提高籼稻愈伤组织再生频率的研究

为了提高籼稻愈伤组织的植株再生频率,研究了影响再生的各种因素,如：在诱导培养基或继代培养基中加细胞分裂素和萘乙酸（ＫＴ、ＢＡＰ、玉米素或Ｚｉｐ１毫克／升）,或加Ｔｈｉｄｉａｚｕｒｏｎ（０．５毫克／升）,以及愈及组织的部分干燥处理等。这些措施明显地提高籼稻愈伤组织的再生频率。结合使用这些处理可使ＴＮ１、ＩＲ７２和ＩＲ６４的愈伤组织再生植株频率较对照提高５－１４倍。     

节节麦×大麦杂种胚再生植株的细胞遗传学研究

以节节麦(2n=14)为母本和大麦(2n=14)进行杂交,两组合平均结实率为31 .11%。对31个幼胚进行愈伤组织诱导培养,其中2个形成全能性愈伤组织进而分化出再生杂种植株。细胞学观察表明,杂种胚再生植株均是染色体加倍的节节麦-大麦双二倍体(2n=28)或染色体再加倍的多倍体。节节麦-大麦双二倍体在减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体配对平均构型为14.79Ⅰ+1.95Ⅱ+ 4.53Ⅱ′+0.01Ⅲ,表现为自交不育。杂种胚再生植株染色体数目再加倍的多倍体有少数产生了自交种子。 Abstract:Hybridizations between Aegilops tauschii(2n=14)and Hordeum vulgare(2n=14)were made using Ae.tauschii as female.The mean frequency of seed set was 31.11% in two cross combinations,13 hybrid embryos were cultured for inducing callus,of which 2 produced totipotent callus,and plants were regenerated from them.These plants were Ae.tauschii-H.vulgare amphidiploids with doubling chromosome number(2n=28)and octoploids with repeatedly doubling chromosome number(2n=50~56).The Ae.tauschii-H.vulgare amphidiploids were sterile and their average chromosome pairing at MI were 14.79I+1.95II+4.53II′+0.01III.Some octoploid(2n=56)plants produced seeds after selfing.     

现代人类的起源和迁移：来自母性遗传的证据

mtDNA具有极少发生重组、进化速度快等特点,能忠实反映群体的母性遗传,作为人类进化研究的一类重要工具,近年来取得了突出的成就,为现代人类的起源、迁移和进化提供了大量的证据。本文拟对这一领域的研究进展作一综述。 Abstract:With special features,no recombination,fast speed of evolution etc.,mtDNA has been used to study origin,evolution and migration of Homo sapiens as a available genetic marker.The results of these researches provide remarkable evidence to human origin and evolution.This paper reviews the progress in these years.     

谷子初级三体无性系的建立

利用谷子初级三体幼穗作外植体,首次建立了初级三体无性系。幼穗处于小穗原基时,胚性愈伤组织的诱导率几乎达 １００％。以 ＭＳ为基本培养基,附加０.５ ｍｇ·Ｌ~(－)６－ＢＡ、０.２ ｍｇ·Ｌ~(－１)　ＮＡＡ比附加１．５ｍｇ·Ｌ~(－１)ＫＴ、０.２ｍｇ·Ｌ~(－１)ＡＡ的分化培养基苗率高,三体的分化出苗率比二体低,再生植株移栽后能抽穗结实。外部形态和根尖细胞学鉴定表明,再生植株染色体数目基本稳定。     

影响籼稻愈伤组织再生频率的几个因素

本文研究了影响湘早籼１９号愈伤组织植株再生频率的几个因素。在诱导培养基中添加不同配比的细胞分裂素（ＫＴ,ＢＡＰ,Ｚｅａｔｉｎ）和萘乙酸,可使再生频率大幅度提高,以补加Ｚｅａｔｉｎ和ＮＡＡ效果最为显著,达２５．３３％;诱导培养基和分化培养基的不同琼脂浓度组合处理,以诱导培养基０．７５％琼脂和分化培养基１％琼脂与诱导培养基１％琼脂与分化培养基０．５％琼脂两组合再生频率最高。同时还发现：诱导分化后转移至植株生长培养基也可提高再生率,而诱导培养基中补加脯氨酸的合适浓度是５０ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

