into four tubes, which are independently directionally amplified by PCR, and then recombined. The amplified products (approximately 100 ng) show superior representation and reproducibility of original gene expression, especially for genes expressed in more than 20 copies per cell, compared with those obtained by a conventional PCR protocol, and can effectively be used for quantitative PCR and EST analyses. The cDNAs are then subjected to another PCR amplification with primers bearing the T7 promoter sequence. The resultant cDNA products are gel purified, amplified by one final cycle and used for isothermal linear amplification by T7 RNA polymerase to synthesize cRNAs for microarray hybridization. This protocol yields cDNA templates sufficient for more than 80 microarray hybridizations from a single cell, and can be completed in 5-6 days.     

Evaluation of procedures for amplification of small-size samples for hybridization on microarrays

Various approaches have been developed for the preparation of samples for gene expression monitoring. For Affymetrix chips, a standard protocol is widely used; however, this is inefficient for small samples such as laser capture microdissections. Several amplification procedures for such samples already exist, and our goal was to test two of them: the first is based on random PCR amplification, and the second, linear amplification, involves performing the standard protocol twice. We analyzed a dilution of a commercially available mouse brain total RNA preparation and microdissections from mouse hippocampus and striatum. We evaluated the quality of microarray data by analyzing several chip parameters and performing multiple comparisons. At the biological level, brain microdissections prepared with either method gave similar expression results. At the technical level, analysis of the commercial sample showed that random PCR amplification is more reproducible, requires smaller RNA input, and generates cRNA of higher quality than linear amplification.     

T7 RNA聚合酶基因表达系统在鱼腥藻7120中构建及hG-CSF的表达

外源基因的表达效率低是蓝藻基因工程发展的瓶颈之一,T7 RNA聚合酶表达系统实现了大肠杆菌中外源基因的高效表达,蓝藻与大肠杆菌同为革兰氏阴性菌,具有较高的遗传同源性,在蓝藻中构建T7 RNA聚合酶表达系统有可能提高外源基因在蓝藻中的表达效率。为了在鱼腥藻7120中构建T7 RNA聚合酶表达系统,采用重叠延伸PCR技术和酶切连接等方法构建能够表达T7 RNA聚合酶的定点整合载体pEASY-T1-F1-TacT7RNAPCmR-F2以及由T7启动子驱动hG-CSF基因表达的穿梭表达载体pRL-T7-hG-CSF;采用电击转化法将定点整合载体导入野生型鱼腥藻中,通过三亲接合的方法将穿梭表达载体转入已定点整合T7 RNA聚合酶的转基因鱼腥藻中。利用PCR技术鉴定外源基因在蓝藻中的存在;RT-PCR方法检测外源基因在蓝藻中的转录情况;Western blotting实验检测外源基因在蓝藻中的蛋白表达情况。结果表明两种载体构建成功,T7 RNA聚合酶基因和hG-CSF基因被转入鱼腥藻中,两个基因均在藻中表达,T7 RNA聚合酶表达系统在鱼腥藻中构建成功,与传统蓝藻表达系统相比,文中在鱼腥藻中构建的T7表达系统使hG-CSF基因的表达量提高2倍。该表达系统将为蓝藻基因工程的应用提供更优的工具,将促进蓝藻作为底盘细胞在合成生物学等领域的发展。     

Chum-RNA allows preparation of a high-quality cDNA library from a single-cell quantity of mRNA without PCR amplification

Linear RNA amplification using T7 RNA polymerase is useful in genome-wide analysis of gene expression using DNA microarrays, but exponential amplification using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is still required for cDNA library preparation from single-cell quantities of RNA. We have designed a small RNA molecule called chum-RNA that has enabled us to prepare a single-cell cDNA library after four rounds of T7-based linear amplification, without using PCR amplification. Chum-RNA drove cDNA synthesis from only 0.49 femtograms of mRNA (730 mRNA molecules) as a substrate, a quantity that corresponds to a minor population of mRNA molecules in a single mammalian cell. Analysis of the independent cDNA clone of this library (6.6 × 10⁵ cfu) suggests that 30-fold RNA amplification occurred in each round of the amplification process. The size distribution and representation of mRNAs in the resulting one-cell cDNA library retained its similarity to that of the million-cell cDNA library. The use of chum-RNA might also facilitate reactions involving other DNA/RNA modifying enzymes whose Michaelis constant (K_m) values are around 1 mM, allowing them to be activated in the presence of only small quantities of substrate.     

cDNA library construction from small amounts of unfractionated RNA: association of cDNA synthesis with polymerase chain reaction amplification.

We describe here a general and simple procedure for cDNA library construction making use of in vitro amplification of cDNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The first-strand cDNA is synthesized from total RNA with a primer EcoRI-(dT)17 and oligo(dG) tailed. An oligonucleotide, EcoRI-BamHI-(dC)13, is used to prime the second-strand synthesis by the thermostable DNA polymerase of Thermus aquaticus. The double-stranded cDNA is then amplified directly by PCR. A study of the effect of the elongation time on the PCR products showed that a long extension time is necessary to overcome the size heterogeneity of the cDNA population. Starting from 1 microgram of total brain RNA, the products obtained ranged from 200 to more than 2000 bp. The presence of the myelin basic protein cDNA sequence was determined. A lambda gt10 library containing 2 x 10(6) clones was established with the amplified cDNA. No sequences originating from rRNA were detected by Southern blot analysis. The ability to produce representative cDNA libraries from minute amounts of total RNA by this protocol should have many applications to studies of gene expression in small amounts of tissues or cells.     

基于T7表达系统的洋葱伯克霍尔德菌G63脂肪酶同源高效表达

为实现对洋葱伯克霍尔脂肪酶的可控高效表达, 将目前被广泛使用的T7重组蛋白高效表达系统移植到洋葱伯克霍尔德菌(Burkholderia cepacia)G63中进行脂肪酶同源表达。首先采用PCR从大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中得到T7 RNA 聚合酶基因(T7 RNAP)并将其克隆到致死质粒pJQ200SK上, 然后在T7 RNAP 前后各加入500 bp用于同源重组的片段, 再通过三亲本杂交把T7 RNAP整合到B. cepacia基因组上, 使T7 RNAP受到脂肪酶基因(lipA)启动子调控。接着把lipA和它的伴侣基因lipB单独或全部克隆到载体pUCPCM和pBBR22b上, 构建出pBBR22blipAB、pBBR22blipA、pUCPCMlipAB、pUCPCMlipA、pUCPCMΔlipAlipB、pUCPCMΔlipA、pUCPCMΔlipB七种表达质粒, 通过电转化将上述表达质粒转化到含T7 RNAP的B. cepacia宿主菌中, 最终得到一系列脂肪酶基因工程菌。通过摇瓶诱导发酵发现含表达质粒pUCPCMlipAB的工程菌脂肪酶酶活最高, 达到607 U/mg, 与野生菌相比酶活力提高2.8倍, 并且除含pUCPCMΔlipB的工程菌外, 其它工程菌的脂肪酶酶活均有不同程度提高。野生菌与工程菌pUCPCMlipAB的发酵液经硫酸铵沉淀, Sephadex G-75凝胶过滤纯化后, 比酶活分别为29 984 U/mg和30 875 U/mg。以上结果表明, 构建的基于T7表达系统的B. cepacia脂肪酶基因工程能有效提高脂肪酶的表达量, 同时说明分泌信号PelB和增强转录的核糖体接合位点对脂肪酶的表达有促进作用。