人胎肺细胞的条件化培养液中两种类型纤溶酶原活化物的分离

用正常人胎肺细胞体外培养,从其培养液中分离纤溶酶原活化物（ＰＡ）,通过ＣＭ－ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＣ－５０层析,硫酸铵沉淀和Ｆｉｂｒｉｎ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ,Ｌｙｓｉｎｅ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ亲和层析及ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－５０凝胶过滤等步骤,从１０．５ｌ条件培养液中分离纯化得到两种类型的纤溶酶原活化物,ｔ－ＰＡ９０μｇ,ｕ－ＰＡ８００μｇ．在还原条件下ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ均显示单带,分子量ｔ－ＰＡ为７２ｋＤ,ｕ－ＰＡ为５４ｋＤ,纤溶比活分别为１５６０００ＩＵ／ｍｇ蛋白和１０６０００ＩＵ／ｍｇ蛋白．     

凝血酶激活的单链尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂的构建、表达、纯化和性质研究

用Ｋｕｎｋｅｌ突变法,将单链尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂（ｓｃｕ－ＰＡ）ｃＤＮＡ基因中编码Ｐｒｏ１５５—Ｌｙｓ１５８的片段定点突变,并将此突变的ｓｃｕ－ＰＡ（ｔｓｃｕ－ＰＡ）的ｃＤＮＡ克隆到表达载体ｐＣＭ－β－ｎｅｏ中,与ｐＣＭ－ｄｈｆｒ共转染ＣＨＯ／ＤＨＦＲ－细胞．获得的稳定表达株在无血清培养基中２４ｈ的表达量为６２０ＩＵ／１０６细胞．经锌离子螯合Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ亲和层析得到ｔｓｃｕ－ＰＡ纯品．ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ显示ｔｓｃｕ－ＰＡ分子量为５３ｋＤ左右,与预期的结果相符．ｔｓｃｕ－ＰＡ是由凝血酶激活而不是由纤溶酶激活,但激活后也能转变为双链分子（ｔｃｕ－ＰＡ）．ｔｓｃｕ－ＰＡ仍保持了ｓｃｕ－ＰＡ的血纤维蛋白亲和性．酶动力学研究表明,激活后的ｔｓｃｕ－ＰＡ水解Ｓ２４４４的Ｋｍ和Ｋｃａｔ值与高分子量尿激酶（ＨＵＫ）相似．体外溶栓实验结果表明,ｔｓｃｕ－ＰＡ可以选择性地溶解富含凝血酶的血凝块,对贫凝血酶的血凝块作用不大     

人组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（t—PA）突变体FrGGI的构建,表达及特性…

为了获得半衰期延长,特异活性提高及具有ＰＡＩ－１抗性的新型ｔ－ＰＡ溶性剂,利用基因重组及定位突变技术构建了ｔ－ＰＡ的Ｋ１、Ｋ２区糖基化位点消除,ＰＡＩ－１结合位点缺失,Ｆ与Ｅ区连接序列Ｈｉｓ４４￣Ｓｅｒ５０置换为纤粘蛋白Ｉ型Ｆ区间连接序列Ｇｌｕ Ｓｅｒ Ｌｙｓ Ｐｒｏ Ｇｌｕ Ａｌａ Ｇｌｕ Ｇｌｕ的ｔ－ＰＡ组合突变体ＦｒＧＧＩ,并在中国仓鼠卵巢细胞中获得了高效表达,对表达产物的生物学特性分析表明     

t-PA K1区的同源模建及Kringle区与赖氨酸相互作用的研究

利用同源模建方法预测了t-PAK1区的三维结构。通过结构叠合确定了t-PAK1、K2区,纤溶酶原K1、K4区及UKK区的赖氨酸结合口袋。静电势计算及疏水性分析表明,在t-PAK2区以及纤溶酶原K1、K4区与纤维蛋白裸露的赖氨酸之间存在明显的静电势互补和疏水面契合。确定了影响Kringle区结合口袋与赖氨酸亲和的重要氨基酸,分析了t-PAK1区、UKK区不能结合赖氨酸的原因,由此设计了具有赖氨酸亲和力的新型t-PAK1区及UKK区突变体。利用模拟残基突变技术预测了突变体的结构变化,分析了突变后t-PAK1区及UKK区与赖氨酸亲和力的变化,初步在理论上肯定了设计方案的合理性。     