表遗传学推动新一轮遗传学的发展

科学的发展孕育着突破,表遗传学研究推动着新一轮的遗传学的发展。表遗传学是研究没有DNA序列变化的、可遗传的表达改变。表遗传学不仅对医学和农业有重要的实践意义,而且还提供了理解遗传和进化的新观点。研究表明,人类基因组含有两类遗传信息,遗传学信息提供了合成生命所必需蛋白质的模板,而表遗传学信息提供了何时、何地和怎样地应用遗传学信息的指令;遗传学和表遗传学的关系有如“阴阳”,它们既相区别又协同参与调节生命活动。同时还讨论了基因的概念、进化和epigenetics的中文译名等问题。表遗传学研究应引起国内学术界的关注。Abstract: Scientific development is pregnant with a breakthrough, epigenetic studies are pushing the genetics forward. Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that occurs without a change in DNA sequence. Epigenetics not only has practical significance for medicine and agriculture, but also provides new views on understanding heredity and evolution. Human genome contains information in two forms: the genetic information provides the blueprint for the manufacture of all the proteins necessary to create a living thing while the epigenetic information provides instructions on how, where, and when the genetic information should be used. The interrelationship of genetics and epigenetics is like a yin-yan, they are different from each other, and cooperatively take part in regulation of a variety of living activities. In this paper concept of gene and problems of evolution has been also discussed according to epigenetic viewpoints.     

一例12号染色体臂间倒位的细胞遗传学研究

小麦主要经济性状大多属数量性状,是受 微效多基因控制的。为了探索小麦常用亲本配 制组合时各主要经济性状的遗传变异规律,于 1980年选用了江苏、浙江两省普遍采用的UP 301、泰山1号、908、早白、白壳早、短秆早6 个品种作为杂交亲本,研究并分析了主要经济 性状的遗传参数,为有效地选配亲本,提高育种 成效,提供一些理论依据。     

分子人类学与现代人的起源*

1953年Watson & Crick 对于DNA双螺旋结构模型的提出及对其遗传机理的解释,标志着现代分子生物学的诞生。其后短短50年的时间里,分子生物学在各个学科之间广泛渗透,相互促进,不断深入和发展。在以研究人类的起源和进化为首要任务的人类学领域,由于现代分子生物学理论和方法的应用,诞生了分子人类学这一全新的结合型分支学科,为人类学的发展提供了科学可信的研究方法和具发展前景的研究方向。系统地介绍了分子人类学的发展历史、研究方法及原理;另外,结合分子人类学在古人类学研究中的应用,讨论了关于现代人起源的“非洲起源说”和“多地区连续演化说”。Abstract: Since Watson & Crick put forward the double-helix model of DNA structure and hereditary mechanism in 1953, it is generally accepted that this event marks the birth of modern molecular biology. This new field of biology has experienced a flourishing development in the past 50 years. On one hand, the development of molecular biology has been deeply influencing many relative fields; on the other hand, its own proceeding pace has been accelerated by the reaction from the other fields. Anthropology is one of the fields most deeply impacted by the theory and method of molecular biology. Most importantly, molecular anthropology was born as a result of combination of molecular biology, anthropology as well as paleoanthropology. This new branch provides reliable method and vital direction for paleoanthropology. This paper systematically reviews the history, principle and method of molecular anthropology. Two hypotheses on the origin of modern human, which include “out-of-African theory” and “theory of multiregional evolution” are also discussed for the purpose of showing how molecular anthropology is applied in paleoanthropology.     

