外泌体对睾丸微环境调控机制研究及应用进展

外泌体（exsomes）是一类具有生物活性的双层脂质组成的小囊泡,可携带不同类型的信息物质与受体细胞结合,通过信息传递与物质交换,促发受体细胞的表型发生变化。本文总结了在睾丸微环境中,外泌体通过调节细胞因子促进睾丸微环境中细胞增殖、调节细胞免疫维持睾丸免疫环境、调节氧化应激修复受体细胞功能、调节细胞自噬改善生精能力、调节细胞凋亡改善精子发生、调节细胞因子影响睾酮分泌等机制维持睾丸微环境稳态,并对外泌体在男科相关疾病预防、诊断、治疗中的作用进行归纳,外泌体在男性不育、勃起功能障碍、精索静脉曲张、性腺功能减退、前列腺癌等疾病诊疗中具备明显优势。外泌体作为一种新兴的应用物质,随着外泌体工程和提取工艺的不断优化,以及相关机制研究的不断深入,外泌体在男科疾病中的临床运用成为可能,有望成为治疗男科疾病的新手段。     

A scoping review and research synthesis on financing and regulating oral care in long-term care facilities

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00575.x A scoping review and research synthesis on financing and regulating oral care in long‐term care facilities Background: Oral health care for frail elders is grossly inadequate almost everywhere, and our knowledge of regulating and financing oral care in this context is unclear. Objective: This scoping study examined and summarised the published literature available and the gaps in knowledge about regulating and financing oral care in long‐term care (LTC) facilities. Methods: We limited the electronic search to reports on regulating and financing oral care, including reports, commentaries, reviews and policy statements on financing and regulating oral health‐related services. Results: The broad electronic search identified 1168 citations, which produced 42 references, including 26 pieces of grey literature for a total of 68 papers. Specific information was found on public and private funding of care and on difficulties regulating care because of professional segregation, difficulties assessing need for care, uncertainty on appropriateness of treatments and issues around scope of professional practice. A wide range of information along with 19 implications and 18 specific gaps in knowledge emerged relevant to financing and regulating oral healthcare services in LTC facilities. Conclusions: Effort has been given to enhancing oral care for frail elders, but there is little agreement on how the care should be regulated or financed within the LTC sector.     

Characterization of a novel molluskan tyrosine kinase receptor that inhibits neurite regeneration

Receptor tyrosine kinases play many important roles in neuronal signaling including regulating neurite outgrowth. We have identified a novel receptor tyrosine kinase, neurite outgrowth regulating kinase (nork) from Aplysia californica. A fragment of this kinase was also identified in another mollusk, Lymnaea. The kinase domain is equally homologous to the Ret (rearranged during transformation) and fibroblast growth factor receptor families, but the extracellular domain is entirely novel, suggesting that it binds a nonconserved ligand. Overexpression of neurite outgrowth regulating kinase, but not a kinase dead form, causes a reduction in neurite outgrowth of Aplysia sensory neurons. Thus, we have identified a novel receptor tyrosine kinase implicated in regulating neurite outgrowth.     

黔东南苗族侗族自治州生态保护成效评估

评估一定时期内自然生态系统调节服务功能价值的变化,可体现区域生态保护的实施成效。贵州省黔东南苗族侗族自治州位于我国西南喀斯特地区,森林覆盖率高,是长江、珠江上游的重要生态屏障。以黔东南州为案例,构建了基于生态系统生产总值的评估指标体系,并运用生态系统调节服务价值核算的技术方法,探讨了将生态系统生产总值核算应用于生态保护成效的评估。结果显示,黔东南州2010年生态系统生产总值调节服务价值为2238.78亿元,是当年GDP的7.16倍;重点生态功能区县的单位面积和人均调节服务价值均高于非重点生态功能区县。2000—2010年,黔东南州生态系统生产总值调节服务价值以不变价计算增幅为2.26%;非重点生态功能区县的增幅高于重点生态功能区县。研究表明,生态系统调节服务价值核算可以直接反映黔东南州一定时期的生态环境状态和变化,体现生态保护建设工程综合实施效果,为黔东南州后续生态保护建设提供科学依据。     

