精原干细胞移植受体鼠模型的建立

目的 通过对4周龄昆明白小鼠腹腔内单次注射白消安来制作精原干细胞移植受体鼠模型。方法 将实验动物分为4组,A、B、C组注射白消安的剂量分别是30 mg/kg4、0 mg/kg5、0 mg/kg体重,D组为对照组。注射后每天记录小鼠的存活情况,注射白消安后的20 d3、0 d4、0 d称量睾丸重量、测定血常规、制作并观察睾丸组织学切片、统计曲细精管的中空率。结果 A、B、C、D组的死亡率分别是25.00%3、1.58%、80.00%、0.00%,注射白消安后30 d各组小鼠曲细精管中空率分别是45.25%、75.25%、1.50%、0.00%,白细胞、红细胞、血小板数量等血常规指标均恢复正常。结论 腹腔内单次注射30 mg/kg或40 mg/kg剂量的白消安,死亡率较低（25.00%、31.58%）,30 d后曲细精管中空率较高（45.25%7、5.25%）、血常规指标恢复正常,适合做精原干细胞移植受体。     

SBDS Expression and Localization at the Mitotic Spindle in Human Myeloid Progenitors

Background

Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome (SDS) is a hereditary disease caused by mutations in the SBDS gene. SDS is clinically characterized by pancreatic insufficiency, skeletal abnormalities and bone marrow dysfunction. The hematologic abnormalities include neutropenia, neutrophil chemotaxis defects, and an increased risk of developing Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). Although several studies have suggested that SBDS as a protein plays a role in ribosome processing/maturation, its impact on human neutrophil development and function remains to be clarified.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We observed that SBDS RNA and protein are expressed in the human myeloid leukemia PLB-985 cell line and in human hematopoietic progenitor cells by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. SBDS expression is downregulated during neutrophil differentiation. Additionally, we observed that the differentiation and proliferation capacity of SDS-patient bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells in a liquid differentiation system was reduced as compared to control cultures. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that SBDS co-localizes with the mitotic spindle and in vitro binding studies reveal a direct interaction of SBDS with microtubules. In interphase cells a perinuclear enrichment of SBDS protein which co-localized with the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) was observed. Also, we observed that transiently expressed SDS patient-derived SBDS-K62 or SBDS-C84 mutant proteins could co-localize with the MTOC and mitotic spindle.

Conclusions/Significance

SBDS co-localizes with the mitotic spindle, suggesting a role for SBDS in the cell division process, which corresponds to the decreased proliferation capacity of SDS-patient bone marrow CD34⁺ hematopoietic progenitor cells in our culture system and also to the neutropenia in SDS patients. A role in chromosome missegregation has not been clarified, since similar spatial and time-dependent localization is observed when patient-derived SBDS mutant proteins are studied. Thus, the increased risk of myeloid malignancy in SDS remains unexplained.     

荧光素酶标记人胃癌细胞裸鼠原位移植模型的建立

目的建立荧光素酶标记人胃癌原位异种移植模型。方法将萤火虫荧光素酶作为标记基因导入人胃癌MGC803细胞,建立稳定表达荧光素酶的细胞,将其接种裸鼠胃壁浆膜下,建立胃癌裸鼠原位肿瘤模型。用活体荧光成像系统检测肿瘤的发生发展,并进行小动物超声影像和病理学分析。结果裸鼠原位成瘤率为100%,活体荧光成像观察发现在接种第7天,就可以观察到肿瘤发光。21 d后肿瘤进入对数生长期,28 d后肿瘤出现明显坏死,平均荧光光子数呈现下降趋势。超声成像发现小鼠胃部有直径为8.39 mm,面积为28.92 mm2瘤块。结论荧光素酶标记可以实时监测原位异种移植人胃癌生长状况。     

