孢粉药材及花类药材的孢粉形态(续)

 利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对10种孢粉药材及花类药材进行了孢子或花粉的显微和亚显微研究,为孢粉药材及花粉药材的鉴别提供了新的方法和科学依据。     

水团花药材鉴定方法的研究

目的:建立中药水团花的药材鉴定方法.方法:通过对主产地六批药材的研究,从薄层定性检查、水份测定、浸出物检查和灰分测定4个方面,建立了水团花的药材鉴定方法.结果:运用TLC法,定性鉴别了水团花中的2种化学成分;药材的含水量不得过9.6%;药材的水溶性浸出物不得少于31%;药材的醇溶性浸出物不得少于35%;药材的总灰分不得过5.0%.结论:该方法可用于控制水团花的质量.     

不同产地水飞蓟药材HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的建立水飞蓟药材的HPLC指纹图谱分析方法,并对不同产地水飞蓟药材进行指纹图谱比较研究。方法采用反相高效液相色谱法,Shimadzu C18(150 mm×4.6 mm)为色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-水-冰醋酸(48:52:1),流速:1.0 mL/min,检测波长为287 nm,柱温40℃,进样量10μl。对水飞蓟药材的指标成分水飞蓟宾进行了定性定量,并以相似度鉴别药材质量。结果建立了水飞蓟药材的HPLC指纹图谱,标定了12个共有峰,方法学考察结果符合指纹图谱技术要求,经相似度计算11个不同产地药材之间的相似性均高于0.944。结论本法简便准确、结论可靠,可用于不同产地水飞蓟药材的指纹图谱测定和质量评价,为有效控制水飞蓟药材的内在质量提供了实验依据。     

孢粉药材及花类药材的孢粉形态（续）

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对１０种孢粉药材及花类药材进行了孢子或花粉的显微和亚显微研究,为孢粉药材及花粉药材的鉴别提供了新的方法和科学依据。     

石菖蒲与九节菖蒲的比较研究

从性状、显微特征、理化鉴别、化学成分及药理学等方面对九节菖蒲和石菖蒲进行了比较研究,指出了这两种药材的区别,强调这两种药材不能混用。本研究为这两种药材的鉴定提供了依据。     

HPLC特征图谱结合化学计量学评价独一味药材及其与独一味胶囊的一致性

采用HPLC方法建立独一味药材及独一味胶囊的特征指纹图谱,运用相似度评价药材质量;并结合化学计量学对独一味药材进行分类,以相对保留时间对独一味药材和独一味胶囊进行成分一致性评价。结果显示,独一味药材含共有峰23个,独一味胶囊含共有峰24个;10批独一味药材的相似度均大于0.85,可见药材来源较为单一;同时结合化学计量学中聚类分析和主成分分析对10批药材进行分类,可将其分为4类,且分类结果一致,可见以该法评价独一味药材可行;并对以同一HPLC特征图谱方法建立的独一味药材及独一味胶囊特征图谱进行比较,可知独一味胶囊很好的保留了独一味药材的诸多药效成分。     

不同产地丹参药材HPLC指纹图谱分析及4种菲醌类成分含量的比较

对7个产地丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.)药材进行了HPLC分析并确定了其指纹图谱的共有模式谱,在此基础上比较了7个产地丹参药材中4种菲醌类成分(二氢丹参酮Ⅰ、丹参酮Ⅰ、隐丹参酮和丹参酮ⅡA)的相对含量。结果表明:来源于不同产地的丹参药材的HPLC图谱均有21个峰,其中有8个共有峰;各共有峰的相对保留时间基本相同,RSD值均小于0.086%;但相对峰面积差异明显。以4号峰(二氢丹参酮Ⅰ)为参照峰,初步构建了丹参药材的HPLC指纹图谱的共有模式谱,7个产地丹参药材的HPLC指纹图谱与共有模式谱的相似性良好,相似度值为0.916～0.973。不同产地丹参药材中4种菲醌类成分的相对含量有明显差异,其中,河南产药材中4种菲醌类成分含量均最高,而河北产药材中均最低;此外,不同产地丹参药材中4种成分的组成比例也有明显差异。根据实验结果,建议将丹参药材的HPLC指纹图谱的共有模式谱作为丹参药材质量控制和真伪辨别的标准之一。     

血叶兰药材质量标准研究

为制定血叶兰药材质量标准以控制血叶兰药材质量,依据《中国药典》2020年版附录相关方法,对血叶兰的药材性状、显微特征进行观察,并对其水分、总灰分、醇溶性浸出物及多糖含量进行测定.明确了血叶兰药材性状和显微结构特征,并建立了其专属性薄层色谱鉴别方法,拟规定血叶兰药材水分含量不得超过13.0％、总灰分含量不得超过17.5％、醇溶性浸出物含量不得少于19.0％、多糖含量不得少于10.0％.本研究制定出血叶兰药材质量标准,可为血叶兰药材的原料生产、市场流通及其产品开发提供检验检测依据.     