Analysis of the tradeoffs between provisioning and regulating services from the perspective of varied share of net primary production in an alpine grassland ecosystem

Because ecosystems are complex, tradeoffs exist among supplies of multiple ecosystem services, especially between the provisioning and regulating services. In ecosystem processes, net primary production (NPP) is connected with many other processes such as respiration and evapotranspiration. As one key supporting service, NPP is also related to other provisioning and regulating services. This study introduces an analysis framework of ecosystem services tradeoffs from the perspective of varied share of NPP, in the alpine grassland ecosystem of Damxung County on the Tibetan plateau, China. Total NPP was divided into the share of NPP spent on supplying provisioning services and the share used in supporting regulating services. Tradeoffs between provisioning and regulating services were analyzed by quantifying the change of meat provisioning service and the remaining share of NPP used in other ways; the corresponding change in the share of NPP used to support regulating services was also analyzed and compared with other changes in regulating services, such as carbon sequestration and water conservation services. The results show, from 2000 to 2010, the meat provisioning service increased by 199%, but this was at a cost of additional livestock feeding, which used more NPP of the alpine grassland ecosystem. As a result, by 2010 the remaining NPP used for supporting regulating services shrank to 77% of the 2000 level, which was accompanied by a decrease in carbon sequestration and water conservation services by 90% and 67%, respectively. The analysis of tradeoffs from the perspective of variations in the share of NPP used for various services will contribute to the study of mechanisms involved in providing ecosystem services, interactions between the provisioning of various services, and will also help land managers improve the management of ecosystems.     

植物蔗糖转运蛋白表达的调控因素与分子机制

植物光合作用的产物主要以蔗糖的形式在植物体内进行从源到库的运输.蔗糖转运蛋白是此过程的重要参与者,其表达和调控与植物中光合作用产物的分配紧密关联,从而调控着植物的生长发育、结果结实、抗逆抗病等性状.蔗糖转运蛋白的表达受到植物发育时期、外界环境条件及激素的影响.蔗糖转运蛋白的调控机制有转录因子的调节、基因内部序列调控、蛋...     

泛素化在植物抗病中的作用

泛素化作为植物体内一种广泛存在的调控细胞反应的机制,参与调控植物抗病反应。本文综述了泛素化系统在植物抗病反应中的功能及作用机制,重点介绍了CRLs型E3泛素连接酶和RING/U-box型E3泛素连接酶如何参与调控植物抗病信号途径,以及病原物通过效应蛋白和毒性因子调控植物抗病性的分子机理,为阐明植物抗病机理和植物病害防治方法提供参考。     

Regulating the adaptive immune response to blood-stage malaria: role of dendritic cells and CD4⁺Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells

Although a clearer understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in protection and immunopathology during blood-stage malaria has emerged, the mechanisms involved in regulating the adaptive immune response especially those required to maintain a balance between beneficial and deleterious responses remain unclear. Recent evidence suggests the importance of CD11c⁺ dendritic cells (DC) and CD4⁺Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells in regulating immune responses during infection and autoimmune disease, but information concerning the contribution of these cells to regulating immunity to malaria is limited. Here, we review recent findings from our laboratory and others in experimental models of malaria in mice and in Plasmodium-infected humans on the roles of DC and natural regulatory T cells in regulating adaptive immunity to blood-stage malaria.     

Granzymes and caspase 3 play important roles in control of gammaherpesvirus latency

Gammaherpesviruses can establish lifelong latent infections in lymphoid cells of their hosts despite active antiviral immunity. Identification of the immune mechanisms which regulate gammaherpesvirus latent infection is therefore essential for understanding how gammaherpesviruses persist for the lifetime of their host. Recently, an individual with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection was found to have mutations in perforin, and studies using murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (gammaHV68) as a small-animal model for gammaherpesvirus infection have similarly revealed a critical role for perforin in regulating latent infection. These results suggest involvement of the perforin/granzyme granule exocytosis pathway in immune regulation of gammaherpesvirus latent infection. In this study, we examined gammaHV68 infection of knockout mice to identify specific molecules within the perforin/granzyme pathway which are essential for regulating gammaherpesvirus latent infection. We show that granzymes A and B and the granzyme B substrate, caspase 3, are important for regulating gammaHV68 latent infection. Interestingly, we show for the first time that orphan granzymes encoded in the granzyme B gene cluster are also critical for regulating viral infection. The requirement for specific granzymes differs for early versus late forms of latent infection. These data indicate that different granzymes play important and distinct roles in regulating latent gammaherpesvirus infection.     

