Search and discovery strategies for biotechnology: the paradigm shift.

Profound changes are occurring in the strategies that biotechnology-based industries are deploying in the search for exploitable biology and to discover new products and develop new or improved processes. The advances that have been made in the past decade in areas such as combinatorial chemistry, combinatorial biosynthesis, metabolic pathway engineering, gene shuffling, and directed evolution of proteins have caused some companies to consider withdrawing from natural product screening. In this review we examine the paradigm shift from traditional biology to bioinformatics that is revolutionizing exploitable biology. We conclude that the reinvigorated means of detecting novel organisms, novel chemical structures, and novel biocatalytic activities will ensure that natural products will continue to be a primary resource for biotechnology. The paradigm shift has been driven by a convergence of complementary technologies, exemplified by DNA sequencing and amplification, genome sequencing and annotation, proteome analysis, and phenotypic inventorying, resulting in the establishment of huge databases that can be mined in order to generate useful knowledge such as the identity and characterization of organisms and the identity of biotechnology targets. Concurrently there have been major advances in understanding the extent of microbial diversity, how uncultured organisms might be grown, and how expression of the metabolic potential of microorganisms can be maximized. The integration of information from complementary databases presents a significant challenge. Such integration should facilitate answers to complex questions involving sequence, biochemical, physiological, taxonomic, and ecological information of the sort posed in exploitable biology. The paradigm shift which we discuss is not absolute in the sense that it will replace established microbiology; rather, it reinforces our view that innovative microbiology is essential for releasing the potential of microbial diversity for biotechnology penetration throughout industry. Various of these issues are considered with reference to deep-sea microbiology and biotechnology.     

生物制品专刊序言

生物制品是一类预防、诊断和治疗疫病的特殊制剂。生物制品的研发是融合微生物学、免疫学、分子生物学、细胞学、基因工程及发酵工艺等学科知识的综合技术体现。生物制品产业是整个生物技术产业的核心和热点。近年来,我国在生物制品研发方面取得了较大进步,为促进我国生物制品研究的交流,本期“生物制品”专刊集中展现了我国生物制品研究人员在预防生物制品、诊断制品、治疗生物制品领域所取得的最新进展。     

多媒体教育技术在微生物教学中的应用

计算机多媒体辅助教学、网络化教学已逐渐成为目前教学的主要载体。多媒体教学过程中采用大量形态逼真的图片、图标等素材,克服了传统的微生物教学可视性差,形象不够直观等缺点。介绍了微生物教学方式的发展,阐述了采用多媒体教学的优势,指出了多媒体教学应该注意的问题,探讨了如何充分发挥多媒体的优势,合理运用多媒体技术,使其更好的为微生物教学服务。     

建构主义教学模式在医学微生物学教学实践中的应用

传统的教学模式是以"教师为中心",建构主义教学模式强调"以学生为主体"。医学微生物学教学存在课时少、内容繁杂、知识点琐碎、逻辑性较差等特点,采用传统教学模式往往不能达到较好的教学效果。通过将建构主义理论引入医学微生物学教学实践中,我们设计了适合医学微生物学的建构主义教学模式,充分调动学生的主动性、积极性和创造性。该模式的应用,进一步提高了医学微生物学的教学质量,增加了学生综合素质的培养。     

Recombinant organisms for production of industrial products

A revolution in industrial microbiology was sparked by the discoveries of ther double-stranded structure of DNA and the development of recombinant DNA technology. Traditional industrial microbiology was merged with molecular biology to yield improved recombinant processes for the industrial production of primary and secondary metabolites, protein biopharmaceuticals and industrial enzymes. Novel genetic techniques such as metabolic engineering, combinatorial biosynthesis and molecular breeding techniques and their modifications are contributing greatly to the development of improved industrial processes. In addition, functional genomics, proteomics and metabolomics are being exploited for the discovery of novel valuable small molecules for medicine as well as enzymes for catalysis. The sequencing of industrial microbal genomes is being carried out which bodes well for future process improvement and discovery of new industrial products.     

