区域经济-环境复合生态系统协调发展动态评价——以连云港为例

经济与环境协调发展评价是发展中国家可持续发展领域研究的热点问题。目前协调评价的模型取得了新的进展,但在应用方面多集中在现状评价,预测的案例较少;另外现有的研究多以经济子系统的发展水平与环境子系统的发展水平进行协调性评价,忽略了发展潜力这一重要变量。以连云港为分析案例,把发展潜力作为重要变量与发展水平变量相结合计算得到的综合发展指数纳入经济与环境协调评价模型中,并尝试根据系统历史与现状协调发展的演变规律运用GM(1,1)灰色模型预测系统未来的协调发展状态。现状评价与未来的预测结果表明:(1)1996—1999年连云港经济与环境系统从低级共生向环境资源的粗放利用转变;(2)2000—2006年,经济与环境的关系进入快速调整期,经济-环境复合生态系统综合发展指数不断增强,协调程度较上一阶段变化稳定;(3)到2007—2009年,环境对经济的限制作用将又逐渐显现;(4)2010—2015年,经济-环境复合生态系统整体协调度和综合发展指数都相应处于快速上升阶段。综合来看,1999年以后连云港经济-环境复合生态系统的协调度均处于0°以下,说明连云港在经济快速发展的初期往往是以环境破坏为代价的,因此在以后的发展中应主要处理好经济发展与环境保护的速度和公平问题。     

陕北安塞县生态与经济系统耦合协调发展

协调生态环境与社会经济的均衡发展,是实现县域可持续发展的重要因素。以延安市安塞县为对象,基于社会经济与生态环境的数据,构建安塞县社会经济系统与生态环境系统的指标体系,利用熵权法计算社会-经济-环境综合评价指数,在此基础上利用耦合协调度模型、剪刀差方法和耦合度模型分析了社会经济系统与生态环境系统的耦合协调状态、发展速度差异以及耦合度演变趋势。结果表明:1996—2013年间,安塞县社会经济系统综合评价指数稳定上升,自然生态系统综合水平呈现波动下降趋势,前者发展速度总体上快于后者;耦合协调度指数由0.33增长至0.59,反映了该区域社会经济与生态环境的关系不断改善,较好地实现了二者的协调;剪刀差在0. 032水平范围内波动上升,说明二者发展趋势之间的差异逐渐增大;安塞县社会经济与生态环境的耦合度分布于45°β90°范围内,二者处于协调发展阶段,耦合度β表现为先下降后上升,说明经济与环境之间的矛盾开始显露。研究表明,安塞县应着力加强生态建设的固基和推进作用,缓解社会经济和生态环境的矛盾,实现二者的协调发展。     

Realized correlated responses to artificial selection on pre-adult life-history traits in a butterfly

We use artificial selection experiments targeted on egg size, development time or pupal mass within a single butterfly population followed by a common-garden experiment to explore the interactions among these life-history traits. Relationships were predicted to be negative between egg size and development time, but to be positive between development time and body size and between egg size and body size. Correlated responses to selection were in part inconsistent with these predictions. Although there was evidence for a positive genetic correlation between egg and body size, there was no support for genetic correlations between larval development time and either egg size or pupal mass. Phenotypic correlations among the three target traits of selection gave comparable results for the relationships between egg mass and development time (no association) as well as between egg mass and pupal mass (positive association), but not for the relation between development time and pupal mass (negative phenotypic correlation). In summary, correlated responses to selection as well as phenotypic correlations were rather unpredictable. The impact of variation in acquisition and allocation of energy as well as of the benign conditions used deserve further investigation.     

