Phylogenetic Analysis of Selected Menthol-Producing Species Belonging to the Lamiaceae Family

Menthol is an organic compound with diverse medicinal and commercial applications, and is made either synthetically or through extraction from mint oils. The aim of the present study was to investigate menthol levels in selected menthol-producing species belonging to the Lamiaceae family, and to determine phylogenetic relationships of menthol dehydrogenase gene sequence among these species. Three genus of Lamiaceae, namely Mentha, Salvia, and Micromeria, were selected for phytochemical and phylogenetic analyses. After identification of each species based on menthol dehydrogenase gene in NCBI, BLAST software was used for the sequence alignment. MEGA4 software was used to draw phylogenetic tree for various species. Phytochemical analysis revealed that the highest and lowest amounts of both essential oil and menthol belonged to Mentha spicata and Micromeria hyssopifolia, respectively. The species Mentha spicata and Mentha piperita, which were assigned to one cluster in the dendrogram, contained the highest amounts of essential oil and menthol while Micromeria species, which was in the distinct cluster and placed in the farther evolutionary distance, contained the lowest amount of essential oil and menthol. Phylogenetic and phytochemistry analyses showed that essential oil and menthol contents of menthol-producing species are associated with menthol dehydrogenase gene sequence.     

蔷薇亚科4属4种植物幼苗形态结构及其系统演化分析

通过对蔷薇亚科蛇莓属的蛇莓[Duchesnea indica(Andrews)Focke]、委陵菜属的翻白草(Potentilla dis-colorBunge)、水杨梅属的水杨梅(Geum aleppicumJacq.)和地榆属的地榆(Sanguisorba officinalisL.)4种植物幼苗形态特征以及初生维管系统的结构研究表明:蛇莓、翻白草子叶脉序中主脉与两侧二级脉呈原始的二叉分支状,蛇莓脉序中无二级间脉,翻白草中为简单型的二级间脉;水杨梅、地榆的主脉与两侧二级脉呈进化的对生分支状,二者的二级间脉为复合型.蛇莓属幼苗子叶节区下部的中柱为原始的中始式二原型圆形单中柱,委陵菜属为较进化的外始式二原型圆形单中柱,水杨梅属为外始式二原型双钩型的单中柱,而地榆属的外始式二原型双扇型的单中柱则最为进化,并且地榆的后生木质部发达,也是进化的表现.综合叶脉数量和级数以及子叶节区下部的中柱类型分析,认为4属的演化趋势为:蛇莓属最原始,其次为委陵菜属和水杨梅属,地榆属最为进化.     

横断山区伞形科4种7个居群植物的核型研究

对横断山区伞形科棱子芹属2种植物(松潘棱子芹Pleurospermum franchetianumHemsl.和西藏棱子芹Pleurospermum hookeriC.B.Clarke var.thomsoniiC.B.Clarke)和茴芹属2种植物(异叶茴芹Pimpinella diversi-foliaDC.和锐叶茴芹Pimpinella argutaDiels)共7个居群进行体细胞染色体数目观察和核型比较分析,结果表明,棱子芹属和茴芹属植物属内种间染色体基数存在差异,其中松潘棱子芹为2n=2x=18=16sm 2st,西藏棱子芹为2n=2x=22=16m 6sm;茴芹属光果组中锐叶茴芹为2n=2x=22=22m,毛果组中异叶茴芹为2n=18=18st或2n=18=2sm 16st.松潘棱子芹、西藏棱子芹、锐叶茴芹的染色体数目和核型均为首次报道,从而为棱子芹属和茴芹属的分类和演化研究提供细胞学依据.     