多孔微球固定化CHO工程细胞生产rt-PA的研究

以 Ｃｙｔｏｐｏｒｅ 多孔微球固定产重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（ｒｔ Ｐ Ａ） Ｃ Ｈ Ｏ 工程细胞株４ Ｂ３ ,在２ Ｌ 搅拌式生物反应器用无血清培养基 Ｄ Ｆ５ Ｓ 连续灌流培养。４ Ｂ３ 细胞的最大活细胞密度和ｒｔ Ｐ Ａ 生产水平分别达到８８３ ×１０６／ ｍ Ｌ 和１２４７３ Ｉ Ｕ／ ｍ Ｌ。含ｒｔ Ｐ Ａ 的４ Ｂ３ 细胞培养上清经 Ｍ Ｐ Ｇ 吸附层析和 Ｌｙｓｉｎｅｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ ４ Ｂ 亲和层析两步纯化,ｒｔ Ｐ Ａ 的纯度达到９８ ％ 。     

免疫亲和层析法纯化单链尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂

尿激酶原 (Ｐｒｏ ｕｒｏｋｉｎａｓｅ ,ｐｒｏ ＵＫ) ,也称单链尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂 (Ｓｉｎｇｌｅ ｃｈａｉｎｕｒｏｋｉｎａｓｅ ｔｙｐｅｐｌａｓｍｉｎｏｇｅｎａｃｔｉｖａｔｏｒ,ｓｃｕ ＰＡ) ,与ｔ ＰＡ一样是第二代溶栓药物。给药时 ,保持无活性的酶原状态 ,只激活被纤维蛋白吸附的纤溶酶原 ,而对游离的纤溶酶原没有作用 ,即只在血栓表面才能活化转变为双链尿激酶 (Ｔｗｏ ｃｈａｉｎｕｒｏｋｉｎａｓｅ ｔｙｐｅｐｌａｓｍｉｎｏｇｅｎａｃｔｉｖａｔｏｒ,ｔｃｕ ＰＡ或ＵＫ) ,因而具有较高的特异性溶血栓作用[1 ] 。尿激酶原…     

蚯蚓纤溶酶的分离纯化及部分序列的测定

以新鲜蚯蚓为原料,经过保温抽提、乙醇沉淀、ＤＥＡＥ－ＳｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅＦａｓｔＦｌｏｗ离子交换层析、Ｌｙｓｉｎｅ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ４Ｂ亲和层析以及ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ制备电泳等纯化步骤,得到一种纯度达９５％以上的蝗蚓纤溶酶,该酶具有强烈的溶解纤维蛋白折作用及蛋白酶活性,平板法测得其比活性为９００ＵＫ单位／毫克蛋白,ＴＡＭＥ法测得其比活性为２５０００单位／毫克蛋白,酶学性质研究表明其最适反应温度为６５     

人组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（t－PA）突变体FrGGI的构建、表达及特性分析

为了获得半衰期延长,特异活性提高及具有ＰＡＬ－１抗性的新型ｔ－ＰＡ溶栓剂,利用基因重组及定位突变技术构建了ｔ－ＰＡ的Ｋ１、Ｋ２区糖基化位点消除,ＰＡＩ－１结合位点缺失,Ｆ与Ｅ区连接序列Ｈｉｓ４４～Ｓｅｒ５０置换为纤粘蛋白Ⅰ型Ｆ区间连接序列ＧｌｕＳｅｒＬｙｓＰｒｏＧｌｕＡｌａＧｌｕＧｌｕ的ｔ－ＰＡ组合突变体ＦｒＧＧＩ,并在中国仓鼠卵巢细胞中获得了高效表达。对表达产物的生物学特性分析表明,ＦｒＧＧＩ在大鼠血浆中的半衰期延长了１５倍,并获得了ＰＡＩ－１抗性,是一株很有希望的新型溶栓剂候选株。     

纤溶酶原激活物抑制因子—1蛋白分子的结构与功能

纤溶酶原激活物抑制因子－１（ＰＡＩ－１）是组织型纤溶酶原激活物（ｔ－ＰＡ）和尿型纤溶酶原激活物（ｕ－ＰＡ）的特异性抑制剂。对ＰＡＩ－１分子的结构与功能的认识,有助于了解ＰＡＩ－１作用的机理。本综述了近年来对ＰＡＩ－１蛋白分子结构与功能研究的进展,介绍了ＰＡＩ－１分子中一些区域的作用以及影响ＰＡＩ－１抑制活性的一些因子。     

