BA对大麦花药培养中药壁的衰退和植株再生频率的影响

用含20ppm 6-BA的0.1％吐温-80溶液喷施花粉为单核前期的大麦上部叶片和穗部,明显影响大麦花药培养效率。实验结果表明:1)BA处理可明显延缓培养花药的药壁衰退进程。2)BA处理后的花药,在培养期间,其死亡的花粉数比对照大大减少,相反其双核或多核的花粉数比对照明显增加。3)BA处理虽然没有促进大麦花粉愈伤组织的诱导率,但显著地促进愈伤组织的生长。提高愈伤组织成长率,增加可转入分化培养的愈伤组织块数。4)BA处理促进愈伤组织的再分化,尤其是绿苗的分化。     

香果树组织培养过程中遗传变异的RAPD分析

用RAPD分子标记方法,从DNA水平上分析野生型香果树以及通过器官发生途径和体细胞胚胎发生途径得到的香果树再生植株以及体细胞胚胎发生过程中不同继代次数的培养物之间的遗传变异。筛选了100个随机引物,其中有75条随机引物能够扩增出条带,从中选取11个引物进行PCR扩增的结果显示：香果树体细胞胚胎无性系中有RAPD多态性位点,在胚性愈伤组织中也检测到少数RAPD变异位点。表明RAPD分子标记方法可以鉴定香果树组织培养过程中的遗传变异。     

甘露糖对大麦品种不同外植体生长的影响

以大麦栽培品种的茎尖、成熟胚为外植体,研究了不同甘露糖浓度对这些外植体愈伤组织诱导和生长的影响。结果表明:甘露糖浓度为20 g/L时,茎尖的叶片伸长和生根受到明显抑制;甘露糖浓度为10 g/L或15 g/L时,成熟胚的愈伤组织诱导率降低50%,甘露糖浓度为20 g/L或25 g/L时,成熟胚愈伤诱导和生长完全受到抑制,因此在以大麦茎尖和成熟胚为外植体的磷酸甘露糖异构酶(PM I)/甘露糖筛选中,可分别以20 g/L、25 g/L甘露糖作筛选压。另外,在培养早期阶段筛选比较适宜。     

大麦花药离体诱导的基因型稳定性和培养基的环境指数分析

本研究以湖北啤酒大麦优良新品种（系）为材料,分析了基因型的稳定性、培养基的环境指数以及基因型与培养基的互作效应.各基因型花药愈伤组织诱导率的稳定性分析表明,E2具有较强的普遍适应性,但稳定性好的材料愈伤组织诱导率并不一定最高,各种配方培养基的环境指数值大小不同,方向也有正有负,基因型效应以及基因型和培养基的互作效应均达极显著水平。     

两个大麦新矮秆基因的SSR标记

采用SSR技术对沪95-2639和91冬27携带的两个新的矮秆基因进行了分子标记.在大麦4H染色体的长臂上,发现SSR标记位点HVM67同时与这两个新的矮秆基因连锁,距91冬27的较近,约10.0cM,离沪95-2639的较远,为23.3cM.初步绘制出大麦4H染色体上矮秆基因与SSR标记位点的遗传连锁图谱.     

Intergeneric somatic hybridization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) by protoplast fusion

An intergeneric somatic hybrid was obtained upon fusion of protoplasts of rice and barley. Protoplasts isolated from suspension cultures of rice cells were fused by electrofusion with protoplasts that had been isolated from young barley leaves. Some of the resultant calli formed green spots and shoots. Only one shoot formed roots, and it was subsequently successfully transferred to soil in a greenhouse. Its morphology closely resembled that of the parental rice plant. Cytological analysis indicated that the plant had both small chromosomes from rice and large chromosomes from barley. Southern hybridization analysis with a fragment of the tryptophan B (trpB) gene revealed both a rice-specific band and a barley-specific band. Mitochondrial (mt) and chloroplast (cp) DNAs were also analyzed using the same method. The plant was shown to contain novel mitochondrial and chloroplast sequence rearrangements that were not detected in either of the parents. Received: 5 March 1997 / Revision received: 4 September 1997 / Accepted: 13 September 1997     