The Establishment of an In Vivo HIV-1 Infection Model in Humanized B-NSG Mice

Suitable animal models for human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1) infection are important for elucidating viral pathogenesis and evaluating antiviral strategies in vivo. The B-NSG(NOD-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1/Bcge) mice that have severe immune defect phenotype are examined for the suitability of such a model in this study. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs) were engrafted into B-NSG mice via mouse tail vein injection, and the repopulated human T-lymphocytes were observed at as early as 3-weeks post-transplantation in mouse peripheral blood and several tissues.The humanized mice could be infected by HIV-1, and the infection recapitulated features of T-lymphocyte dynamic observed in HIV-1 infected humans, meanwhile the administration of combination antiretroviral therapy(cART) suppressed viral replication and restored T lymphocyte abnormalities. The establishment of HIV-1 infected humanized B-NSG mice not only provides a model to study virus and T cell interplays, but also can be a useful tool to evaluate antiviral strategies.     

人黑色素瘤细胞裸鼠肺转移模型的建立

目的建立整合素αvβ3高表达的黑色素瘤细胞肺转移模型。方法通过将不同数目的M21细胞经尾静脉接种裸鼠,适时处死后计数肺表面癌结节。通过实时定量PCR和明胶酶谱的方法比较肺转移灶细胞与亲代M21细胞差异。结果M21细胞1×10^6、2×10^6、5×10^6尾静脉接种裸鼠,均能形成肺转移灶,癌结节数目均值分别为：84±8、70±6、88±12,三组之间没有明显差异,阴性对照组未形成转移灶。M21肺转移灶细胞与亲代细胞相比,增殖增快,MMP-2活性增高,整合素αv和β3mRNA表达水平明显增高。结论M21细胞1×10^6经尾静脉接种裸鼠50d内即可100%成瘤。M21肺转移灶细胞具有更快的增殖能力,整合素αvβ3和MMP-2表达水平明显增高。本实验建立了稳定的肺转移模型,为黑色素瘤和整合素αvβ3的研究提供重要的动物模型。     

Consistent Alterations of Human Fecal Microbes After Transplantation into Germ-free Mice

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) of human fecal samples into germ-free (GF) mice is useful for establishing causal relationships between the gut microbiota and human phenotypes. However, due to the intrinsic differences between human and mouse intestines and the different diets of the two organisms, it may not be possible to replicate human phenotypes in mice through FMT; similarly, treatments that are effective in mouse models may not be effective in humans. In this study, we aimed to identify human gut microbes that undergo significant and consistent changes (i.e., in relative abundances) after transplantation into GF mice in multiple experimental settings. We collected 16S rDNA-seq data from four published studies and analyzed the gut microbiota profiles from 1713 human–mouse pairs. Strikingly, on average, we found that only 47% of the human gut microbes could be re-established in mice at the species level, among which more than 1/3 underwent significant changes (referred to as “variable taxa”). Most of the human gut microbes that underwent significant changes were consistent across multiple human–mouse pairs and experimental settings. Consequently, about 1/3 of human samples changed their enterotypes, i.e., significant changes in their leading species after FMT. Mice fed with a controlled diet showed a lower enterotype change rate (23.5%) than those fed with a noncontrolled diet (49.0%), suggesting a possible solution for rescue. Most of the variable taxa have been reported to be implicated in human diseases, with some recognized as the causative species. Our results highlight the challenges of using a mouse model to replicate human gut microbiota-associated phenotypes, provide useful information for researchers using mice in gut microbiota studies, and call for additional validations after FMT. An online database named FMT-DB is publicly available at http://fmt2mice.humangut.info/#/.     

Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice

Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC) disease is caused not only due to the lack of host immune resistance, but also the absence of appropriate regulation of infection-induced immunopathology. Although Th17 cells are implicated in antifungal defense, their role in immunopathology is unclear. This study presents a method for establishing oral Th17 immunopathology associated with oral candidal infection in immunodeficient mice. The method is based on reconstituting lymphopenic mice with in vitro cultured Th17 cells, followed by oral infection with Candida albicans (C. albicans). Results show that unrestrained Th17 cells result in inflammation and pathology, and is associated with several measurable read-outs including weight loss, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, tongue histopathology and mortality, showing that this model may be valuable in studying OPC immunopathology. Adoptive transfer of regulatory cells (T_regs) controls and reduces the inflammatory response, showing that this model can be used to test new strategies to counteract oral inflammation. This model may also be applicable in studying oral Th17 immunopathology in general in the context of other oral diseases.     