华广虻(Tabanusamaenus Walker)溶纤活性蛋白的纯化及生物活性分析

经过 ７５％ 饱和度硫酸铵沉淀、 Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｇ ７５ 凝胶过滤层析、 Ｌｙｓ Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ ４ Ｂ 亲和层析和电泳制备洗脱,从华广虻（ Ｔａｂａｎｕｓ ａｍ ａｅｎｕｓ Ｗ ａｌｋｅｒ）腹部组织匀浆液中分离纯化出分子量约为 ６７ｋ Ｄ 的溶纤活性蛋白 Ｔ Ａ Ｆ Ｐ经纤维蛋白平板测定表明, Ｔ Ａ Ｆ Ｐ 只具有纤溶酶作用,不具有激活纤溶酶原的作用;但 Ｔ Ａ Ｆ Ｐ 能分解纤溶酶原激活剂的生色底物—— Ｃｈｒｏｍ ｏｚｙｍ Ｕ Ｋ 及 Ｓ ２２８８还能水解胰蛋白酶专一底物 Ｂｚ Ｐｈｅ Ｖａｌ Ａｒｇ Ｎ Ａ 及 Ｃ Ｂ Ｚ Ｇｌｙ Ｐｒｏ Ａｒｇ Ｎ Ａ,表明 Ｔ Ａ Ｆ Ｐ具有类胰蛋白酶活性,专一水解精氨酸形成的酰胺键（或肽键） Ｔ Ａ Ｆ Ｐ无胰凝乳蛋白酶活性      

Mechanism of membrane binding of the phospholipase D1 PX domain

Mammalian phospholipases D (PLD), which catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidic acid (PA), have been implicated in various cell signaling and vesicle trafficking processes. Mammalian PLD1 contains two different membrane-targeting domains, pleckstrin homology and Phox homology (PX) domains, but the precise roles of these domains in the membrane binding and activation of PLD1 are still unclear. To elucidate the role of the PX domain in PLD1 activation, we constructed a structural model of the PX domain by homology modeling and measured the membrane binding of this domain and selected mutants by surface plasmon resonance analysis. The PLD1 PX domain was found to have high phosphoinositide specificity, i.e. phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns-(3,4,5)P(3)) > phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate > phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate > other phosphoinositides. The PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) binding was facilitated by the cationic residues (Lys(119), Lys(121), and Arg(179)) in the putative binding pocket. Consistent with the model structure that suggests the presence of a second lipid-binding pocket, vesicle binding studies indicated that the PLD1 PX domain could also bind with moderate affinity to PA, phosphatidylserine, and other anionic lipids, which were mediated by a cluster of cationic residues in the secondary binding site. Simultaneous occupancy of both binding pockets synergistically increases membrane affinity of the PX domain. Electrostatic potential calculations suggest that a highly positive potential near the secondary binding site may facilitate the initial adsorption of the domain to the anionic membrane, which is followed by the binding of PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) to its binding pocket. Collectively, our results suggest that the interaction of the PLD1 PX domain with PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) and/or PA (or phosphatidylserine) may be an important factor in the spatiotemporal regulation and activation of PLD1.     

Sgf29 binds histone H3K4me2/3 and is required for SAGA complex recruitment and histone H3 acetylation

The SAGA (Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase) complex is an important chromatin modifying complex that can both acetylate and deubiquitinate histones. Sgf29 is a novel component of the SAGA complex. Here, we report the crystal structures of the tandem Tudor domains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human Sgf29 and their complexes with H3K4me2 and H3K4me3 peptides, respectively, and show that Sgf29 selectively binds H3K4me2/3 marks. Our crystal structures reveal that Sgf29 harbours unique tandem Tudor domains in its C-terminus. The tandem Tudor domains in Sgf29 tightly pack against each other face-to-face with each Tudor domain harbouring a negatively charged pocket accommodating the first residue alanine and methylated K4 residue of histone H3, respectively. The H3A1 and K4me3 binding pockets and the limited binding cleft length between these two binding pockets are the structural determinants in conferring the ability of Sgf29 to selectively recognize H3K4me2/3. Our in vitro and in vivo functional assays show that Sgf29 recognizes methylated H3K4 to recruit the SAGA complex to its targets sites and mediates histone H3 acetylation, underscoring the importance of Sgf29 in gene regulation.     