Organ shape: controlling oriented cell division

One mechanism by which organisms control the shape of growing organs is by regulating the orientation of cell divisions. This occurs in the Drosophila wing under the control of genes previously implicated in regulating cell polarity.     

DNA甲基化及其对植物发育的调控

DNA甲基化属于一种表观遗传修饰,主要发生在CpG双核苷酸序列中的胞嘧啶上,是在DNA甲基转移酶催化下,以S-腺苷甲硫氨酸为甲基供体,将甲基转移到胞嘧啶上,生成5-甲基胞嘧啶的一种反应。DNA甲基化在植物生长过程中具有极其重要的作用。综述了植物DNA甲基化的特征、调控机制,及其对植物基因表达影响的研究进展。     

Regulating the social brain: a new role for CD38

Centrally released oxytocin regulates maternal behavior, social memory, and social bonding. A recent paper by Jin et al. published in Nature demonstrates that the transmembrane receptor CD38 plays a critical role in regulating social behaviors by regulating the release of OT from hypothalamic neurons.     

Bilateral Regulation of Ontogenetic Development in Humans

A hierarchical, multilevel, vertically organized system regulating all energy and information inputs is the basic regulating mechanism of the properties of ontogenetic development. However, this hierarchical regulatory system (with its cortico-reticular nucleus) is not the only mechanism of control and communication.     

与HBV感染可能有关的microR-122的筛选及其作用的靶点预测

应用基因芯片技术筛选到与HBV感染可能有关的microRNA——miR-122,利用计算机软件分析预测microR-122作用HBV的可能靶点。分析结果认为miR-122与HBV的感染可能有关,并且作用靶点可能为HBV1689-1711nt。     

Regulation mechanism of PDK1 on macrophage metabolism and function

PDK1 is a member of the atypical glandular cell kinases family that regulates the activities of most atypical glandular cell kinases during different development stages and treatment of cancers. PDK1 is also a critical glucose metabolism enzyme regulating glucolysis or glucose oxidase in cells, and more research is needed to further understand the underlying mechanism. The research of PDK1 presented by recent studies focuses much on cancer treatment and has helped researchers gain much insight in this regard. Given the close relationship between inflammation and cancer, it is of great significance to discover the function of PDK1 and its regulating mechanism on special immune cells—macrophages. This review summarizes the recent findings regarding PDK1 in terms of regulating the function and metabolism of macrophage. The mechanism of PDK1 in regulating inflammatory secretion, migration, phagocytosis, and the energy metabolism of macrophage and a possible path to develop PDK1 related pharmaceutical products are discussed as well.     

The role of Fibrinogen-like proteins in Cancer

Fibrinogen-associated protein (FREP) family is a family of proteins with a fibrin domain at the carboxyl terminus. Recent investigations illustrated that two members of FREP family, fibrinogen-like protein-1 (FGL1) and fibrinogen-like protein-2 (FGL2), play crucial roles in cancer by regulating the proliferation, invasion, and migration of tumor cells, or regulating the functions of immune cells in tumor microenvironment. Meanwhile, they are potential targets for medical intervention of tumor development. In this review, we discussed the structure, and the roles of FGL1 and FGL2 in tumors, especially the roles in regulating immune cell functions.     

NALCN: A Regulator of Pacemaker Activity

Pacemaker cells play a fundamental role in generating or regulating many essential biological rhythms. Spontaneous pacemaker activity is dependent on the function of an array of ion channels expressed in these cells. Recent characterization of a Na(+) leak channel (NALCN) has linked to its role in conducting the background Na(+) current that depolarizes resting membrane properties of pacemaker neurons. NALCN, along with Unc79 and Unc80, forms a protein complex that is involved in regulating intrinsic membrane and synaptic activities. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of NALCN channel physiology and its role in regulating cell excitability and pacemaker activity.