谷子幼穗培养体细胞胚胎发生的组织学研究

谷子劫穗培养再生植株及体细胞胚胎发生国内已有简报。我们在进行谷子幼穗培养高频率诱导胚性愈伤组织及再生植株的同时,利用组织学、解剖学及扫描电镜方法观察到了谷子幼穗培养中的体细胞胚胎发生,为进一步开展谷子原生质体培养及其抗性突变育种奠定了基础。本文着重报道谷子幼穗培养中体细胞胚胎发生的组织学观察结果。     

135例无精症患者的细胞遗传学分析:附一例世界首报染色体异常核型 Cytogenetic Studies of 135 Cases with Azoospermia

本文对来我室咨询的135例无精症患者进行了细胞遗传学分析,发现异常核型38例,其中47.XXY,t(6;9)(p21;p22)为世界首报核型。本文对异常核型与无精症之间的关系进行探讨。 Abstract:Cytogenetic studies have been done on 135 cases with azoospermia,and 38 cases of abnormal karyotypes were discovered.Among which,one abnormal karyotype was the first reported in the world.It is 47,XXY,t(6;9)(p21;q22).The relationship between abnormal karyotypes and azoospermia is discussed.     

寄生蠕虫的群体遗传学研究

寄生蠕虫群体遗传学研究常用的遗传标记有等位酶、线粒体DNA、随机扩增多态性DNA或扩增性片段长度多态性和微卫星DNA等。应用这些遗传标记的研究表明,大多数寄生蠕虫群体遗传结构有不同水平的变异,这些变异的产生主要与寄生虫的生活史和群体生态、宿主的地理分布和环境等因素有关,并因此提出了有关遗传变异的一些假说。本文对寄生蠕虫群体遗传学的研究作一综述。 Abstract:Genetic markers including allozyme,mtDNA,RAPD/RFLP and micro DNA have been used in the research of helminth population genetics.Available data on helminth genetic variability have shown that most helminth populations exhibit different levels of genetic variation resulting mainly from the pattern of life cycle,geographical distribution and parasite-host interaction,and several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the genetic variation.     

黄精属的细胞分类学研究——Ⅱ.8个种的核型和进化

作者研究了中国产黄精属8个种的核型,结果如下:热河黄精,2n=22=14m(4SAT)+2sm(SAT)+6st;多花黄精,2n=22=8m+8sm(2sc)+6st(2sc);玉竹,2n=20=12m+8sm;小玉竹,2n=20=8m(2sc)+8sm+4st;长梗黄精,2n=16(18)=10m+4sm+2st;二苞黄精,2n=18=8m+10sm;黄精,2n=24=4m+8sm(2sc)+12st(2sc);卷叶黄精,2n=20=12m(2sc)+8sm。作者推测该属的染色体基数x=10。染色体数目进化的趋势是:非整倍性变异为主,整倍性变异为次;上升性变异为主,下降性变异为次。按照核型不对称程度,8个种的核型可分为三个等级。核型由对称向不对称进化是与染色体数目的进化趋势大体上相关的。     

决明组织培养的研究

以草决明无菌苗子叶为外植体,接种于７类诱导愈伤组织的培养基上：Ａ．ＭＳ＋２．０２,４－Ｄｍｇ／Ｌ（以下单位省略）＋０．３ＢＡ＋０．２ＮＡＡ．Ｂ．ＭＳ＋０．２２,４－Ｄ十０．２ＢＡ＋２．０ＮＡＡ．Ｃ．ＭＳ＋１．０２,４－Ｄ＋０．５ＢＡ＋０．２ＫＴ．Ｄ．ＭＳ＋０．７ＢＡ＋１．５ＮＡＡ＋０．１ＫＴ．Ｅ．ＭＳ＋１．５２,４－Ｄ＋０．７ＢＡ十０．２ＭＡＡ．Ｆ．ＭＳ＋０．４２．４－Ｄ＋１．０ＮＡＡ＋０．１ＫＴ．Ｇ．ＭＳＢ（ＭＳ的无机成份和Ｂ５有机成分）＋０．１５ＮＡＡ＋ＢＡ,ＫＴ和ＺＴ各０．５。８～１５天后分别有９０～９９．６％的子叶片被诱导出愈伤组织,并且Ｆ．与Ｃ．类培养基对诱导愈伤组织比较理想,放于Ｇ培养基上的愈伤组织有９．２～３０．２％的芽分化率。芽在生根培养基１／２ＭＳ＋０．２ＩＢＡ中、９８％生根,形成完整的再生植株。     