Trade-off between larval development rate and Post-metamorphic Traits in the Frog Rana latastei

Development rate early in the ontogeny is believed to correlate positively with fitness. Geographic variation in intrinsic development rate suggests the existence of trade-offs between development rate and other fitness related traits. We investigated whether these trade-offs exist between intrinsic larval development rate and post-metamorphic traits in an organism with a complex life cycle. In laboratory, we measured if the tadpoles of the frog Rana latastei with fast intrinsic development rate have a suboptimal post-metamorphic morphology, by comparing froglets from five populations. Then, we evaluated the relationship between age at metamorphosis, hindlimb length and jumping performance for frogs grown in nature in two populations. Under laboratory conditions, froglets with fast intrinsic development had shorter absolute and shorter size-adjusted tibiofibulas. We observed a strong, positive relationship between tibiofibula length and jumping performance. In nature, froglets from the last metamorphosing population had longer absolute and size-adjusted tibiofibulas, and were able to jump further. The cost of fast development could be the shorter legs of early metamorphosing frogs, and their poor jumping performance. Thus, a fast intrinsic development rate may not always be positively related to lifetime fitness, since delayed effects of larval development persist also across life history stages. Co-ordinating editor: V. Jormalainen     

变温促进昆虫发育的酶学解释

本文关于如何评价变温对昆虫发育速率影响的讨论表明,在比较两点(T_1,T_2)变温与恒温下的发育速率时,相应恒温下的发育速率为R_(con)(T_1,T_2)=(R_(con)(T_1) R_(con)(T_2))/2,而不是T_1、T_2平均值所对应的发育速率R_(con)(T_1,T_2)=R_(con)(T_1 T_2/2)。 在探讨发育速率与温度关系时,认为,(1)发育速率实际上是代谢速率的表现,从本质上说是由昆虫体内无数生化反应所决定的。每步生化反应所需酶不同。(2)不同酶,其活力与温度的关系不同。即使同种昆虫,体内不同种类酶的最大活力温度不同。因此,在不同温度下,代谢链中起限速作用的酶不同。发育速率与温度的关系实质上是代谢链中所有酶与温度关系的综合表现。     

Independence of genetic variation between circadian rhythm and development time in the seed beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis

A positive genetic correlation between periods of circadian rhythm and developmental time supports the hypothesis that circadian clocks are implicated in the timing of development. Empirical evidence for this genetic correlation in insects has been documented in two fly species. In contrast, here we show that there is no evidence of genetic correlation between circadian rhythm and development time in the adzuki bean beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis. This species has variation that is explained by a major gene in the expression and period length of circadian rhythm between strains. In this study, we found genetic variation in development time between the strains. The development time was not covaried with either the incidence or the period length of circadian rhythm among the strains. Crosses between strains suggest that development time is controlled by a polygene. In the F₂ individuals from the crosses, the circadian rhythm is attributable to allelic variation in the major gene. Across the F₂ individuals, development time was not correlated with either the expression or the period length of circadian rhythm. Thus, we found no effects of major genes responsible for variation in the circadian rhythm on development time in C. chinensis. Our findings collectively give no support to the hypothesis that the circadian clock is involved in the regulation of development time in this species.     

Early development of coelomic structures in an echinoderm larva and a similarity with coelomic structures in a chordate embryo

Early coelomic development in the abbreviated development of the sea urchin Holopneustes purpurescens is described and then used in a comparison with coelomic development in chordate embryos to support homology between a single arm of the five-armed radial body plan of an echinoderm and the single bilateral axis of a chordate. The homology depends on a positional similarity between the origin of the hydrocoele in echinoderm development and the origin of the notochord in chordate development, and a positional similarity between the respective origins of the coelomic mesoderm and chordate mesoderm in echinoderm and chordate development. The hydrocoele is homologous with the notochord and the secondary podia are homologous with the somites. The homology between a single echinoderm arm and the chordate axis becomes clear when the aboral to oral growth from the archenteron in the echinoderm larva is turned anteriorly, more in line with the anterior–posterior axis of the early zygote. A dorsoventral axis inversion in chordates is not required in the proposed homology.     