菊科莴苣族6属11种植物的叶表皮形态

在光学显微镜下观察了菊科莴苣族6属11种植物的叶表皮形态,观察了叶上下表皮细胞形状及垂周壁式样、气孔器类型和分布特征。结果表明：这些植物的叶上下表皮细胞多数为不规则形,少数为多边形;垂周壁式样多数为浅波形或深波形,少数为平直形。一些种类气孔器仅分布在下表皮,但也有不少种类上下表皮都有气孔器分布。气孔器都属于无规则型,且都是随机分布。叶表皮显微构造在一定程度上能反映出类群间的关系,为探讨莴苣族的分类学问题提供了新的证据。     

Spatial Distribution Patterns and Associations of Woody Plant Species in the Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forests in Central Vietnam

Biology Bulletin - The present study was conducted to elucidate the underlying processes that have maintained and promoted the coexistence of tropical forest tree species. Three 1-ha study plots...     

蜈蚣衣科的中国地衣新记录

我们在进行新疆地衣分类的过程中, 采用微量化学结晶法(MCT), 薄层色谱法(TLC) 等方法检测地衣物质, 通过观察子囊盘结构和颜色和对地衣次生产物的分析, 并对采自于新疆昭苏卡音德、昭苏木扎特、察布查尔县所采集的蜈蚣衣科(Physciaceae) 400余号标本进行了整理及分类, 发现中国新记录地衣4 种(Phaeophyscia cernohorskyi, Ph decolor,Ph pusilloides, Physconia elegantula), 对此4种新记录地衣进行简要的描述。本文所引用标本均保存于新疆大学资源植物标本室。     

Content of Gossypol in Plants Belonging to Genera Related to Cotton

Analyses were made of seeds and plant parts of 9 species of Cienfuegosia, 4 species of Thespesia, and 1 species of Kokia for content of gossypol and oil. The seeds of Cienfuegosia were nearly free of gossypol; the other plant parts contained much larger quantities. The desirability of a similar condition in cultivated cottons is discussed.     

中国茶渍属和石蕊属4新记录种

通过形态学及化学研究,结合nrDNA ITS序列的系统发育分析,该文报道了茶渍属(Lecanora Ach.)和石蕊属(Cladonia P. Browne)地衣4中国新记录种：莱氏茶渍(Lecanora layana Lendemer)、白头山茶渍(L. baekdudaeganensis B. G. Lee&Hur)、伪银茶渍(L. pseudargentata Lumbsch)和草皮石蕊[Cladonia caespiticia (Pers.) P. Gaertn., B. Mey&Scherb.]。该文对这些物种的分类学特征进行了详细描述,并与相似种进行了对比,同时提供了各种的地理分布图和形态图。这为中国茶渍属和石蕊属地衣物种多样性及资源利用提供了基础资料。     

鹞落坪国家级自然保护区吊罐井物种分布格局与种间关联的多尺度分析

为了探讨群落结构形成机制,采用点格局分析方法,对鹞落坪国家级自然保护区吊罐井核心区1hm2样地内36个优势物种在0~50m尺度上的空间分布格局和种间关联性进行了研究。结果显示,36个物种的空间分布格局在小尺度上主要呈聚集分布,在较大尺度上呈随机分布的物种比例最高;对36个物种种间关联性的分析发现,无关联类型是该样地物种间相互作用的主要表现形式,并且在10m尺度上无关联种对的比例最低,正相关和负相关的种对在所有尺度上的比例均未超过20%。群落结构的次生性、生境异质性和扩散限制性是导致该样地物种分布和种间关系格局的主要原因。本研究结果有助于了解物种共存的尺度依赖性特征及其形成机制。     

Four New Genera and Species of Chironomidae (Diptera) from Southern Africa

Four new genera are described for four new species of Chironomidae from southern Africa. Paradoxocladius mangoldi (Orthocladiinae) is based on all life stages, Lunditendipes tropicum (Chironominae) on male adults, Xestotendipes sufflavus (Chironominae) on male and female adults, and Zuluchironomus demoori (Chironominae) on male and female adults. A highly apomorphic larva with a cleft mid-mentum, possibly belonging to Z. demoori, is also described. Some ecological details are given.     