基于化学计量学结合HPLC指纹图谱评价桔梗药材质量

建立了桔梗药材HPLC指纹图谱检测方法,并基于化学计量学对不同产地桔梗药材进行了分析,为科学评价桔梗药材质量提供参考。收集11个省份的22批次桔梗药材,建立HPLC-ELSD指纹图谱,确定了9个共有峰,并对其中4个共有峰进行了明确的化学成分指认;应用化学计量学的聚类分析(cluster analysis,CA)、主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和偏最小二乘-判别分析(partial least squares discriminant analysis,PLS-DA)多种分析方法对不同批次桔梗药材的指纹图谱进行评价。结合产地气候特征发现,温带季风气候更适于桔梗药材生长,所含药效化学成分丰富,质量更佳。本研究所建立的桔梗药材指纹图谱方法快速准确、灵敏度高、重复性好,结合化学计量学分析,可以对不同产地的桔梗药材质量进行评价,可为该桔梗药材的质量控制提供科学依据。     

神农架药用植物

国家对野生药材资源实行保护、采猎相结合的原则,并创造条件开展人工种养。国家重点保护的野生药材物种分为三级:一级:濒临灭绝状态的稀有珍贵野生药材物种;二级:分布区域缩小、资源处于衰竭状态的重要野生药材物种;三级:资源严重减少的主要常用野生药材物种。禁止采猎一级保护野生药材物种。破坏野生药材资源情节严重,构成犯罪的,由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。摘编自《野生药材资源保护管理条例》神农架拥有独特的地理位置和优越的气候条件,是当今北半球中纬度内陆地区保存较为完好的亚热带森林生态系统。她的植物成分丰富多彩,也为药用植物的孕育和繁衍提供了良好的生态条件。据考察,神农架有高等维管束植物3200多种,其中的药用植物达1 800多种。因此,神农架也有了"植物王国、天然药库"的美誉。     

APETALA3 and PISTILLATA homologs exhibit novel expression patterns in the unique perianth of Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae)

Several lines of evidence suggest that sterile floral organs, collectively known as the perianth, have evolved multiple times during the evolution of the angiosperms. In the family Aristolochiaceae, the perianth is formed by two whorls of organs in the genus Saruma but by only one whorl in the remaining genera, including Aristolochia. Although the morphology of Saruma is similar in appearance to the core eudicot perianth, with leaf-like sepals and showy colored petals, the unipartite perianth of Aristolochia combines morphological aspects of both calyx and corolla. To investigate the organ identity program functioning in the novel perianth of Aristolochia, we identified homologs of the B-class genes APETALA3 (AP3) and PISTILLATA (PI) in both Saruma and Aristolochia. The expression patterns of these genes in Saruma indicate they are functioning in the development of the second whorl petaloid organs and third whorl stamens. In Aristolochia, however, the expression of AP3 and PI homologs in the perianth does not suggest a role in organ identity but, rather, in promoting late aspects of cell differentiation. The implications of these findings for the evolution of both petaloidy and B gene function are discussed.     

536. Saruma Henryi

Summary.  Saruma henryi Oliver is described and illustrated. The distribution, ecology, taxonomy and cultural requirements of this unusual member of the Aristolochiaceae are discussed.     

Aza‐Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Saruma henryi

A new azafluoranthene alkaloid, named sarumine ( 1 ), along with six known N‐containing derivatives of phenanthrenes, 2 – 7 , were isolated from the whole herb of Saruma henryi. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. Moreover, antimicrobial activities of all compounds were evaluated.     

Chromosome number ofSaruma oliver (Aristolochiaceae)

Chromosome number ofSaruma henryi, the only species of the genus, was counted for the first time. The species has 2n=52 chromosomes, and its chromosomal complement is characteristically composed of very small chromosomes. Based on chromosome data available for the family, comparisons indicate an isolated position ofSaruma in Aristolochiaceae.     

马蹄香属营养器官解剖及其分类位置的探讨

对马蹄香属Ｓａｒｕｍａ Ｏｌｉｖ．营养器官的形态解剖进行了研究,首次报道该属植物叶片宏观结构;叶表皮和叶表面的微观结构;叶柄和茎的初生结构特征与次生结构特征,并与近缘属植物细辛属Ａｓａｒｕｍ Ｌ．的解剖学资料作了比较研究,发现两属的叶形均为心形;叶脉都是掌状脉序;叶沿无齿都具毛;且都是单毛;气孔器都是“毛茛科”型;叶柄维管束都呈“Ｖ”字形排列;从近轴端到远轴端都是呈３－４－４束的变化;茎的初生结构     

高效液相色谱法测定马蹄香中马兜铃酸A含量

用高效液相分析方法,测定了马蹄香植物体不同部位中马兜铃酸A的含量。结果表明,马兜铃酸A主要存在于马蹄香的地下根及根茎部分,地上茎中含量极少,叶中不含马兜铃酸A。在根及根茎中马兜铃酸A的含量为0.165%～0.198%,茎中含量为0.012%～0.023%。与马兜铃科其他植物比较,马蹄香植物体中马兜铃酸A的含量较高。     