免疫重建荷人膀胱癌-SCID鼠模型的建立

目的：探讨建立稳定的荷人膀胱癌SCID 鼠人化复合模型的方法,为在人免疫重建荷人膀胱肿瘤SCID 鼠模型检测重组BCG 的免疫刺激和免疫保护中打下基础。方法：经SCID 鼠腹腔内注射人PBL、皮下接种RT4 膀胱癌细胞,于接种后4 周检测SCID 鼠体内人免疫细咆水平（IgG 和CD^3＋、CD^4＋、CD^8＋ T 细胞）及脾脏重量,观察皮下成瘤潜伏期及成瘤率。结果：模型组100％成瘤,病理类型为移行细胞癌;检测SCID 鼠血中人IgG 均一定水平存在,与对照组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;人CD^3＋、CD^4＋、CD^8＋T 细胞在鼠血及脾中均有表达,而对照组均未检出（P〈0.05）;4 周鼠脾重平均（178.9± 45.2）mg。较对照组（40.6± 14.8）mg 差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：采用腹腔注射人PBL、皮下接种RT4膀胱癌细胞的方法可以有效地建立人化荷人膀胱癌SCID 鼠模型,较好地模拟人浸润性膀胱癌体内生物学特性,是膀胱癌免疫基因治疗的较理想模型。     

两种人乳腺癌裸鼠移植模型的建立

目的建立简便的人乳腺癌裸鼠移植模型,并探讨其部分生物学特性。方法采用雌激素受体阴性的MDA-MB-231和SK-BR-3人乳腺癌细胞株,分别接种于10只裸鼠左侧腋窝皮下,移植细胞总数为1×107/只。观察肿块生长情况,第42天处死荷瘤鼠,切除肿块作病理切片。结果 MDA-MB-231接种后第5d在接种部位可见结节,成瘤率为90%（9/10）,接种42 d肿瘤体积426.6±333.8,瘤重0.417±0.276,病理学检查为浸润性导管癌;SK-BR-3接种后第11天在接种部位可见结节,成瘤率为80%（8/10）,接种42 d肿瘤体积357.5±246,瘤重0.325±0.167,病理学检查为浸润性导管癌。结论该方法建立的人乳腺癌裸鼠移植模型,皮下移植方法简单,易于操作,成功率较高,肿瘤可部分保持人乳腺癌生物学特性,为研究人乳腺癌提供了重要工具。     

人轮状病毒感染昆明小鼠乳鼠模型的建立

目的建立人轮状病毒G3型709株感染4d龄昆明小鼠乳鼠模型。方法通过灌胃病毒的方式造模,观察乳鼠被病毒攻击后不同时间其临床表现、小肠组织病理改变、小肠组织上皮细胞超微结构改变。酶联免疫吸附法检测轮状病毒抗原在乳鼠粪便中的表达,免疫荧光法检测轮状病毒在乳鼠小肠组织中的表达。结果4d龄昆明小鼠乳鼠被轮状病毒攻击24h后出现腹泻表现和小肠组织病理改变,72h最严重,之后腹泻率下降,病理改变减轻,第7天腹泻停止,病理改变消失。乳鼠小肠上皮细胞出现糖、脂肪代谢紊乱,其粪便和小肠组织中都可以检测出轮状病毒抗原表达。结论4d龄昆明小鼠乳鼠被人轮状病毒A组G3型709株经口攻击后病毒能够在其体内复制,出现腹泻表现。该病毒感染腹泻过程具有自愈特点。     

Establishment of HSV1 Latency in Immunodeficient Mice Facilitates Efficient In Vivo Reactivation