露螽科四种昆虫的核型研究

本文以螽斯精巢为实验材料,经过低渗、固定、压片、空气干燥、Giemsa染色制备染色体标本,对螽斯总科露螽科4种螽斯的核型进行了研究,结果Phaneroptera falcata 2n♂=27, Phaneroptera gracilis 2n♂=25,Ducetia japonica 2n♂=29,Isopsera sp.2n♂=31,均为近端着丝粒染色体,性别决定机制均为XO♂/XX♀型, X染色体为染色体组中最大的染色体。作者认为,Isopsera sp.（2n♂=31）可能是露螽科中较原始的种类,Ducetia japonica(2n♂=29),Phaneroptera falcata (2n♂=27),Phaneroptera gracilis (2n♂=25)可能是由2n♂=31进化来的衔接融合在露螽科染色体进化中起着重要作用。 Abstract：Karyotypes of four species belonging to three genera of the Phaneropteridae were investigated.The diploid number of chromosomes is as follows: Phaneroptera falcata species 2n♂=27(XO),Phaneroptera gracilis 2n♂ =25 (XO),Ducetia japonica 2n =29 (XO) and Isopsera sp.2n♂=31(XO) ,all chromosomes are acrocentric,the X chromosomes are the largest members of the sets.It may be assumed that Isopsera sp. 2n♂=31 represents the basic number of chromosomes.The other species,Ducetia japonica 2n♂=29, Phaneroptera falcata 2n♂=27, Ph.gracilis 2n♂=25 could originate 2n♂=31 .Tandem fusions may be important in the karyotype evolution of Phaneropteridae.     

黄精属的细胞分类学研究Ⅰ.8个种的核型和进化

作者研究了中国产黄精属8个种的核型,结果如下:热河黄精,2n=22=14m(4SAT)+2sm(SAT)+6st;多花黄精,2n=22=8m+8sm(2sc)+6st(2sc);玉竹,2n=20=12m+8sm;小玉竹,2n=20=8m(2sc)+8sm+4st;长梗黄精,2n=16(18)=10m+4sm+2st;二苞黄精,2n=18=8m+10sm;黄精,2n=24=4m+8sm(2sc)+12st(2sc);卷叶黄精,2n=20=12m(2sc)+8sm。作者推测该属的染色体基数x=10。染色体数目进化的趋势是:非整倍性变异为主,整倍性变异为次;上升性变异为主,下降性变异为次。按照核型不对称程度,8个种的核型可分为三个等级。核型由对称向不对称进化是与染色体数目的进化趋势大体上相关的。     

4种红景天植物的组织培养研究

以大花红景天、云南红景天、长鞭红景天和库页红景天的茎和叶为外植体进行组织培养,结果表明：大花红景天以茎为外植体诱导芽效果最好,其它3种红景天以叶为外植体诱导芽效果最好。云南红景天和长鞭红景天适合的芽诱导激素组合是0．1mg／L NAA和2．5mg／L 6-BA的组合,在该激素水平下两种红景天的出芽频率分别达到71％和84％;大花红景天和库叶红景天适合的芽诱导激素组合是0．5mg／L NAA和2．5mg／L 6-BA的组合,在该激素水平下两种红景天的出芽频率均达到80％。长鞭红景天和库叶红景天在添加IBA的培养基上容易生根形成完整植株,生根率分别达到87％和73％;经过炼苗后,长鞭红景天再生苗能够成功移栽,成活率达66％。     