The origin of C1A-C2 interdomain interactions in protein kinase Calpha

The regulatory domain of protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha) contains three membrane-targeting modules, two C1 domains (C1A and C1B) that bind diacylglycerol and phorbol ester, and the C2 domain that is responsible for the Ca2+-dependent membrane binding. Accumulating evidence suggests that C1A and C2 domains of PKCalpha are tethered in the resting state and that the tethering is released upon binding to the membrane containing phosphatidylserine. The homology modeling and the docking analysis of C1A and C2 domains of PKCalpha revealed a highly complementary interface that comprises Asp55-Arg252 and Arg42-Glu282 ion pairs and a Phe72-Phe255 aromatic pair. Mutations of these residues in the predicted C1A-C2 interface showed large effects on in vitro membrane binding, enzyme activity, phosphatidylserine selectivity, and cellular membrane translocation of PKCalpha, supporting their involvement in interdomain interactions. In particular, D55A (or D55K) and R252A (or R252E) mutants showed much higher basal membrane affinity and enzyme activity and faster subcellular translocation than wild type, whereas a double charge-reversal mutant (D55K/R252E) behaved analogously to wild type, indicating that a direct electrostatic interaction between the two residues is essential for the C1A-C2 tethering. Collectively, these studies provide new structural insight into PKCalpha C1A-C2 interdomain interactions and the mechanism of lipid-mediated PKCalpha activation.     

Structural and histone binding ability characterizations of human PWWP domains

Background

The PWWP domain was first identified as a structural motif of 100–130 amino acids in the WHSC1 protein and predicted to be a protein-protein interaction domain. It belongs to the Tudor domain ‘Royal Family’, which consists of Tudor, chromodomain, MBT and PWWP domains. While Tudor, chromodomain and MBT domains have long been known to bind methylated histones, PWWP was shown to exhibit histone binding ability only until recently.

Methodology/Principal Findings

The PWWP domain has been shown to be a DNA binding domain, but sequence analysis and previous structural studies show that the PWWP domain exhibits significant similarity to other ‘Royal Family’ members, implying that the PWWP domain has the potential to bind histones. In order to further explore the function of the PWWP domain, we used the protein family approach to determine the crystal structures of the PWWP domains from seven different human proteins. Our fluorescence polarization binding studies show that PWWP domains have weak histone binding ability, which is also confirmed by our NMR titration experiments. Furthermore, we determined the crystal structures of the BRPF1 PWWP domain in complex with H3K36me3, and HDGF2 PWWP domain in complex with H3K79me3 and H4K20me3.

Conclusions

PWWP proteins constitute a new family of methyl lysine histone binders. The PWWP domain consists of three motifs: a canonical β-barrel core, an insertion motif between the second and third β-strands and a C-terminal α-helix bundle. Both the canonical β-barrel core and the insertion motif are directly involved in histone binding. The PWWP domain has been previously shown to be a DNA binding domain. Therefore, the PWWP domain exhibits dual functions: binding both DNA and methyllysine histones.

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The MECP2-TRD domain interacts with the DNMT3A-ADD domain at the H3-tail binding site

The DNMT3A DNA methyltransferase and MECP2 methylation reader are highly expressed in neurons. Both proteins interact via their DNMT3A-ADD and MECP2-TRD domains, and the MECP2 interaction regulates the activity and subnuclear localization of DNMT3A. Here, we mapped the interface of both domains using peptide SPOT array binding, protein pull-down, equilibrium peptide binding assays, and structural analyses. The region D529-D531 on the surface of the ADD domain was identified as interaction point with the TRD domain. This includes important residues of the histone H3 N-terminal tail binding site to the ADD domain, explaining why TRD and H3 binding to the ADD domain is competitive. On the TRD domain, residues 214–228 containing K219 and K223 were found to be essential for the ADD interaction. This part represents a folded patch within the otherwise largely disordered TRD domain. A crystal structure analysis of ADD revealed that the identified H3/TDR lysine binding pocket is occupied by an arginine residue from a crystallographic neighbor in the ADD apoprotein structure. Finally, we show that mutations in the interface of ADD and TRD domains disrupt the cellular interaction of both proteins in NIH3T3 cells. In summary, our data show that the H3 peptide binding cleft of the ADD domain also mediates the interaction with the MECP2-TRD domain suggesting that this binding site may have a broader role also in the interaction of DNMT3A with other proteins leading to complex regulation options by competitive and PTM specific binding.     

Reversible interactions between plasminogen activators and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.