提高PCR产物的几种有效方法

结合作者的工作实际 ,着重介绍了有效提高PCR产物的几种方法 :如怎样高效快速地设计PCR引物 ,怎样尽快确定PCR反应的最适退火温度 ,如何提高GC富集区的扩增效率等 ,为分子生物学工作者提供一些可以借鉴的方法及经验。     

微生物学多媒体教学模式研究*

微生物学已成为生命科学领域的主干基础课程之一,其理论与应用技术发展迅速,为了增强学生的学习兴趣,更好的掌握微生物学知识,对传统的教学方法进行了改革和探索。重点进行了微生物学多媒体教学模式的研究,主要包括微生物学多媒体教学软件研制与开发、微生物学实验教学多媒体建设和微生物学网络教学多媒体建设等3个方面。     

生物工程专业微生物学实验课的改革与学生创新能力培养

针对传统微生物实验教学中存在的问题,提出以创新能力培养为核心,调整微生物实验教学内容,改革实验教学环节,丰富教学方法和手段,加强师资队伍建设,从而建立微生物实验教学新体系,培养学生独立思考、创新思维和综合动手的能力.     

Sterile Products: Advances and Challenges in Formulation,Manufacturing and Regulatory Aspects—A Regulatory Review Perspective

For several decades, the FDA has undertaken many initiatives to improve the quality and safety of sterile drug products. In recent years, efforts have also been undertaken to accelerate the rate for application approval by adding earlier involvement of microbiology reviewers in drug development. Product and manufacturing process development, as well as safe use and product design, are among the elements of enhanced technical involvement. An overview of the product quality microbiology aspects for sterile drugs is provided.     

白色生物技术及其应用进展

“白色”生物技术也叫做工业生物技术,是利用某些微生物或酶进行物质转化,生产新产品或改进原有工业处理过程的技术。其产品可生物降解,生产过程能耗低,废弃物少。它是一门涉及生物学、微生物学、分子生物学、化学以及工程学等多学科的研究领域。综述了白色生物技术的产业优势及其涉及的研究领域,并从生物催化、生物材料、生物能源等方面概述了白色生物技术的应用进展。     

食品工程类专业微生物学教学改革与实践

《微生物学》是食品科学类专业重要的专业基础课,课程组结合学校粮油食品学科传统特色专业,对食品微生物学教学内容、多媒体课件运用及实验教学等进行了改革。结果显示,改革后的课程教学组织方式有利于加强学生对理论知识的理解和应用,有利于提高学生的动手能力、创新能力和科学思维能力。     

微生物教学中激发学生兴趣的几点探索

由于微生物知识在理论和实践中具有重要的作用,加强微生物教学,帮助学生获得系统的微生物学知识体系是相关专业教师的工作目标。在教学中激发学生兴趣是教师达到教学目的一个重要环节,主要阐述了让学生参与课堂教学、利用多媒体教学、优化教学内容和理论联系实际等4方面的内容。     

Identification of industrial strains of lactic acid bacteria by methods of molecular genetic typing

Various methods currently used in microbiology for determining taxonomic state of bacteria are discussed. The main focus is aimed at identifying and gene typing of lactic acid bacteria, used as starter cultures for industrial process of production of sour milk products, meat products, and probiotics.     

Identification of industrial strains of lactic acid bacteria by methods of molecular genetic typing

Various methods currently used in microbiology for determining taxonomic state of bacteria are discussed. The main focus is aimed at identifying and gene typing of lactic acid bacteria, used as starter cultures for industrial process of production of sour milk products, meat products, and probiotics.     