三种螽斯科昆虫的核型研究

本文首次报道中国螽斯科3种昆虫的染色体核型,结果表明:中华螽斯Tettigonia chinensis 2n♂=31均为近端着丝粒染色体,暗褐蝈螽Gampsocleis obscura 2n♂=31也均为近端着丝粒染色体,中华寰螽Atlanticus sinensis 2n♂=29第1对染色体为中部着丝粒染色体,其余为近端部着丝粒染色体。这3 种螽斯的性别决定机制均为XO♂/XX♀型。 Abstract:The karyotypes of three species belonging to three genera of Tettigoniidae were investigated.The diploid number of chromosomes for Tettigonia chinensis is 2n♂=31,for Gampsocleis obscura 2n♂=31,Atlanticus sinensis 2n♂=29.In the three species,the XO♂/XX♀type of sex determination was observed.     

六种麻蜥核型的研究

报道麻蜥属(Eremias ,Lacertidae) 6种15个不同居群的染色体核型及银分带核型。丽斑麻蜥（E. argus）、快步麻蜥(E. velox)、敏麻蜥(E. arguta)、密点麻蜥(E. multiocellata)、网纹麻蜥（E. grammica ）的核型一致：2n=38=36I+ 2m,NF=38;虫纹麻蜥（E. vermiculata） 2n=38=12V+2sI+22I+2m, NF=50。中国麻蜥属的核型可分为3个类型：（1）丽斑麻蜥型（2）山地麻蜥(E. brenchleyi)型（3）虫纹麻蜥型。虫纹麻蜥核型演化有两种可能性（1）经历三倍体阶段,并通过罗伯逊易位形成;（2）通过染色体臂间倒位形成,倒位成因可能和天山山脉以及青藏高原的隆起有关。密点麻蜥、快步麻蜥、敏麻蜥、网纹麻蜥、虫纹麻蜥均观察到一对NOR于一对较小染色体对上。雌雄个体中均未发现性异型染色体。Abstract: Based on the Giemsa-dyeing karyotypes and silver-staining bands of 15 populations from different localities in China belonging to 6 species of the genus Eremias , We found all species studied have 19 pairs of chromosomes, the size of chromosomes reduces gradually and there are no marked differences between the arranged pairs of macrochromosomes except the last pair of microchromosome. There are the same karyotype formula as 2n=38=36I+2m with NF=38 in E. argus、 E. multiocellata、 E. velox、 E. arguta and E. grammica; but the karyotype formula of E.vermiculata is different as 2n=38=12V+2sI+22I+2m with NF=50. The NOR are all located on one small pair in female of E. velox, and E. arguta , in male of E. grammica and E. vermiculata ,and in both male and female of E. multiocellata. We have not found two or more than two pairs of NOR. Having one pair of NOR may be common in Genus Eremias and also the trait of Eremias. We speculate that the derivation of the karyotype of E.vermiculata had two possible way: one experienced the stage of triploid, and later the Robertsonian transposal of chromosomes; the other way was through the inversions between the arms on the chromosome and the phenomenon of inversions might occur during or subsequently after the upheaval of the Tibet and Qinghai plateau and the founding of the Tianshan . With regard to the trend of the evolution of chromosomes in the lizards [1], the karyotype of E.vermiculata is more advanced. Making specialties of E. vermiculata will help in building the phylogenic tree of Eremias. In both male and female of the species studied, the heteromorphic sex-chromosomes were not found.     

仙客来的离体无性试管繁殖研究

利用引种仙客来的叶片、叶柄、球茎等为外植体进行组织培养与再生植株 ,筛选最适诱导和继代增殖培养基为MS +BA 2 (mg/l,下同 ) +KT 0 .2 +2 ,4 -D 0 .5。其中叶片的诱导率和繁殖系数较高 ,叶柄次之 ;生根较难 ;球茎因常内带菌而造成培养困难