The establishment of latent infections in sensory neurons is a remarkably effective immune evasion strategy that accounts for the widespread dissemination of life long Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV1) infections in humans. Periodic reactivation of latent virus results in asymptomatic shedding and transmission of HSV1 or recurrent disease that is usually mild but can be severe. An in-depth understanding of the mechanisms regulating the maintenance of latency and reactivation are essential for developing new approaches to block reactivation. However, the lack of a reliable mouse model that supports efficient in vivo reactivation (IVR) resulting in production of infectious HSV1 and/or disease has hampered progress. Since HSV1 reactivation is enhanced in immunosuppressed hosts, we exploited the antiviral and immunomodulatory activities of IVIG (intravenous immunoglobulins) to promote survival of latently infected immunodeficient Rag mice. Latently infected Rag mice derived by high dose (HD), but not low dose (LD), HSV1 inoculation exhibited spontaneous reactivation. Following hyperthermia stress (HS), the majority of HD inoculated mice developed HSV1 encephalitis (HSE) rapidly and synchronously, whereas for LD inoculated mice reactivated HSV1 persisted only transiently in trigeminal ganglia (Tg). T cells, but not B cells, were required to suppress spontaneous reactivation in HD inoculated latently infected mice. Transfer of HSV1 memory but not OVA specific or naïve T cells prior to HS blocked IVR, revealing the utility of this powerful Rag latency model for studying immune mechanisms involved in control of reactivation. Crossing Rag mice to various knockout strains and infecting them with wild type or mutant HSV1 strains is expected to provide novel insights into the role of specific cellular and viral genes in reactivation, thereby facilitating identification of new targets with the potential to block reactivation.     

Generation of Subcutaneous and Intrahepatic Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice

In vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease pathophysiology and for the preclinical evaluation of novel therapies. We present a variety of methods to generate subcutaneous or orthotopic human HCC xenografts in immunodeficient mice that could be utilized in a variety of research applications. With a focus on the use of primary tumor tissue from patients undergoing surgical resection as a starting point, we describe the preparation of cell suspensions or tumor fragments for xenografting. We describe specific techniques to xenograft these tissues i) subcutaneously; or ii) intrahepatically, either by direct implantation of tumor cells or fragments into the liver, or indirectly by injection of cells into the mouse spleen. We also describe the use of partial resection of the native mouse liver at the time of xenografting as a strategy to induce a state of active liver regeneration in the recipient mouse that may facilitate the intrahepatic engraftment of primary human tumor cells. The expected results of these techniques are illustrated. The protocols described have been validated using primary human HCC samples and xenografts, which typically perform less robustly than the well-established human HCC cell lines that are widely used and frequently cited in the literature. In comparison with cell lines, we discuss factors which may contribute to the relatively low chance of primary HCC engraftment in xenotransplantation models and comment on technical issues that may influence the kinetics of xenograft growth. We also suggest methods that should be applied to ensure that xenografts obtained accurately resemble parent HCC tissues.     

免疫重建荷人膀胱癌 -SCID 鼠模型的建立 *

摘要 目的：探讨建立稳定的荷人膀胱癌 SCID 鼠人化复合型的方法,为在人免疫重建荷人膀胱肿瘤 SCID 鼠型检测重组 BCG 的免疫刺激和免疫保护中打下基础。方法： 经 SCID 鼠腹腔内注射人 PBL、 皮下接种 RT4 膀胱癌细胞, 于接种后 4 周检测 SCID 鼠体内人免疫细咆水平(IgG 和 CD 3+ 、 CD 4+ 、 CD 8+ T 细胞)及脾脏重量, 观察皮下成瘤潜伏期及成瘤率。结果： 型组 100％ 成 瘤,病理类型为移行细胞癌; 检测 SCID 鼠血中人 IgG 均一定水平存在, 与对照组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01); 人 CD 3+ 、 CD 4+ 、 CD 8+ T 细胞在鼠血及脾中均有表达, 而对照组均未检出(P<0.05); 4 周鼠脾重平均(178.9± 45.2)mg。较对照组(40.6± 14.8)mg 差异 有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论： 采用腹腔注射人 PBL、 皮下接种 RT4 膀胱癌细胞的方法可以有效地建立人化荷人膀胱癌 SCID 鼠 型, 较好地拟人浸润性膀胱癌体内生物学特性,是膀胱癌免疫基因治疗的较理想型。     

Properties of Immature Myeloid Progenitors with Nitric-Oxide-Dependent Immunosuppressive Activity Isolated from Bone Marrow of Tumor-Free Mice

Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) from tumor-bearing mice are important negative regulators of anti-cancer immune responses, but the role for immature myeloid cells (IMCs) in non-tumor-bearing mice in the regulation of immune responses are poorly described. We studied the immune-suppressive activity of IMCs from the bone marrow (BM) of C57Bl/6 mice and the mechanism(s) by which they inhibit T–cell activation and proliferation. IMCs, isolated from BM by high-speed FACS, inhibited mitogen-induced proliferation of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells in vitro. Cell-to-cell contact of T-cells with viable IMCs was required for suppression. Neither neutralizing antibodies to TGFβ1, nor genetic disruption of indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase, abrogated IMC-mediated suppressive activity. In contrast, suppression of T-cell proliferation was absent in cultures containing IMCs from interferon-γ (IFN-γ) receptor KO mice or T-cells from IFN-γ KO mice (on the C57Bl/6 background). The addition of NO inhibitors to co-cultures of T-cells and IMC significantly reduced the suppressive activity of IMCs. IFN-γ signaling between T-cells and IMCs induced paracrine Nitric Oxide (NO) release in culture, and the degree of inhibition of T-cell proliferation was proportional to NO levels. The suppressive activity of IMCs from the bone marrow of tumor-free mice was comparable with MDSCs from BALB/c bearing mice 4T1 mammary tumors. These results indicate that IMCs have a role in regulating T-cell activation and proliferation in the BM microenvironment.     

Protection of Rabbits and Immunodeficient Mice against Lethal Poxvirus Infections by Human Monoclonal Antibodies

Smallpox (variola virus) is a bioweapon concern. Monkeypox is a growing zoonotic poxvirus threat. These problems have resulted in extensive efforts to develop potential therapeutics that can prevent or treat potentially lethal poxvirus infections in humans. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against smallpox are a conservative approach to this problem, as the licensed human smallpox vaccine (vaccinia virus, VACV) primarily works on the basis of protective antibody responses against smallpox. Fully human mAbs (hmAbs) against vaccinia H3 (H3L) and B5 (B5R), targeting both the mature virion (MV) and extracellular enveloped virion (EV) forms, have been developed as potential therapeutics for use in humans. Post-exposure prophylaxis was assessed in both murine and rabbit animal models. Therapeutic efficacy of the mAbs was assessed in three good laboratory practices (GLP) studies examining severe combined immunodeficiency mice (SCID) given a lethal VACV infection. Pre-exposure combination hmAb therapy provided significantly better protection against disease and death than either single hmAb or vaccinia immune globulin (VIG). Post-exposure combination mAb therapy provided significant protection against disease and death, and appeared to fully cure the VACV infection in ≥50% of SCID mice. Therapeutic efficacy was then assessed in two rabbit studies examining post-exposure hmAb prophylaxis against rabbitpox (RPXV). In the first study, rabbits were infected with RPVX and then provided hmAbs at 48 hrs post-infection, or 1 hr and 72 hrs post-infection. Rabbits in both groups receiving hmAbs were 100% protected from death. In the second rabbitpox study, 100% of animal treated with combination hmAb therapy and 100% of animals treated with anti-B5 hmAb were protected. These findings suggest that combination hmAb treatment may be effective at controlling smallpox disease in immunocompetent or immunodeficient humans.     

A Novel Animal Model of Borrelia recurrentis Louse-Borne Relapsing Fever Borreliosis Using Immunodeficient Mice