火腿微生物研究进展

数千年来,微生物参与的食品发酵为人类保存食物和风味多元化提供了重要的方法。这些可再生且易于操作的发酵食品为研究微生物群落提供了理想的材料。干腌火腿就是传统发酵食品之一,在微生物作用下其加工过程发生了蛋白质和脂肪的水解和氧化反应,产生的一些化合物形成了火腿的独特风味。文中描述了不同地域火腿微生物类群及其对火腿品质形成的作用,为火腿微生物今后的研究提出了参考。     

Methods for rapid prototyping novel labware: using CAD and desktop 3D printing in the microbiology laboratory

Although the microbiology laboratory paradigm has increasingly changed from manual to automated procedures, and from functional to molecular methods, traditional culture methods remain vital. Using inexpensive desktop fused filament fabrication 3D printing, we designed, produced and tested rapid prototypes of customised labware for microbial culture namely frames to make dip slides, inoculation loops, multi-pin replicators, and multi-well culture plates for solid medium. These customised components were used to plate out samples onto solid media in various formats, and we illustrate how they can be suitable for many microbiological methods such as minimum inhibitory concentration tests, or for directly detecting pathogens from mastitis samples, illustrating the flexibility of rapid-prototyped culture consumable parts for streamlining microbiological methods. We describe the methodology needed for microbiologists to develop their own novel and unique tools, or to fabricate and customise existing consumables. A workflow is presented for designing and 3D printing labware and quickly producing easy-to-sterilise and re-useable plastic parts of great utility in the microbiology laboratory.     

Metal resistance and accumulation in bacteria

Recent research on the ecology, physiology and genetics of metal resistance and accumulation in bacteria has significantly increased the basic understanding of microbiology in these areas. Research has clearly demonstrated the versatility of bacteria to cope with toxic metal ions. For example, certain strains of bacteria can efficiently efflux toxic ions such as cadmium, that normally exert an inhibitory effect on bacteria. Some bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus sp. can volatilize mercury via enzymatic transformations. It is also noteworthy that many of these resistance mechanisms are encoded on plasmids or transposons. By expanding the knowledge on metal-resistance and accumulation mechanisms in bacteria, it may be possible to utilize certain strains to recover precious metals such as gold and silver, or alternatively remove toxic metal ions from environments or products where their presence is undesirable.     

几种常用防腐剂对日化产品中腐败微生物抑制效果研究

了解几种常用防腐剂在日化产品基质中的防腐效果。采用最低抑菌浓度方法测试卡松、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、苯氧乙醇、咪唑烷基脲、苯甲醇对腐败微生物的抑菌活性;采用微生物挑战性实验验证卡松、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、咪唑烷基脲、苯氧乙醇和苯甲醇的抑菌效果。日化产品中分离的腐败微生物对卡松耐受性接近0.0015%,接近《化妆品卫生规范》2007版的限定,其它4种防腐剂在规定的使用范围内对分离的微生物都具有较好的抑制效果;卡松剂量在0.0015%、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯剂量在0.2%、咪唑烷基脲剂量在0.075%、苯甲醇剂量在0.2%时日化产品能通过微生物挑战。日化企业应根据实际情况筛选、复配防腐剂,建立更加高效、经济的防腐体系。     

Production of natural value-added compounds: an insight into the eugenol biotransformation pathway

During the past few years, the production of natural value-added compounds from microbial sources has gained tremendous importance. Due to an increase in consumer demand for natural products, various food and pharmaceutical industries are continuously in search of novel metabolites obtained from microbial biotransformation. The exploitation of microbial biosynthetic pathways is both feasible and cost effective in the production of natural compounds. The environmentally compatible nature of these products is one major reason for their increasing demand. Novel approaches for natural product biogeneration will take advantage of the current studies on biotechnology, biochemical pathways and microbiology. The interest of the scientific community has shifted toward the use of microbial bioconversion for the production of valuable compounds from natural substrates. The present review focuses on eugenol biotransformation by microorganisms resulting in the formation of various value-added products such as ferulic acid, coniferyl alcohol, vanillin and vanillic acid.     

医学微生物学实验教学改革的探索与实践

以麻醉学专业学生为研究对象,进行了传统实验教学与新实验教学模式的对比研究。新实验教学模式围绕如何在实验教学中培养学生的创新能力,从实验教学计划、教学内容、教学方法和手段、实验考核方法进行了改革和探索,增设了综合性与探索设计性实验,研制了实验多媒体课件。结果显示新实验教学模式有利于培养学生的动手能力、科研思维、创新能力以及综合分析能力,教学效果优于传统实验教学。创建了适合于培养麻醉学专业的医学微生物学实验教学体系。