Production of Cephalosporin Antibiotics by Strains Belonging to the Genera Arachnomyces,Anixiopsis and Spiroidium

The absolute configuration of a phytoalexin “Safynol” (3E, 11E)-3, 11-tridecadiene-5, 7, 9-triyne-l, 2-diol (I), separated from Phytophthora drechsleri-infected safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) was confirmed. (R) and (S)-safynol were synthesized from 2, 3-O-isopropyli- dene-(S)- and (R)-glyceraldehyde respectively, and the (R) configuration was assigned to the natural product. The inhibitory effects of (R)- and (S)-safynol on mycelial growth of five fungi were almost the same and their ED₅₀ values ranged from 6 to 70 ppm.     

On the Early Development of the Protonephridial Systems in Some Species Belonging to the Genera Diphyllobothrium, Triaenophorus and Schistocephalus (Cestoda, Pseudophyllidea)

Malmberg, G. {Department of Zoology, University of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.) On the early development of the protonephridial systems in some species belonging to the genera Diphyllobothrium, Triaenophorus and Schistocephalus {Cestoda, Pseudophyllidea). Zool. Scripta 1 (5): 227–228, 1972.–The protonephridial systems of coracidia (oncospheres) and procercoids of four Diphyllobothrium species, of Triaenophorus nodulosus (Pallas) and of Schistocephalus solidus (Muller) were studied. In the oncospheres of Diphyllobothrium and Schistocephalus the two flame bulbs of the primary protonephridial system were present, but not in the oncospheres of Triaenophorus. In Schistocephalus the two flame bulbs were found to be inactive in the oncosphere (studied inside the coracidium), but very active in the youngest procercoids, which may imply that the primary protonephridial system does not start its function until the oncosphere has entered the copepod body cavity. The primary protonephridial system of the Triaenophorus procercoids was totally (most specimens) or partly reduced. The secondary protonephridial system, however, began developing more or less simultaneously with the integumental hooklets, the cercomer and the first calcareous bodies, which is in accordance with what is described concerning Diphyllobothrium. The ciliated, excretory bladder described by Rosen in 1919 was found to be a posteriorly open invagination, surrounding the “cercomer shaft”. Reverse bends of the posterior main canals of the secondary system are located closely around the wall of, though very likely not emptying into this invagination.     

Four New Ladybug Species Belonging to Decadiomus Chapin (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from Puerto Rico

While searching for native natural enemies attacking invasive insect pests in Puerto Rico, we found four undescribed ladybug species belonging to the Caribbean ladybug genus Decadiomus Chapin. In this article, we describe the following species from Puerto Rico: Decadiomus seini n. sp., Decadiomus ramosi n. sp., Decadiomus hayuyai n. sp., and Decadiomus martorelli n. sp. Illustrations of the dorsal habitus, shape of prosternal carinae, and drawings of male and female genitalia are presented. We also present a key for Diomini of Puerto Rico and discuss their importance as potential biocontrol agents.     

The Genera and Species of Tarsiidae

We revise the taxonomy of the primate family Tarsiidae. We classify extant tarsiers in 3 genera—Tarsius, Cephalopachus, and Carlito—each of which originated in the Miocene, or earlier, and each of which is allopatrically distributed within a distinct biogeographic region: Sulawesi, Sundaland, and Greater Mindanao, respectively. Within the genus Tarsius, formerly regarded as a single species, Tarsius spectrum, we recognize 8 allopatric and parapatric species, 9 if the inclusion of pumilus is warranted, and note that more are likely to be described in the near future. We restrict Tarsius tarsier, the senior taxon of the genus, to the island of Selayar, off the tip of the southwestern peninsula of Sulawesi. In doing so, it is required that we resurrect Tarsius fuscus Fischer 1804, for the population of tarsiers from the southwestern peninsula near the city of Makassar. We note that neither Cephalopachus nor Carlito has been the subject of anywhere near as much field research as has Tarsius; thus we question if the currently accepted α taxonomy for these genera is based on knowledge or ignorance.     