大麦黄花叶病严重度的遗传分析

本文就大麦黄花叶病(BYMV)的抗性进行了遗传分析。研究表明,在本研究中,大麦黄花叶病抗性表现为多基因控制的数量性状,符合“加性-显性”遗传模型,但主要受加性效应控制。回归分析与平均显性度((H_1/D)~(1/2))测定均表明为部分显性。且控制BYMV的严重度的显性基因数约为3—6组。遗传力估算较高。最后就实验结果对BYMV抗性育种进行了初步分析讨论。     

Anther Factor(s) in Barley Anther Culture

The effects of anther tissues were studied systematically on microspores forming multicellular units and furthermore on pollen callus formation in the anther culture of Hordeum vulgare (cv. Sabarlis). Anther productivity was found to be greatly enhanced by use of medium previously conditioned by anthers. In 15 experiments observed, anthers produced 26 times on average more calli in the conditioned medium than in control, in a few cases, even more than 80 times more calli formed. According to this, the authors supposed that cultured anthers released some components, anther factor (s) (AF), which is important to androgenesis in the culture. To achieve high yields of callus, culture was restricted to anthers which had been subpected to cold pretreatment. The temperature stress could not be replaced by the AF. However, for conditioning medium, anthers at binuclear stage were found to be more effective than the test anthers either with or without the pretreatment. Anthers from other 8 barley varieties were also effective for conditioning, as the difference of anther productivity still existed in the culture with conditioned medium between various genotypes tested. Anther response and callus yield were increased in both the culture of anthers at mid and late-uninuclear stage by use of conditioned medium. AF interacted synergistically with m-inositol. Cytological observation showed that AF increased apparently the formation of MPGs, while m-inositol mainly stimulated callus formation from MPGs. To some extent, the effect of exogenous hormone(s) could be replaced by AF. The anther response and pollen callus yield could be much enhanced by increasing anther inoculation density, which also raised the AF level in the culture. Thus, by use of the temperature stress prior to anther culture and culture of test anthers in conditioned medium with m-inositol, or at higher inoculation density, a very high production of pollen callus could be obtained in barley anther culture. For meeting the more specialized requirements of less responsive species or genopypes, the principles given here may be provide some basic information.     

Production and analysis of plants that are somatic hybrids of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and carrot (Daucus carota L.)

In order to obtain plants that were somatic hybrids of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and carrot (Daucus carota L.), we fused protoplasts that had been isolated from 6-month-old suspension cultures of carrot cells with protoplasts isolated from barley mesophyll by electrofusion. After culture for 1 month at 25°C , the cells were cultured for 5 weeks at 4°C , and were then returned to 25°C for culture on a shoot-inducing medium. Three plants (nos. 1, 2 and 3) were regenerated from the cells. The morphology of the regenerated plants closely resembled that of the parental carrot plants. A cytological analysis of callus cultures induced from these plants indicated that most of the cells had about 24 chromosomes, fewer than the sum of the numbers of parent chromosomes which was 32. Southern hybridization analysis with fragments of the rgp1 gene used as probe showed that the regenerated plants contained both barley and carrot genomic DNA. Chloroplast (ct) and mitochondrial (mt) DNAs were also analyzed with several probes. The ctDNA of the regenerated plants yielded hybridization bands specific for both barley and carrot when one fragment of rice ctDNA was used as probe. Furthermore, the regenerated plants yielded a barley specific band and a novel band with another fragment of rice ct DNA as a probe. One of the regenerated plants (no. 1) yielded a novel pattern of hybridized bands of mt DNA (with an atp6 probe) that was not detected with either of the parents. These results indicated that the regenerated plants were somatic hybrids of barley and carrot and that recombination of both the chloroplast genomes and the mitochondrial genomes might have occurred. Received: 28 May 1996 / Accepted: 2 August 1996     

转TrxS基因啤酒大麦种子中硫氧还蛋白h与淀粉酶活性变化

导入TrxS基因后,转基因大麦籽粒的硫氧还蛋白h活性明显提高;淀粉酶活性也明显提高,其中α-淀粉酶活性在开花后30d提高了3倍以上,随着籽粒的发育,转基因对α-淀粉酶活性影响作用减少,对β-淀粉酶活性的影响有同样的趋势;转基因大麦种子发芽势明显提高。说明TrxS基因有望改善啤酒大麦的制麦特性和品质特性。