Assessment of isometric muscle strength and rate of torque development with hand-held dynamometry: Test-retest reliability and relationship with gait velocity after stroke

Isometric rate of torque development examines how quickly force can be exerted and may resemble everyday task demands more closely than isometric strength. Rate of torque development may provide further insight into the relationship between muscle function and gait following stroke. Aims of this study were to examine the test-retest reliability of hand-held dynamometry to measure isometric rate of torque development following stroke, to examine associations between strength and rate of torque development, and to compare the relationships of strength and rate of torque development to gait velocity. Sixty-three post-stroke adults participated (60 years, 34 male). Gait velocity was assessed using the fast-paced 10 m walk test. Isometric strength and rate of torque development of seven lower-limb muscle groups were assessed with hand-held dynamometry. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated for reliability and Spearman’s rho correlations were calculated for associations. Regression analyses using partial F-tests were used to compare strength and rate of torque development in their relationship with gait velocity. Good to excellent reliability was shown for strength and rate of torque development (0.82–0.97). Strong associations were found between strength and rate of torque development (0.71–0.94). Despite high correlations between strength and rate of torque development, rate of torque development failed to provide significant value to regression models that already contained strength. Assessment of isometric rate of torque development with hand-held dynamometry is reliable following stroke, however isometric strength demonstrated greater relationships with gait velocity. Further research should examine the relationship between dynamic measures of muscle strength/torque and gait after stroke.     

The impact of receptacular growth on polyandry in the Myrtales

RONSE DECRAENE, L.-P. & SMETS, E., 1991. The impact of receptacular growth on polyandry in the Myrtales. The androecium of the Myrtales shows a wide variation in structure and development, linked with an original diplostemony. The difference between a centrifugal stamen inception in Lythraceae against a centripetal inception in other families has been a major issue in discussing the internal relationships of the Myrtales. The first stamens usually arise as pairs opposite the petals on primary androecial primordia. It is shown that the number of stamens that are initiated and the difference between the direction of development of more stamens are based on the extent of growth of the receptacle after the inception of the primary androecial primordia. In Lagerstroemia indica , receptacular growth takes place between stamens and petals providing room for a centrifugal development. In the Punicaceae and Myrtaceae growth of the receptacle occurs between the androecium and gynoecium, leading to a centripetal development of the stamens. The development of a ring-wall is discussed and a comparison is made with other types of complex polyandry.     

草鱼和鲤杂交的细胞学研究—鱼类远缘杂交核质不同步现象

以草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)为母本、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)为父本进行人工杂交,杂种胚胎发育至孵化期全部死亡;同时获得了少数雌核发育草鱼和雄核发育的鲤。分析比较了草鲤杂种胚胎染色体变化及胚胎发育情况。发现杂种胚胎染色体数目变化较大,一般在24—73之间,绝大部分细胞染色体在发育过程中不断丢失而出现非整倍体;极少数细胞在受精后雌性原核和雄性原核不结合而引起雌核发育和雄核发育;草鱼和鲤胚胎发育时序有较大差别;因此细胞分裂不能同步。可能是杂种胚胎染色体不断丢失的主要原因。     

Extracurricular Involvement and Adolescent Adjustment: Impact of Duration,Number of Activities,and Breadth of Participation

The purpose of the current investigation was to examine the associations between a variety of measures of extracurricular participation and indicators of youth development. We use data from the Childhood and Beyond Study, a larger longitudinal study of adolescent development. The sample is primarily White middle-class adolescents in Grades 7 through 12. First, we examined the relation between the duration of involvement in school clubs and in organized sports over a 3-year span and youth development. Second, the linear and nonlinear relations between the number of extracurricular activities and youth development 1 year later were examined. Finally, we tested the link between the breadth of participation and youth development 1 year later. In general, across all 3 sets of analyses, our findings indicate that greater involvement in extracurricular activities is associated with academic adjustment, psychological competencies, and a positive peer context. The results were strongest for the oldest group of youth.     