Louse-borne relapsing fever (LBRF) borreliosis is caused by Borrelia recurrentis, and it is a deadly although treatable disease that is endemic in the Horn of Africa but has epidemic potential. Research on LBRF has been severely hampered because successful infection with B. recurrentis has been achieved only in primates (i.e., not in other laboratory or domestic animals). Here, we present the first non-primate animal model of LBRF, using SCID (-B, -T cells) and SCID BEIGE (-B, -T, -NK cells) immunocompromised mice. These animals were infected with B. recurrentis A11 or A17, or with B. duttonii 1120K3 as controls. B. recurrentis caused a relatively mild but persistent infection in SCID and SCID BEIGE mice, but did not proliferate in NUDE (-T) and BALB/c (wild-type) mice. B. duttonii was infectious but not lethal in all animals. These findings demonstrate that the immune response can limit relapsing fever even in the absence of humoral defense mechanisms. To study the significance of phagocytic cells in this context, we induced systemic depletion of such cells in the experimental mice by injecting them with clodronate liposomes, which resulted in uncontrolled B. duttonii growth and a one-hundred-fold increase in B. recurrentis titers in blood. This observation highlights the role of macrophages and other phagocytes in controlling relapsing fever infection. B. recurrentis evolved from B. duttonii to become a primate-specific pathogen that has lost the ability to infect immunocompetent rodents, probably through genetic degeneration. Here, we describe a novel animal model of B. recurrentis based on B- and T-cell-deficient mice, which we believe will be very valuable in future research on LBRF. Our study also reveals the importance of B-cells and phagocytes in controlling relapsing fever infection.     

Production of Factor VIII by Human Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells Transplanted in Immunodeficient uPA Mice

Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) form a semi-permeable barrier between parenchymal hepatocytes and the blood. LSECs participate in liver metabolism, clearance of pathological agents, immunological responses, architectural maintenance of the liver and synthesis of growth factors and cytokines. LSECs also play an important role in coagulation through the synthesis of Factor VIII (FVIII). Herein, we phenotypically define human LSECs isolated from fetal liver using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. Isolated LSECs were cultured and shown to express endothelial markers and markers specific for the LSEC lineage. LSECs were also shown to engraft the liver when human fetal liver cells were transplanted into immunodeficient mice with liver specific expression of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) transgene (uPA-NOG mice). Engrafted cells expressed human Factor VIII at levels approaching those found in human plasma. We also demonstrate engraftment of adult LSECs, as well as hepatocytes, transplanted into uPA-NOG mice. We propose that overexpression of uPA provides beneficial conditions for LSEC engraftment due to elevated expression of the angiogenic cytokine, vascular endothelial growth factor. This work provides a detailed characterization of human midgestation LSECs, thereby providing the means for their purification and culture based on their expression of CD14 and CD32 as well as a lack of CD45 expression. The uPA-NOG mouse is shown to be a permissive host for human LSECs and adult hepatocytes, but not fetal hepatoblasts. Thus, these mice provide a useful model system to study these cell types in vivo. Demonstration of human FVIII production by transplanted LSECs encourages further pursuit of LSEC transplantation as a cellular therapy for the treatment of hemophilia A.     

Establishment of a New Murine Elastase-Induced Aneurysm Model Combined with Transplantation

Introduction

The aim of our study was to develop a reproducible murine model of elastase-induced aneurysm formation combined with aortic transplantation.

Methods

Adult male mice (n = 6–9 per group) underwent infrarenal, orthotopic transplantation of the aorta treated with elastase or left untreated. Subsequently, both groups of mice were monitored by ultrasound until 7 weeks after grafting.

Results

Mice receiving an elastase-pretreated aorta developed aneurysms and exhibited a significantly increased diastolic vessel diameter compared to control grafted mice at 7 week after surgery (1.11±0.10 mm vs. 0.75±0.03 mm; p≤0,001). Histopathological examination revealed disruption of medial elastin, an increase in collagen content and smooth muscle cells, and neointima formation in aneurysm grafts.

Conclusions

We developed a reproducible murine model of elastase-induced aneurysm combined with aortic transplantation. This model may be suitable to investigate aneurysm-specific inflammatory processes and for use in gene-targeted animals.     

一种新型大鼠心脏移植模型的制作体会

目的采用腹部套管法建立大鼠心脏移植模型,并分析该方法优劣,为器官移植研究提供合适的动物模型。方法SD大鼠60只,参照Baxter的报道进行同种腹部异位心脏移植,成功制作了该模型并总结了经验。结果共实施手术30例,成功27例,成功率90%;移植心存活30 d以上。结论新型的大鼠心脏移植模型简单易行,成功率高,适合用于器官移植研究,值得推广应用。