New Species and Eight Undescribed Species Belonging to the Families Aspergillaceae and Trichocomaceae in Korea

During a survey of fungal diversity associated with insects, mud, soil, and freshwater niches in different areas in Korea, nine interesting fungal strains were isolated. Based on their morphological characteristics and molecular phylogeny analyses, using a combined data set of β-tubulin (BenA), calmodulin (CaM), and second largest subunit of RNA polymerase (RPB2) sequences, the strains CNUFC AM-44, CNUFC JCW3-4, CNUFC S708, CNUFC WT202, CNUFC AS1-29, CNUFC JCW3-5, CNUFC JDP37, and CNUFC JDP62 were identified as Aspergillus alabamensis, A. floridensis, A. subversicolor, Penicillium flavigenum, P. laevigatum, P. lenticrescens, Talaromyces adpressus, and T. beijingensis, respectively. The strain CNUFC JT1301 belongs to series Westlingiorum in section Citrina and is phylogenetically related to P. manginii. However, slow growth when cultivated on CYA, MEA, CREA is observed and the property can be used to easily distinguish the new species from these species. Additionally, P. manginii is known to produce sclerotia, while CNUFC JT1301 strain does not. Herein, the new fungal species is proposed as P. aquadulcis sp. nov. Eight species, A. alabamensis, A. floridensis, A. subversicolor, P. flavigenum, P. laevigatum, P. lenticrescens, T. adpressus, and T. beijingensis, have not been previously reported in Korea. The present study expands the known distribution of fungal species belonging to the families Aspergillaceae and Trichocomaceae in Korea.     

中国壳斗科植物属的空间多样性格局及其指标研究

通过植物专业网站及已发表的论文论著,查找每一种壳斗科植物在中国的具体分布地点(县),并采用地理信息系统技术,以县为空间数据的基本单元,以壳斗科植物为研究对象,从空间上获取多样性格局指标,定量研究中国壳斗科植物的属、类型的空间多样性格局。结果表明:(1)中国壳斗科植物中青冈属、栎属、锥属、柯属的斑块丰富度、多样性指数、斑块总数、总形状指数明显高于三棱栎属、栗属、水青冈属,而三棱栎属因只有一个斑块,属与种的空间多样性格局相同,与其他属明显不同。(2)中国壳斗科植物中属的空间多样性格局指标之间有一定的相关性,斑块丰富度、多样性指数、斑块总数、总形状指数相互之间、总面积与斑块总数、多样性指数、总形状指数之间呈显著正相关关系,总的最大斑块指数与均度指数之间呈显著负相关关系。(3)除三棱栎属外,其他属的斑块类型所占面积、占属面积的比例、斑块数目、最大斑块指数、形状指数各指标,基本上均随所在属斑块类型值的增加其相应指标依次降低,斑块类型与其他指标呈显著负相关关系。(4)中国壳斗科植物在青冈属、栎属、锥属、柯属中,每一个属种数为1~7的斑块类型所占面积之和、斑块数目之和分别占其属对应总指标的值均高于80%,表明种数较少的斑块类型构成了属的主要分布区,而种数较多的斑块类型,其各指标值均较低,分布范围很狭窄,但物种多样性高。     

3属4种罂粟科植物幼苗初生维管系统的结构

罂粟科属间演化关系一直存在争议。本文以罂粟科罂粟属的虞美人（Papaver rhoeas）和东方罂粟（Papaver orientale）、白屈菜属的白屈菜（Chelidonium majus）以及紫堇属的地丁草（Corydalis bungeana）为材料,应用整体透明和石蜡连续切片的方法,在明场显微镜和偏光显微镜下对其幼苗期的结构及发育进行了观察。结果表明,3属植物幼苗子叶节区下部存在的单中柱类型各异：罂粟属为外始式二原型圆形单中柱,白屈菜属为外始式二原型近圆形单中柱,紫堇属为外始式二原型“S”形单中柱。3属植物的子叶脉序也存在区别：虞美人和东方罂粟具单一叶脉,无叶隙;白屈菜为环结曲行羽状脉;地丁草为基出完全顶聚脉。根据上述幼苗初生维管系统的结构,认为3属中罂粟属较为原始,白屈菜属较为进化,紫堇属更为进化。