Interaction of systems generating spindles and delta waves as a possible mechanism for the development of slow-wave sleep

Certain correlations between spindling and delta-activity during slow-wave sleep (SWS) development have been studied in experiments on man and animals. Interaction between systems of delta-activity and spindling generation is discussed as a possible mechanism underlying development of SWS. Amplitude-modulated stimulation of non-specific thalamic structures has been shown to influence this interaction and development of sleep processes.     

Electronic waste—a modern form of risk? On the consequences of the delay between the increasing generation of electronic waste and regulations to manage this increase

This article addresses the relation between the current proliferation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) goods and services and the development of different kinds of risk assessments and policy documents. The ambition is to shed light on a, hithertho, less-discussed aspect of the development of risk assessments and policy documents, namely the time span between the development of new technologies and the development of regulatory frameworks. The concept of risk and danger can be seen as a potential means through which we can start to think about the consequences of the delay between the increased generation of electronic waste (e-waste) and the regulations to manage this increase. By using e-waste as a case study, this article provides the basis for a more general understanding of the relation between the development of new technologies and the development of regulatory frameworks. While it might be difficult to pin down the effects that this delay had/has for the subsequent development of ICTs, this article highlights the importance of taking into account not only how and by whom risk assessments and policy documents are developed, but also when they are developed in relation to the technologies that they serve to regulate.     

Trade‐offs between growth and reproduction: an analysis of the quantitative genetic evidence

The assumption of a trade‐off between development time and fecundity, resulting from a positive correlation between body size and fecundity and between body size and development time, is a common feature of life history models. The present paper examines the evidence for such a trade‐off as indicated by genetic correlations between traits. The genetic covariances between traits are derived using a model in which maturation occurs when the organism achieves a genetically variable size threshold, and fecundity is an allometric function of body size with one genetically variable parameter (excluding body size itself). This model predicts that the heritabilities of the life history traits (growth rate, development time, fecundity) will not necessarily be less than the heritability of adult size (i.e. morphological traits). It is shown that if growth rate is genetically correlated with adult size then it is not possible, in general, to predict the sign of the genetic correlation between development time and fecundity. For particular cases the signs of the covariances between traits can be predicted. These predictions are tested using data drawn from the literature.     

The many roles of small RNAs in leaf development

Leaf development involves many complex genetic interactions,signals between adjacent cells or between more distant tissues and consequent changes in cell fate.This review describes three stages in leaf development where regulation by small RNAs have been used to modulate gene expression patterns.     

Study of intrapopulational variability of duration and temperature norms of development of the linden bug Pyrrhocoris apterus (Heteroptera, Pyrrhocoridae)

The existence of significant variability in duration and temperature norms of development between families within insect populations has been shown for the first time. This variability is inferfamily and therefore has genetic ground. Revealed for the first time is the statistically significant positive correlation between the regression coefficient of the development rate for temperature and the temperature threshold for development of eggs and larvae from different families. The greater the slope of the regression line of the development rate for temperature, the higher the temperature threshold value in this particular family. These results demonstrate for the first time the existence of genetic co-variation between the regression coefficient and the temperature threshold within the insect populations. It is suggested that the source of the interpopulational and interspecies changes in the temperature reaction norms of the insect development might be the intrapopulational hereditary variability of the development duration, regression coefficient, and the development threshold, this variability being an object of natural selection. It was shown that in all studied families and populations the values of the linear regression coefficient of development rates for temperature in eggs of the linden bug Pyrrhocoris apterus were markedly and statistically significantly higher, while the temperature threshold values—lower as compared with the corresponding parameters in larvae. These results obviously are in contradiction with the concept of the “isomorphism of development rates” (Jarosik et al., 2002), according to which the development threshold for all life cycle stages of a species should be the same, whereas only slopes of the regression lines of the development rate for temperature can differ. For the first time the absence of genetic covariation has been shown between the temperature norms of development of different life cycle stages of the species—eggs and larvae. This means that the regression coefficient as well as the sum of the degree-days and the development threshold in eggs and larvae are inherited independently and therefore they can be independently changed in evolution in correspondence with specific environmental conditions, under which these life cycle stages take place.     