马蹄香种子生物学特性研究

马蹄香的雌蕊子房半下位,心皮6枚,蒴果蓇葖状,果实成熟时沿腹缝线开裂。种子呈三角状倒椭圆形,其背面凸出,具明显横皱纹,腹面凹入。马蹄香种子由种皮、胚乳和胚三部分构成。种皮由多层细胞组成;核型胚乳,种子成熟时游离胚乳核形成胚乳细胞,而胚尚未分化,仍停留在原胚阶段。种子发芽试验表明,马蹄香种子萌发率极低,具有种子休眠的生物学特征。对马蹄香种子的化学成分作了分析研究,种子胚乳中富含营养物质,其中粗蛋白含量为17.3(g/100g)。此外,种子含有丰富的镁、锰、钙、铁、锌等矿质元素。     

Total duplication of the small single copy region in the angiosperm plastome: Rearrangement and inverted repeat instability in Asarum

Premise of the Study

As more plastomes are assembled, it is evident that rearrangements, losses, intergenic spacer expansion and contraction, and syntenic breaks within otherwise functioning plastids are more common than was thought previously, and such changes have developed independently in disparate lineages. However, to date, the magnoliids remain characterized by their highly conserved plastid genomes (plastomes).

Methods

Illumina HiSeq and MiSeq platforms were used to sequence the plastomes of Saruma henryi and those of representative species from each of the six taxonomic sections of Asarum. Sequenced plastomes were compared in a phylogenetic context provided by maximum likelihood and parsimony inferences made using an additional 18 publicly available plastomes from early‐diverging angiosperm lineages.

Key Results

In contrast to previously published magnoliid plastomes and the newly sequenced Saruma henryi plastome published here, Asarum plastomes have undergone extensive disruption and contain extremely lengthy AT‐repeat regions. The entirety of the small single copy region (SSC) of A. canadense and A. sieboldii var. sieboldii has been incorporated into the inverted repeat regions (IR), and the SSC of A. delavayi is only 14 bp long. All sampled Asarum plastomes share an inversion of a large portion of the large single copy region (LSC) such that trnE‐UUC is adjacent to the LSC‐IR boundary.

Conclusions

Plastome divergence in Asarum appears to be consistent with trends seen in highly rearranged plastomes of the monocots and eudicots. We propose that plastome instability in Asarum is due to repetitive motifs that serve as recombinatory substrates and reduce genome stability.     

Genetic Structure Within and Among Populations of Saruma henryi, an Endangered Plant Endemic to China

The endangered perennial plant Saruma henryi Oliv. is endemic to China and has phylogenetic, ecological, and medicinal value. We used 10 microsatellite (SSR) loci to investigate genetic diversity and differentiation in 16 natural populations. Genetic diversity was high at the species level (H(E) = 0.9427, h = 0.9410, I = 3.0213) and low at the population level (H(E) = 0.4441, h = 0.4307, I = 0.6822). Pronounced genetic differentiation was detected among populations (G(ST) = 0.5428, F(ST) = 0.5524), in line with the limited among-population gene flow (Nm = 0.21). The significant isolation-by-distance pattern revealed by a Mantel test (r = 0.311, P = 0.001) suggested a clear geographic tendency in the distribution of genetic variability. Bayesian assignment and principal coordinates analyses supported the clustering of 16 populations into three groups. The present SSR results were also compared with previously published ISSR results. These results have significant implications for conservation of the species.     

硫污染对9种园林植物叶片硫含量与叶绿素荧光参数的影响

对深圳市9种园林植物叶片硫含量,以及硫处理对叶片光合作用参数的影响进行了初步研究。这9种植物分别为红背桂(Excoccaria cochinchinensis)、黄脉爵床(Sanchezia nobilis)、大叶变叶木(Codiaeum variegatum)、基及树(Saruma henryi)、短穗鱼尾葵(Caryota mitis)、小叶榕(Ficus microcarpa var.pusillifolia)、高山榕(Ficus altissima)、海桐(Pittosporum tobira)和黄叶假连翘(Duranta repenscv.\'Dwarf Yellow\')。在温度25℃条件下分别在光照和黑暗条件,用NaHSO₃和蒸馏水浸泡各植物叶圆片24h,共形成4种处理。采用PAM-2100荧光仪测定叶绿素荧光参数。在自然状况下采集的黄脉爵床叶片含硫量最高,远高于其他植物,具有较高的富集能力,含量最低的是大叶变叶木。用蒸馏水浸泡后,9种植物叶片的硫含量的变化很少。在NaHSO₃处理下,有7种植物叶片的硫含量显著提高,增加最多的是自然条件下富集能力最低的大叶变叶木。[0]取自不同大气SO₂污染环境的被测试植物显示,除海桐外,小南山的其它8种植物叶片含硫量都大于世博园植物叶片的含硫量。小南山9种植物的F_v/F_m值也都低于世博园,说明在污染较严重的情况下可以通过测定植物叶片的F_v/F_m值来进行现场监测。