We have shown that the urokinase (UK) kringle domain contains a high-affinity plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) binding site, responsible for the 10-fold faster complex formation between UK and PAI-1 than between PAI-1 and low-molecular-weight urokinase (LMWUK). Complex formation between UK and PAI-1, but not between LMWUK and PAI-1, was suppressed 10-fold in the presence of peptide U-107 derived from the UK kringle domain. Peptide U-373 derived from the UK catalytic domain slowed complex formation between UK and PAI-1 and also LMWUK and PAI-1. Inactivation of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) by PAI-1 was slowed 10-fold in the presence of peptides derived from the tPA finger and kringle-2 domains. DFP-inactivated (DIP) UK and both forms of DIP-tPA inhibited PAI-1 binding to U-107 and to U-373 whereas single-chain urokinase-type PA (scuPA) was unable to compete with either peptide for PAI-1 binding. These data suggest that the reversible PAI-1 binding site in the UK A-chain plays a role in the rapid association with PAI-1 as important as those that reside in the tPA A-chain and that reversible PAI-1 binding sites are expressed on the surface of UK upon conversion from scuPA, in contrast to tPA.     

Structural basis for spinophilin-neurabin receptor interaction

Neurabin and spinophilin are neuronal scaffolding proteins that play important roles in the regulation of synaptic transmission through their ability to target protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) to dendritic spines where PP1 dephosphorylates and inactivates glutamate receptors. However, thus far, it is still unknown how neurabin and spinophilin themselves are targeted to these membrane receptors. Spinophilin and neurabin contain a single PDZ domain, a common protein-protein interaction recognition motif, which are 86% identical in sequence. We report the structures of both the neurabin and spinophilin PDZ domains determined using biomolecular NMR spectroscopy. These proteins form the canonical PDZ domain fold. However, despite their high degree of sequence identity, there are distinct and significant structural differences between them, especially between the peptide binding pockets. Using two-dimensional 1H-15N HSQC NMR analysis, we demonstrate that C-terminal peptide ligands derived from glutamatergic AMPA and NMDA receptors and cytosolic proteins directly and differentially bind spinophilin and neurabin PDZ domains. This peptide binding data also allowed us to classify the neurabin and spinophilin PDZ domains as the first identified neuronal hybrid class V PDZ domains, which are capable of binding both class I and II peptides. Finally, the ability to bind to glutamate receptor subunits suggests that the PDZ domains of neurabin and spinophilin are important for targeting PP1 to C-terminal phosphorylation sites in AMPA and NMDA receptor subunits.     

Taxonomy and function of C1 protein kinase C homology domains.

C1 domains are compact alpha/beta structural units of about 50 amino acids which tightly bind two zinc ions. These domains were first discovered as the loci of phorbol ester and diacylglycerol binding to conventional protein kinase C isozymes, which contain 2 C1 domains (C1A and C1B) in their N-terminal regulatory regions. We present a comprehensive list of 54 C1 domains occurring singly or doubly in 34 different proteins. Many C1 domains and C1 domain-containing proteins bind phorbol esters, but many others do not. By combining analysis of 54 C1 domain sequences with information from previously reported solution and crystal structure determinations and site-directed mutagenesis, profiles are derived and used to classify C1 domains. Twenty-six C1 domains fit the profile for phorbol-ester binding and are termed "typical." Twenty-eight other domains fit the profile for the overall C1 domain fold but do not fit the profile for phorbol ester binding, and are termed "atypical." Proteins containing typical C1 domains are predicted to be regulated by diacylglycerol, whereas those containing only atypical domains are not.     

Identification of the domains of tissue-type plasminogen activator involved in the augmented binding to fibrin after limited digestion with plasmin

The binding of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) to fibrin increases upon digestion of fibrin with plasmin. Optimal binding is observed following a limited plasmin digestion of fibrin, coinciding with the generation of fibrin fragment X polymers. We studied the involvement of the separate domains of the amino-terminal "heavy" (H) chain of rt-PA in this augmentation of fibrin binding. The fibrin-binding characteristics of a set of rt-PA deletion mutants, lacking either one or more of the structural domains of the H chain, were determined on intact fibrin matrices and on fibrin matrices that were subjected to limited digestion with plasmin. The augmented fibrin binding of rt-PA is partially abolished when the plasmin-degraded fibrin matrices are subsequently treated with carboxypeptidase B, demonstrating that this increased binding is dependent on the generation of carboxyl-terminal lysine residues in the fibrin matrix. Evidence is provided that this increase of fibrin binding is mediated by the kringle 2 (K2) domain that contains a lysine-binding site. Further increase of the fibrin binding of rt-PA is independent of the presence of carboxyl-terminal lysines. It is shown that the latter increase is not mediated by the K2 domain. Based on our data, we propose that the increase in fibrin binding, unrelated to the presence of carboxyl-terminal lysine residues, is mediated by the finger (F) domain, provided that this domain is correctly exposed in the remainder of the protein.