Effects of temperature and diet on oviposition rate and development time of the New Zealand flower thrips, Thrips obscuratus

The life history of New Zealand flower thrips (Thrips obscuratus (Crawford), Thysanoptera: Thripidae) was studied using a simple laboratory rearing method. The effects of temperature and diet on oviposition rate and development time were examined. Oviposition rate increased with increasing temperature between 10°C and 25°C. Development time for individual instars and for total development decreased with increasing temperature between 10°C and 27°C. Total development time ranged from 50 days at 10°C (female) to 10 days at 27°C (male). The relationship between temperature and development rate was expressed as a straight line such that lower thresholds of development of between 4.2°C and 6.3°C were established for life stages. Adult lifespan increased with decreasing temperature between 10°C and 25°C and females lived longer than males. At 10°C and 25°C females lived for an average of 34 and 3 weeks respectively. Thrips supplied with pollen exhibited highest and sustained levels of egg production in comparison to other diets. Larval mortality was lowest and development time fastest on diets of pollen and sucrose or fruit juice in comparison to other plant tissues. Larval development time was similar on four species of pollen.     

The effect of larval competition on development time and adult size in the seaweed fly,Coelopa frigida

Summary The effect of larval competition on adult size and egg to adult development time has been investigated in laboratory populations of the seaweed fly, Coelopa frigida. Increased larval density results in longer development times and smaller adults, suggesting a strong interference element to the competition. This may be due to a limiting rate of food supply rather than interactions between larvae. The relationship between development time and size suggests that both these characters are involved in control of the onset of pupation. C. frigida is polymorphic for an inversion on chromosome I. Differences in relative viability between the karyotypes are not related to the development time or size differences.     

福建省生态环境与高质量发展耦合关系及驱动机制

研究生态环境与高质量发展耦合关系时空演变及驱动机制，对实现可持续发展、构建生态文明体系和建设美丽中国具有重要意义。综合构建了生态环境-高质量发展指标体系，运用耦合协调度模型、空间马尔科夫链和BP神经网络-地理加权回归组合模型，系统探讨2005-2020年福建省生态环境与高质量发展耦合关系的时空演变及驱动机制。结果表明：（1）研究期间，福建省生态环境指数整体稳定，而高质量发展指数呈现先降低后上升的变化趋势，二者在空间上的组合关系整体呈现错位特征。（2）福建省县域生态环境与高质量发展指标之间的耦合关系呈先降低后上升的趋势，且呈现明显的空间异质性。（3）协调发展和绿色发展是驱动生态环境质量提高的关键因素，其影响程度呈"圈层式"空间分布特征。     

Fluctuating asymmetry,fecundity and development time in Drosophila: is there an association under optimal and stress conditions?

A number of studies have reported a significant negative association between fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of bilateral morphological traits and individual fitness traits, but almost all of these are unreplicated and based on small sample sizes using single trait estimates of FA. We therefore tested if there was a relationship between the FA of five bilateral traits and fecundity and development time in Drosophila in a multiple replicated experimental design. Stressed treatments were included to increase the variability of traits and to test whether associations among traits were affected by changes in the environment. Significant positive relationships were found between the size of wing characters and mean fecundity for the 5‐day period and this relationship tended to be stronger in the stress treatments. No association was found between FA and mean fecundity for any of the traits measured. Similarly, a significant positive relationship was detected between wing trait size and development time but no association was detected between trait FA and development time. There were no differences between mean fecundity or development time of extreme asymmetry phenotypes compared with modal phenotypes. These results are discussed with reference to suggestions in the literature that FA can be used to estimate individual fitness.